483:"Our group has as its objective the birth of a feminine literature. We are animated by an ardent sincerity and our ambition is to express and produce feminine genius; we will succeed through a concentration of spirit. That genius, which is of mysterious essence is an important part of universal genius, which has no sex! When Japan was born, woman was the sun, the true human being. Now she is the moon! She lives in the light on a mother star. This is the first cry of the Bluestockings! We are the mind and the hand of the woman of new Japan. We expose ourselves to men’s laughter, but know that which is hidden that mockery. Let us reveal our hidden sun, our recognized genius! Let it come from behind the clouds! That is the cry of our faith, of our personality, of our instinct, which is the master of all the instincts. At that moment, we will see the shining throne of our divinity."
232:. New reforms instituted legal codes that required a patriarchal head-of-house, ensuring that even the lowest male member of the household always had more legal power than any female member. Marriage meant that wives lost authority over their property. Political participation was banned for women. Industrialisation meant that more workers needed to be produced and new laws reflected that need. Adultery for men was excused but adultery for women was now a 2-year jail-able offence. Abortion was criminalised and divorce, while technically possible, was a source of great shame. The result was an
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595:, who over two issues wrote about liqueur as though she had consumed it and then later implied she was Hiratsuka's young lover. Soon after, Otake's uncle bought members of the Bluestockings admission to the red-light district as he thought they should be aware of women purchased for prostitution. Otake later told a magazine about these women, but this only served to paint the Bluestockings as "
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146:) and used the magazine to promote the equal rights of women through literature and education. The magazine they developed was designed to articulate women’s self-awareness and the gender-based societal limitations they faced, but its promotion of early feminist beliefs through controversial publications caused it to be banned by the Japanese
170:
of mid-18th century
England, where women would gather for academic discussions about literature and philosophy to forgo social evenings spent playing cards and dancing, and would often invite intellectual men to join them. The original English Bluestocking Society is credited with starting first-wave
615:
During this era, members of the
Bluestocking Society were translating plays about gender and sexologists' definitions of lesbianism, which increased public anxieties about lesbian love. At the time, the prevalent discourse on female same-sex desire was that it was "revolting" and "ill". These facts
602:
While the
Bluestockings members saw themselves as serious intellectuals, these incidents cemented them as regular subjects in Tokyo newspapers and every aspect of their personal lives was criticised and mocked. Love affairs, children out of wedlock, divorces, were all seen as shameful and the press
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The very first issue was banned for a short story dealing with the break-up of arranged marriage and the April 1912 edition was banned for an erotic short story where a woman remembered having sex the previous night with a man she met at a tavern. The outright expression of female sexuality shocked
542:
with more aggressive opinions about women's rights. For almost a year, Itō ran the magazine, making contribution by readers more accessible and placing a greater emphasis on societal problems. The last issue was published in
February 1916. The journal folded due to a lack of sales, which was caused
649:
all together after censors banned entire publishing runs as "injurious to public morals". To make such charges stick, the authorities provoked public attention, which in turn resulted in police inquiries, which brought shame to the member's families and instigated fear of losing marriage proposals
662:
had over 110 members and contributors. As a submission-based magazine, writers were free to submit their work for review and publication. Supporting
Members were recruited at the founding of the society as female authorities on literature and were the wives or sisters of eminent Japanese authors.
171:
feminism and its name has been adopted to represent various feminist movements all over the world. Universally, the term is associated with feminist theory, women's education, and intelligent debate. Japanese references to the
English Bluestocking movement was originally called
570:
because of the magazine's explicit criticism of Japan's private capital system. The government censored the magazine for its upfront depiction of female sexuality, going as far as to ban and remove the magazine from the shelves. Prominent educator
Ishigaki Iyako called the
315:
was complex and diverse ranging from pieces spanning many genres written by
Japanese women to translations of pertinent Western texts. Through its 52 issues, it covered all forms of writing popular in Japanese literature at the time such as essays, plays, short stories,
607:
used this opportunity to speak frankly to their readers about their experiences and choices, others were not pleased with the societal pressure. With marriage prospects, job opportunities, and familial pressure on the line, many members resigned by 1913.
499:"The day has arrived when the mountains are about to become active. People do not believe me when I say this: The mountains have simply been dormant for awhile … Believe only this: Now all the women who lay dormant are rousing themselves."
