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688:. As a consequence, a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills, but even so, the bomb was dropped over the city's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. An estimated 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured during the bombing at Nagasaki. Of those killed, 23,200–28,200 were Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 were Korean slave laborers, and 150 were Japanese soldiers.
1024:
304:
912:
560:, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons (2,400 L; 530 imp gal) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Group Commander Colonel
44:
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the previous day covering 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yahata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run,
360:
Silverplate involved extensive modifications to the B-29 to carry nuclear weapons. The bomb bay doors and the fuselage section between the bomb bays were removed to create a single 33-foot (10 m) bomb bay. British suspensions and bracing were attached for both shape types, with the gun-type
664:
The increasingly critical fuel shortage resulted in the decision by
Sweeney and Ashworth to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to the secondary target, Nagasaki. The approach to Nagasaki twenty minutes later indicated that the heart of the city's downtown was also covered by dense cloud.
717:
began its final approach. Touching the runway hard, the heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. The B-29's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both pilots standing on the brakes,
601:
began its climb to the 30,000 feet (9,100 m) bombing altitude a half-hour before rendezvous. Before the mission, Tibbets had warned
Sweeney to take no more than fifteen minutes at the rendezvous before proceeding to the target. Bockscar reached the rendezvous point and assembled with
725:
at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop. The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained.
3220:
712:
in at 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour (190 km/h), firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing. The number two engine died from fuel starvation as
520:, which was the assigned aircraft of the crew with whom Sweeney usually flew, had been designated in preliminary planning to drop the second bomb, but the aircraft had been fitted with observation instruments for the
3056:
696:
Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump, the B-29 did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima, so
Sweeney flew the aircraft to
3118:
761:, none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account, and unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was
644:, arrived over Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby
840:, Ohio. This display, a primary exhibit in the museum's Air Power gallery, includes a replica of a Fat Man bomb and signage that states that it was "The aircraft that ended WWII".
532:
would have been a complex and time-consuming process, and when the second atomic bomb mission was moved up from 11 to 9 August because of adverse weather forecasts, the crews of
700:. Arriving there, he circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance, finally concluding that his radio was faulty. Critically low on fuel,
3205:
299:
at Dayton before it was moved indoors. On the
Nagasaki mission, it flew without nose art, and with a triangle N tail marking, rather than the circle arrowhead shown here.
681:
at an altitude of 1,650 feet (500 m), approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwest of the planned aiming point, resulting in the destruction of 44% of the city.
399:, in April. The name chosen for the aircraft, and painted on it after the mission, was a pun on the name of the aircraft commander. It left Wendover on 11 June 1945 for
2453:
821:
261:
127:
3071:
2171:
498: – flown by group operations officer Major James I. Hopkins Jr. – as a photographic aircraft. The primary target was the city of
3210:
2636:
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1355:
521:
449:
174:
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suspension anchored in the aft bomb bay and the implosion type mounted in the forward bay. Weight reduction was also accomplished by removal of
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597:, and at 17,000 feet (5,200 m) cruising altitude instead of the customary 9,000 feet (2,700 m), increasing fuel consumption.
3215:
2238:
2181:
1893:
403:, where it arrived 16 June. It was originally given the Victor (unit-assigned identification) number 7 but on 1 August was given the
2516:
729:
Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent
490:, commander of the 393d Bombardment Squadron; and co-piloted by First Lieutenant Charles Donald Albury, C-15's aircraft commander.
589:
at 03:49. The mission profile directed the B-29s to fly individually to the rendezvous point, changed because of bad weather from
2445:
2202:
2491:
825:
677:
visually dropped the Fat Man at 10:58 local time. It exploded 43 seconds later with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of
265:
636:, the plane's weaponeer, who was in command of the mission. After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half-hour,
2067:
377:
149:
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task force, but there are no records indicating that it deployed for the tests. In August 1946, it was assigned to the
2225:
2072:
2026:
915:
Crew C-15. front row: Dehart, Kuharek, Buckley, Gallagher, Spitzer; back row: Olivi, Beahan, Sweeney, Van Pelt, Albury
739:, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in
3184:
2484:
2077:
1933:
1926:
673:, a small opening in the clouds at the end of the three-minute bomb run permitted him to identify target features.
201:
1637:
The
Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29's Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs
1063:
411:
as a security measure, and had its Victor changed to 77 to avoid misidentification with an actual 444th aircraft.
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1962:
1943:
1938:
1921:
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751:. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew in depth and was aware that they referred to their airplane as
653:, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.
1559:
1032:
618:
1660:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume V. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 703–758.
3143:
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2595:
684:
The failure to drop the Fat Man at the precise bomb aim point caused the atomic blast to be confined to the
408:
392:
338:
209:
186:
81:
1414:
Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists
Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series)
1061:
Official USAAF photo dated 11 August 1945, two days after mission shows the aircraft with no nose art. See
843:
In 2005, a short documentary was made about
Charles Sweeney's recollections of the Nagasaki mission aboard
516:
assemblies in the eight days leading up to the second mission, including a final rehearsal the day before.