443:'s first edition was released in September 1911. The first issue sold 1,000 copies in the first month and the editorial office received over 3,000 letters in that time asking for subscriptions and personal advice. The founders of
507:." While the media used this term negatively, many of the Bluestockings embraced this new title. Though originally focusing on women's literature, the magazine soon shifted focus towards women’s liberation, and the pages of
611:
The April 1913 issue was banned for an article calling for women to marry for love. The
February 1914 edition was banned for a short story where a woman flees an arranged marriage, only to be betrayed by her lover.
667:) a month to contribute to the magazine's upkeep, though they also received that month's issue. Many of the "Members" quit as of 1913 due to backlash, however, there were those who joined because of the backlash.
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was banned for an article calling for abortion to be legalized in Japan and the authorities' restriction of the magazine became much more harsh. Local bookstores were pressured by the government to stop carrying
1620:
949:, women's rights organizations fought for suffrage and against fascism, but they were soon muffled by growing nationalistic and militaristic values pre-World War II that called for a resurgence in the “
243:" The academic content in these schools was of lower calibre than the male equivalent but it did produce literate middle-class women, creating a market for women's magazines. Popular magazines such as
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and other women's magazines released issues about the inequalities women faced while using less radical tones, reflective of the general trend towards a more democratic society in the
1576:
1246:
SHIORI, N. I. (2019). Japanese Women in the US and the
Formation of Japanese Gender Discourses: Depictions of Ryōsai-Kenbo (Good Wife and Wise Mother) in Japanese Womenʼs Magazines.
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Burdick, L., & and Mortensen, D. (n.d.) "The “Woman Problem”: The Deconstruction of Gender Roles and the Construction of the Japanese ‘New Woman’by the Seito Society, 1911-1916."
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In the summer of 1912, two incidents occurred that all-but confirmed the Bluestocking's negative influence on society. The "5-Colour Liqueur Incident" and the "Trip to
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was celebrated globally for the first time, two incidents of love-suicides involving lesbians circulated in newspapers across Japan, and the biggest actress in Tokyo,
427:, motivational calls-to-action, and more. Responses and debates between members on these subjects and the featured translations could be found in the issues as well.
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924:(New Women's Association), an organization which fought for extra divorce rights, equal political participation, and women's right to vote. On top of this, after
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for being "disruptive to society". Members of The Bluestockings were berated by the press, and their private lives were a source of outrage for the public.
262:
was one such group, which criticised Japanese governmental and social policies that undervalued women as keeping Japan from advancing to the world stage.
258:
Although it is suggested that the Bluestockings are responsible for the Japanese women's movement, there are groups and movements that predate them. The
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The first years of the magazine were groundbreaking for both the feminist movement and women's literature. Many members referred to themselves as "
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Curran, B., & Welker, J. (2005). From the well of loneliness to the akarui rezubian: Western translations and Japanese lesbian identities. In
263:
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came after the Meiji 6 and supported women's suffrage. They even accepted women from different social classes into their ranks (of which future
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The publication received a steady increase in governmental push back and threats from the government. Despite attempts to censor the magazine,
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142:, Yasumochi Yoshiko, Mozume Kazuko, Kiuchi Teiko, and Nakano Hatsuko. The group called themselves the Japanese Bluestocking Society (青鞜社
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and mainly discussed how women could become more ideal mothers, work harder as wives, or incorporate Christian values into their lives.
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While the publication was never revamped, different members continued to be activists for women's rights. For example, from 1919-1922,
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Molony, B. (2008). Hiratsuka Haruko (Raichō). In B. G. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press.
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The magazine was never translated into English during the time of its publication as international works were highly censored. The
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476:. Her intent was to start a women’s spiritual revolution by examining how women had lost their spiritual independence over time.
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continued to publish unfiltered social commentaries. At its height in 1915, the magazine was selling 3,000 copies a month.
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1615:
1605:
458:, Japan’s first all-women literary magazine was developed out of inspiration from the writings of Swedish feminist author
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was a member of), whereas the Meiji 6 only accepted formally-educated upper-class men. Additionally, women writers like
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Wu, P. (2007). Performing gender along the lesbian continuum: the politics of sexual identity in the Seito Society. In
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Barcus, F. N. (2006). A Women's Place: Social Change in Wartime and Postwar Japan and the United States (Her-Story).
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Mackie, V. C. (2013). New women, modern girls and the shifting semiotics of gender in early twentieth century Japan.