2922:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2555:
722:
656:
76:
1805:
Reflections from above: Fred Olivi's perspective on the mission which dropped the atomic bomb on
Nagasaki
417:
was used in 13 training and practice missions from Tinian, and three combat missions in which it dropped
373:. The Silverplate aircraft represented a significant increase in performance over the standard variants.
3163:
2988:
2731:
2676:
2407:
2323:
937:
790:
777:
433:
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330:
205:
197:
55:
missions (black) and the atomic bomb drop on
Nagasaki (a red symbol, fourth in the line of five symbols)
816:
At Davis-Monthan it was placed on display as the aircraft that bombed
Nagasaki, but in the markings of
1023:
832:. The aircraft was flown to the museum on 26 September 1961, and its original markings were restored.
272:. The aircraft was flown to the museum on 26 September 1961, and its original markings were restored (
2973:
2968:
2827:
2701:
2467:
2295:
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798:
747:, writing that several personnel commented that 77 was also the jersey number of the football player
594:
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246:
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303:
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2787:
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730:
1809:
1609:
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911:
357:. A Block 35 aircraft, it was one of ten modified as a Silverplate and re-designated "Block 36".
2897:
2721:
2691:
2631:
1718:
983:
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930:
735:
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reported both Kokura and Nagasaki within the accepted parameters for the required visual attack.
494:
was designated as an observation and instrumentation support plane for the second mission, while
350:
242:
193:
69:
502:, where the Kokura Arsenal was located, and the secondary target was Nagasaki, where two large
310:
with temporary triangle N tail marking, on 9 August 1945, the day of its atomic bombing mission
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217:
200:, and delivered to the United States Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945. It was assigned to the
43:
1473:
3133:
2932:
2917:
2882:
2857:
2711:
2666:
2156:
1725:
Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
1714:
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342:
85:
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959:
Staff Sergeant Raymond C. Gallagher, gunner, assistant flight engineer, Chicago, Illinois
625:
Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for
3081:
3076:
2847:
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260:
returned to the United States in November 1945. In September 1946, it was given to the
162:
1804:
1655:
1654:
Craven, Wesley; Cate, James (1953). "Victory". In Craven, Wesley; Cate, James (eds.).
1356:"The Untold Story of How Japanese Steel Workers Saved Their City From the Atomic Bomb"
1222:
708:
on Okinawa. With only enough fuel for one landing attempt, Sweeney and Albury brought
3199:
3096:
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1990:
1985:
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253:. About 44% of the city was destroyed; 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured.
92:
1685:
3153:
3035:
2892:
2837:
2817:
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2706:
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2379:
1980:
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836:
is now on permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force,
561:
513:
484:
418:
281:
280:
is now on permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force,
239:
231:
170:
131:
52:
512:
had been flown by Sweeney and crew C-15 in three test drop rehearsals with inert
2983:
2937:
2902:
2877:
2822:
2726:
2716:
2600:
2166:
1955:
1948:
996:
943:
Second Lieutenant Frederick "Fred" J. Olivi, regular co-pilot, Chicago, Illinois
650:
362:
322:
178:
1242:
1240:
3086:
3030:
2767:
2757:
2686:
881:
First Lieutenant Hugh Cardwell Ferguson Sr., co-pilot, Highland Park, Michigan
794:
748:
503:
1845:
1832:
1665:
884:
First Lieutenant Leonard A. Godfrey Jr., navigator, Greenfield, Massachusetts
3128:
2994:
2762:
2565:
2330:
2309:
2140:
1744:
789:
returned to the United States in November 1945 and served with the 509th at
757:
630:
612:
27:
US Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 airplane that dropped the second atomic bomb
1706:
956:
Master Sergeant John D. Kuharek, flight engineer, Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania
3168:
2535:
2337:
893:
Sergeant Ralph D. Belanger, assistant flight engineer, Thendara, New York
590:
273:
250:
166:
17:
890:
Master Sergeant Roderick F. Arnold, flight engineer, Rochester, Michigan
3158:
3025:
1972:
820:. In September 1946, title was passed to the Air Force Museum (now the
810:
685:
422:
159:
1171:"Charles Donald Albury dies at 88; copilot on the Nagasaki bomb plane"
743:. However, he also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of
540:
instead changed aircraft. The result was that the bomb was carried by
2544:
1908:
1890:
1003:
atomic missions, serving as the radar countermeasures crewman on the
887:
First Lieutenant Charles Levy, bombardier, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
499:
400:
227:
155:
2476:
649:
Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and First Lieutenant
524:
that took place three days earlier. Moving the instrumentation from
1563:
910:
899:
Sergeant William C. Barney, radar operator, Columbia City, Indiana
802:
776:
655:
570:
302:
291:
1759:
War's End: an Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission
946:
Captain James F. Van Pelt Jr., navigator, Oak Hill, West Virginia
665:
Ashworth decided to bomb Nagasaki using radar, but, according to
3221:
Collection of the National Museum of the United States Air Force
3106:
2575:
968:
Sergeant Albert T. "Pappy" DeHart, tail gunner, Plainview, Texas
829:
610:
failed to appear. As they orbited Yakushima, the weather planes
575:
Preserved Tinian "bomb pit #2", where Fat Man was loaded aboard
396:
269:
213:
173:
in the second – and most recent –
2480:
1863:
972:
Also on board were the following additional mission personnel:
660:
The mushroom cloud as seen from one of the B-29s on the mission
1438:
962:
Staff Sergeant Edward K. Buckley, radar operator, Lisbon, Ohio
479:
was flown on 9 August 1945 by Crew C-15, which usually manned
1416:. The Spirit That Moves Us Press. 1 May 1984. pp. 22–29.