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The publication was forced to close, but not before establishing itself as a leader in Japan’s women's movement.
224:" led to a number of changes in law and household structure. The government implemented a family-state with the
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were filled with essays and editorials on the question of gender equality and gender-based social problems.
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MODERNISM IN THE PROSE WORKS OF YOSHIYUKI EISUKE, MURAYAMA TOMOYOSHI, YUMENO KYOSAKU, AND OKAMOTO KANOKO
954:
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Daughters of the affluent enjoyed an increase in girls schools, constructed to produce women that were "
870:— her article "The Solution to the Woman Question" caused sales of the Feb 1913 issue to be prohibited.
278:
had been using their higher education to raise the consciousness of other women as early as the 1890s.
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combined meant that the media heavily attacked the lesbian relationships of some of the writers of
495:. Yosano's words penned for the first issue became a battle-cry for the Japanese feminist movement:
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2006:
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328:, as well as experimental forms of writing. It featured translations of Western writers such as
992:— called "atarashii onna," it is also an ideal among members/a source of derision from critics.
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599:" who drink alcohol, engage in same-sex love, and freely enter districts meant only for men.
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threatening to fine any distributors for carrying the magazine, which was deemed a threat to
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1370:"'In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun' and the Foundation of Japan's First Feminist Journal"
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its audience. The story was called "The Letter" written by one of the members, Araki Ikuko.
455:
181:
were worn less frequently than western socks. Unlike their English counterparts, members of
139:
60:
1312:
Reich, Pauline C.; Fukuda, Atsuko (1976). "Japan's Literary Feminists: The "Seito" Group".
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2065:
2011:
1959:
1922:
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produced 52 issues with over 110 contributors. It is credited as an influence for modern
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2016:
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In the beginning, woman was the sun : the autobiography of a Japanese feminist
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810:
805:
723:
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488:
479:
Hiratsuka penned a manifesto for the society publication, spelling out its purpose:
463:
365:
349:
74:
1204:
The bluestockings of Japan : new woman essays and fiction from Seitō, 1911-16
711:
Koganei Kimiko (not listed in "The Guiding Principles of the Bluestockings", 1911)
575:
a blight upon society and urged her female students to abscond from their ideals.
39:
2048:
1865:
1774:
879:
473:
217:
976:— founding member, editor-in-chief from 1911-1914, and early Japanese Feminist.
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259:
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gave women legal rights, women still faced a double standard in society that
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1018:— the full history of the Feminist movement in Japan to give context to how
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would bring shame to the Japanese male establishment if published abroad.
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1964:
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898:
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64:
1417:
Bulletin of the Institute of Women's Culture, Showa Women's University
1042:
Modern Girls, Shining Stars, the Skies of Tokyo: Five Japanese Women
138:, was a literary magazine created in 1911 by a group of five women:
1325:
1260:
Wieringa, Saskia E.; Blackwood, Evelyn; Bhaiya, Abha, eds. (2007).
998:
society — the 18th century English namesake origin of the Japanese
961:
have been combating since the 1960s, many taking inspiration from
663:
Members (and Supporting Members) paid 30 sen (1 sen being 1/100th
317:
205:
1449:
Matsui, M. (1990). Evolution of the feminist movement in Japan.
404:
396:
177:
1467:
534:
had been slowly becoming more politicized since its inception,
1463:
1432:
Reese, L. (2003). Teaching about women in China and Japan.
1404:
Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific
1356:
Women’s Sexualities and Masculinities in a Globalizing Asia
1262:
Women’s Sexualities and Masculinities in a Globalizing Asia
1123:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Bluestocking."
245:
Shinnjokai (New Women's World), Fujin-Club (Women's Club),
208:"sei" for "blue" and the character "tō" for "stocking."
982:— editor-in-chief from 1915-1916 and famous Japanese
1577:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
3143:
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3075:
2754:
2461:
2155:
2088:
1985:
1705:
1694:
1586:
1553:
1510:
1501:
1127:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Oct. 2011. Web.
281:Earlier in the same year that the first edition of
104:
96:
88:
80:
70:
56:
876:— Hiratsuka's college and adviser to the magazine.
166:The name of the publication is a reference to the
1302:(Publication No. 9834098) . UMI Company. pp. 223.
447:were recent graduates of the newly established
236:that was especially contentious towards women.
228:as the head of the "family" in order to foster
115:
1287:Genders, transgenders and sexualities in Japan
591:" both revolved around contributor and artist
423:, motherhood, childcare, sociological theory,
175:However, this word felt dated to Hiratsuka as
1479:
566:quickly caught the attention of the Japanese
538:was an anarchist and responsible for filling
8:
3268:Defunct women's magazines published in Japan
1150:Hiratsuka Raichō and early Japanese feminism
887:— prolific author of early "lesbian" fiction
691:Yasumochi Yoshiko (pen name Yasumochi Hakuu)
462:and the intelligent and domestic heroine of
30:
526:Hiratsuka turned editorial control over to
3079:
2237:African-American women's suffrage movement
1702:
1507:
1486:
1472:
1464:
1358:(pp. 77-99). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
38:
29:
1044:. Columbia University Press. p. 79.
928:started the trend, major publishers like
487:Early contributors included beloved poet
2182:Discrimination against transgender women
264:The Freedom and People's Rights Movement
1095:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1040:Birnbaum, Phyllis (January 22, 2015) .
1032:
901:believed the controversial content of
3298:Literary magazines published in Japan
2525:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
1802:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
1281:
1279:
1197:
249:Shufuno-tomo (Friends for Housewives)
132:, also known by its translated title
7:
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1231:
1195:
1193:
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1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1084:
1082:
1063:
1061:
945:After the end of the publication of
1368:Stannard, Polly (1 December 2009).
185:generally did not wear blue socks.
25:
603:publicised it all. While many of
3293:News magazines published in Asia
3288:Magazines disestablished in 1916
3231:
3222:
3221:
3209:
2769:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2192:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
953:” standard for women. While the
3263:1916 disestablishments in Japan
391:Subjects covered included the "
1006:List of Japanese women writers
1002:society and literary magazine.
650:and employment opportunities.
1:
3283:Magazines established in 1911
3258:1911 establishments in Japan
3131:Suffragists and suffragettes
912:, after recruiting educator
658:Throughout its 5 year run,
116:
48:with cover illustration by
3314:
1089:Hiratsuka, Raichō (2006).
27:Japanese feminist magazine
3203:
2212:Female genital mutilation
1621:Majority-Muslim countries
640:The June 1915 edition of
579:1911–1914 (Hiratsuka Era)
436:1911–1914 (Hiratsuka Era)
311:The writing contained in
287:International Women's Day
241:good wives, wise mothers.
126:
37:
3178:Women's studies journals
3136:Women's rights activists
1697:Movements and ideologies
1148:Tomida, Hiroko. (2004).
654:Members and contributors
449:Japan Women's University
370:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
293:, performed the role of
2722:International relations
1289:(pp. 81-96). Routledge.
1125:Encyclopædia Britannica
200:with the assistance of
18:Bluestocking (magazine)
3151:Conservative feminisms
2451:Women in the workforce
2419:Violence against women
2394:Sexual objectification
2354:Opposition to feminism
1561:Bicycling and feminism
951:good wife, wise mother
501:
485:
222:catch up with the west
188:The Japanese word for
168:Blue Stockings Society
3191:Women in peacekeeping
2732:Revisionist mythology
2175:Children's literature
1298:Williams, J. (1998).
1270:10.1057/9780230604124
1012:are also listed here.
1008:— several members of
959:Second Wave Feminists
497:
481:
212:Historical background
140:Haru Raichō Hiratsuka
2634:Pathways perspective
2480:Gender mainstreaming
2399:Substantive equality
2379:Reproductive justice
2329:Matriarchal religion
2187:Diversity (politics)
861:Notable contributors
32:Seitō (Bluestocking)
3216:Feminism portal
3096:Ecofeminist authors
2946:Trinidad and Tobago
2886:Republic of Ireland
2747:Composition studies
2429:Women's empowerment
2384:Sex workers' rights
2309:Feminist capitalism
2289:Internalized sexism
2227:Feminism in culture
2110:Kurdish (Jineology)
1070:"The Bluestockings"
636:1915–1916 (Itō Era)
515:1915–1916 (Itō Era)
382:George Bernard Shaw
374:Mary Wollstonecraft
204:, by combining the
44:The first issue of
34:
3278:Feminist magazines
2592:Literary criticism
2470:Complementarianism
2197:Effects on society
2165:Complementarianism
1977:Women's liberation
1406:, (32 July), 1-13.
1264:. pp. 77–99.
769:editor after 1914)
697:Supporting members
3273:Feminism in Japan
3245:
3244:
3199:
3198:
2609:Political ecology
2515:Écriture féminine
2414:Triple oppression
2404:Toxic masculinity
2389:Sexual harassment
2254:Feminist stripper
2232:Feminist movement
2151:
2150:
2089:Ethnic and racial
1690:
1689:
1213:978-1-929280-44-5
1152:. Boston: Brill.
1051:978-0-231-50002-9
1016:Japanese Feminism
955:1947 Constitution
922:Shin Fujin Kyokai
624:, Otake Kokichi,
605:The Bluestockings
405:arranged marriage
378:Hermann Sudermann
334:Guy de Maupassant
307:Magazine contents
196:, was created by
183:The Bluestockings
156:Japanese feminism
112:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3305:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3080:
3063:History of women
2540:Political theory
2441:
2434:Women-only space
2319:Likeability trap
2207:Female education
1703:
1698:
1658:African-American
1588:Women's suffrage
1579:
1566:Feminist history
1508:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1434:Social Education
1430:
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1413:
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1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1199:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1037:
984:anarcha-feminist
974:Hiratsuka Raichō
910:Hiratsuka Raicho
806:Nishizaki Hanayo
752:Harada Satsuki (
704:Hasegawa Shigure
678:Hiratsuka Raichō
622:Hiratsuka Raicho
562:The writings of
543:by the Japanese
425:anarchist theory
198:Hiratsuka Raichō
130:
128:
119:
61:Raichō Hiratsuka
42:
35:
21:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3232:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3139:
3071:
3070:
3069:
2978:Northern Cyprus
2750:
2742:Science fiction
2535:Oedipus complex
2495:Women's studies
2457:
2456:
2455:
2439:
2349:Oedipus complex
2339:Men in feminism
2304:Language reform
2284:Ideal womanhood
2264:Gender equality
2259:Formal equality
2222:Feminationalism
2147:
2115:Native American
2084:
2083:
2082:
1981:
1891:Post-structural
1696:
1686:
1582:
1575:
1571:Women's history
1549:
1497:
1492:
1462:
1461:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:, (59), 87-111.
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1214:
1202:Bardsley, Jan.
1201:
1200:
1175:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
970:
895:
890:
863:
858:
840:Sakamoto Makoto
787:Kobayashi Katsu
778:Kanzaki Tsuneko
733:
728:
714:Kunikida Haruko
699:
694:
673:
656:
638:
630:Naganuma Chieko
581:
560:
549:national polity
530:in 1915. While
517:
453:Hiratsuka Raich
438:
433:
362:Olive Schreiner
358:Sonya Kovalesky
338:Edgar Allan Poe
309:
260:Meiji 6 Society
214:
164:
120:
52:
50:Chieko Naganuma
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:SCUM Manifesto
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3053:United Kingdom
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Existentialism
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Existentialism
2680:
2679:
2678:
2676:Justice ethics
2668:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Gender studies
2472:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:Women's rights
2443:
2440:Women's health
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Male privilege
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2293:International
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:United Kingdom
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1442:
1425:
1408:
1395:
1386:
1360:
1347:
1326:10.1086/493355
1320:(1): 280–291.
1304:
1291:
1275:
1252:
1239:
1227:
1212:
1173:
1158:
1129:
1116:
1101:
1078:
1068:S.L. Sievers,
1057:
1050:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
987:
977:
969:
966:
914:Ichikawa Fusae
894:
891:
889:
888:
885:Yoshiya Nobuko
882:
877:
871:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:
855:Yamamoto Ryūko
853:
850:
849:Sugimoto Masao
847:
844:
841:
838:
837:Tozawa Hatsuko
835:
833:Tamura Toshiko
830:
827:
824:
822:Okamoto Kanoko
819:
816:
815:Ogasawara Sada
813:
808:
803:
800:
799:Mikajima Yoshi
797:
794:
791:
790:Ogasawara Sada
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
760:
759:Hayase Chitose
757:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:
689:
688:Nakano Hatsuko
686:
683:
680:
674:
672:
669:
655:
652:
637:
634:
626:Tamura Toshiko
580:
577:
559:
556:
516:
513:
493:Nobuko Yoshiya
469:A Doll’s House
437:
434:
432:
429:
413:class struggle
386:Frank Wedekind
342:Havelock Ellis
308:
305:
300:A Doll's House
285:was released,
276:Ichiyo Higuchi
220:'s desire to "
213:
210:
163:
160:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
84:September 1911
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:United States
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:Latin America
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Technoscience
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Art criticism
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Men's studies
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Transmisogyny
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Purplewashing
2367:
2365:
2364:Protofeminism
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Honor killing
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Transnational
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Individualist
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Anti-abortion
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:United States
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1457:(3), 435-449.
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:. Ann Arbor.
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:90-04-13298-8
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:0-231-13812-1
1098:
1094:
1093:
1085:
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737:Akune Toshiko
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3126:Rhetoricians
3116:Philosophers
3008:Saudi Arabia
2804:South Africa
2666:Epistemology
2619:Anthropology
2614:Architecture
2577:Legal theory
2485:Gynocentrism
2424:War on women
2359:Pro-feminism
2314:Gender-blind
2269:Gender quota
2242:Art movement
2039:Dianic Wicca
1918:Sex-positive
1881:Postcolonial
1748:Conservative
1728:Anti-fascist
1454:
1451:NWSA Journal
1450:
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1377:. Retrieved
1374:Bluestocking
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947:Bluestocking
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929:
926:Bluestocking
925:
916:and student
907:
903:Bluestocking
902:
896:
846:Shibata Kayo
826:Otake Masako
818:Ojima Kikuko
811:Nogami Yaeko
802:Mizuno Senko
796:Makino Kimie
793:Omura Kayoko
775:Iwano Kiyoko
766:
753:
749:Chino Masako
724:Yosano Akiko
717:Mori Shigeko
682:Kiuchi Teiko
659:
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647:Bluestocking
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642:Bluestocking
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532:Bluestocking
531:
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521:Bluestocking
520:
518:
509:Bluestocking
508:
502:
498:
489:Akiko Yosano
486:
482:
478:
467:
464:Henrik Ibsen
445:Bluestocking
444:
441:Bluestocking
440:
439:
401:prostitution
390:
388:, and more.
366:Henrik Ibsen
350:Emma Goldman
313:Bluestocking
312:
310:
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283:Bluestocking
282:
280:
270:contributor
268:Bluestocking
267:
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253:Bluestocking
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190:Bluestocking
189:
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162:Name meaning
152:Bluestocking
151:
143:
135:Bluestocking
134:
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114:
113:
75:Newsmagazine
45:
31:
3166:Comic books
3091:Art critics
3013:South Korea
2993:Philippines
2973:New Zealand
2968:Netherlands
2700:Pornography
2688:Metaphysics
2629:Criminology
2624:Archaeology
2597:Film theory
2299:Women's Day
2049:Ecofeminist
1908:Reactionary
1856:Materialist
1631:Switzerland
1626:New Zealand
1545:Fourth-wave
1528:Second-wave
1440:(1), 38-43.
1074:Meiji Japan
880:Yamada Waka
874:Ikuta Chōkō
852:Ueda Kimiko
829:Tahara Yūko
784:Katō Midori
781:Katano Tama
743:Araki Ikuko
708:Kato Kazuko
491:and author
474:Nora Helmer
395:" concept,
346:Lester Ward
295:Nora Helmer
230:nationalism
202:Ikuta Chōkō
89:Final issue
81:First issue
3252:Categories
3156:Literature
3101:Economists
2821:Bangladesh
2755:By country
2705:Psychology
2661:Empiricism
2656:Aesthetics
2651:Philosophy
2510:Patriarchy
2490:Matriarchy
2295:Girl's Day
2274:Girl power
2247:In hip hop
2170:Literature
2105:Indigenous
2044:Reclaiming
1940:Standpoint
1913:Separatism
1886:Postmodern
1780:Vegetarian
1770:Difference
1713:Analytical
1540:Third-wave
1523:First-wave
1423:, 101-122.
1027:References
931:Chūō Kōron
920:, founded
765:(eventual
746:Asano Tomo
173:Kontabito.
71:Categories
2911:Argentina
2871:Indonesia
2861:Hong Kong
2816:Australia
2717:Seriality
2641:Geography
2567:Sociology
2520:Economics
2505:Kyriarchy
2007:Christian
1987:Religious
1928:Socialist
1718:Anarchist
1663:States of
1601:Australia
1334:0097-9740
1222:172521673
990:New Woman
918:Oku Mumeo
740:Aoki Jōko
597:New Women
589:Yoshiwara
505:New Women
460:Ellen Key
451:. Led by
393:New Woman
354:Ellen Key
251:predated
218:Meiji era
192:, 青鞜, or
144:Seitō-sha
3227:Category
3161:American
3033:Thailand
2988:Pakistan
2958:Malaysia
2941:Paraguay
2931:Honduras
2779:Ethiopia
2646:Pedagogy
2572:Rhetoric
2562:Sexology
2555:Womanist
2550:Thealogy
2545:Theology
2344:Misogyny
2217:Femicide
2202:Equality
2156:Concepts
2071:Orthodox
2034:Neopagan
2022:Womanist
2002:Buddhist
1970:Africana
1965:Womanism
1861:Maternal
1851:Lipstick
1817:Activism
1787:Equality
1753:Cultural
1738:Carceral
1673:Virginia
1653:Timeline
1596:Timeline
1533:timeline
1518:Timeline
1495:Feminism
1379:18 March
1168:53045006
1111:62732710
1022:fits in.
968:See also
671:Founders
620:such as
421:adultery
409:abortion
123:Japanese
108:Japanese
105:Language
3173:Parties
3048:Ukraine
3043:Vietnam
2953:Lebanon
2851:Germany
2841:Finland
2836:Denmark
2811:Albania
2799:Senegal
2794:Nigeria
2710:Therapy
2693:Science
2604:Biology
2132:Mizrahi
2100:Chicana
2061:Islamic
1997:Atheist
1933:Marxist
1903:Radical
1839:Liberal
1834:Lesbian
1812:Hip hop
1792:Eugenic
1733:Atheist
1706:General
1678:Wyoming
1511:General
1503:History
1342:3173444
980:Itō Noe
899:kokutai
763:Itō Noe
756:Yasuda)
731:Members
536:Itō Noe
528:Itō Noe
431:History
326:I novel
226:Emperor
97:Country
65:Noe Ito
3187:(1967)
3111:Muslim
3106:Jewish
3084:People
3038:Turkey
3028:Taiwan
3018:Sweden
3003:Russia
2998:Poland
2983:Norway
2936:Mexico
2916:Brazil
2891:Israel
2856:Greece
2846:France
2826:Canada
2764:Africa
2671:Ethics
2530:Method
2463:Theory
2374:Racism
2139:Romani
2127:Jewish
2066:Jewish
2012:Mormon
1960:Victim
1923:Social
1896:French
1844:Equity
1807:Global
1743:Choice
1616:Kuwait
1606:Canada
1554:Social
1340:
1332:
1248:英語英米文学
1220:
1210:
1166:
1156:
1109:
1099:
1048:
936:Taiyō,
893:Legacy
628:, and
57:Editor
3237:Index
3144:Other
3121:Poets
3076:Lists
3023:Syria
2963:Nepal
2926:Haiti
2921:Chile
2901:Japan
2896:Italy
2866:India
2831:China
2784:Ghana
2774:Egypt
2334:Media
2144:White
2095:Black
2056:Hindu
2027:Asian
1950:Trans
1945:State
1876:Post-
1829:Labor
1758:Cyber
1641:Wales
1611:Japan
1338:JSTOR
1314:Signs
660:Seitō
318:haiku
206:Kanji
194:Seitō
117:Seitō
100:Japan
46:Seitō
2881:Iraq
2876:Iran
2789:Mali
2297:and
2120:Sámi
2078:Sikh
1866:Neo-
1668:Utah
1381:2016
1330:ISSN
1218:OCLC
1208:ISBN
1164:OCLC
1154:ISBN
1107:OCLC
1097:ISBN
1046:ISBN
397:rape
322:waka
247:and
216:The
178:tabi
2582:Art
2017:New
1871:New
1797:Fat
1775:Eco
1763:HCI
1322:doi
1266:doi
754:née
665:yen
466:’s
297:in
234:era
3254::
1453:,
1438:67
1436:,
1421:33
1419:,
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1278:^
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1176:^
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1132:^
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1060:^
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632:.
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411:,
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360:,
356:,
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324:,
320:,
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127:青鞜
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456:ō
302:.
129:)
121:(
20:)
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