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1302:
1300:
999:, radar countermeasures, Baltimore, Maryland (Beser flew on
896:
Sergeant Ralph D. Curry, radio operator, Hoopeston, Illinois
421:
on industrial targets in Japan, in which Bock's crew bombed
1639:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.
616:(which had dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima) and
902:
Sergeant Robert J. Stock, tail gunner, Fort Wayne, Indiana
1450:
1376:
1291:
1246:
1197:
1129:
1127:
629:, finally proceeding to the target only at the urging of
459:
The mission included three B-29 bombers and their crews:
965:
Sergeant Abe M. Spitzer, radio operator, Bronx, New York
238:, piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron's commander,
847:, including details of the mission preparation, titled
1687:
Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
1016:
National Museum of the United States Air Force display
1333:"The Harrowing Story of the Nagasaki Bombing Mission"
1755:; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997).
1331:
Bradbury, Ellen; Blakeslee, Sandra (4 August 2015).
3049:
3018:
2951:
2740:
2609:
2523:
2424:
2266:
2190:
2149:
2133:
2113:
2097:
2090:
2058:
2042:
2019:
2003:
1971:
1907:
1900:
226:was used in 13 training and practice missions from
122:
114:
106:
101:
91:
75:
65:
60:
34:
1756:
1722:
1684:
249:equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT over the city of
234:on industrial targets in Japan. On 9 August 1945,
1474:"Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki"
933:, aircraft commander, North Quincy, Massachusetts
51:nose art: the Fat Man silhouettes represent four
2454:Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb
230:, and three combat missions in which it dropped
940:, co-pilot (pilot of Crew C-15), Miami, Florida
369:. These B-29s also had an improved engine, the
284:, Ohio, next to a replica of the Fat Man bomb.
822:National Museum of the United States Air Force
262:National Museum of the United States Air Force
128:National Museum of the United States Air Force
2492:
1875:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
8:
245:, dropped the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb with a
2499:
2485:
2477:
2094:
2016:
1904:
1882:
1868:
1860:
1306:
1279:
992:Philip M. Barnes, USN, assistant weaponeer
878:, aircraft commander, Greenville, Michigan
640:, accompanied by the instrument airplane,
31:
3206:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1536:. United States Air Force. Archived from
1510:. United States Air Force. Archived from
1388:
450:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1729:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1596:
1584:
1534:"Bockscar: The aircraft that ended WWII"
1494:
1318:
1209:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1118:
1106:
1810:White Light/Black Rain Official Website
1717:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
1451:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
1377:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
1292:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
1247:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
1198:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997
1054:
1019:
216:, in April and was named after captain
1823:Records of the Nagasaki Atomic Bombing
1426:
1400:
564:and Sweeney therefore elected to have
1081:. National Museum of the US Air Force
1066:. National Museum of the US Air Force
7:
2432:Boeing B-29 Superfortress in fiction
1780:The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb
606:, but after circling for some time,
3211:Individual aircraft of World War II
1657:The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki
1335:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
797:. It was nominally assigned to the
2964:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2239:Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2
1612:. National Science Digital Library
1476:. National Science Digital Library
25:
1225:. University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh
3180:
3179:
1562:. Michael Puttré. Archived from
1354:Kleeman, Sophie (29 July 2014).
1040:
1031:
1022:
919:Crew C-15 (normally assigned to
704:barely made it to the runway at
556:During pre-flight inspection of
42:
849:Nagasaki: The Commander's Voice
826:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
353:, located at Offutt Field, now
266:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
1691:. New York: Harper & Row.
723:made a swerving 90-degree turn
544:but flown by the crew C-15 of
506:armament plants were located.
276:was added after the mission).
1:
1778:Wainstock, Dennis D. (1996).
1635:Campbell, Richard H. (2005).
150:United States Army Air Forces
3124:Oppenheimer security hearing
953:, bombardier, Houston, Texas
807:Davis-Monthan Army Air Field
391:and crew C-13, and flown to
2226:1954 Prestwick air disaster
2213:1950 Fairfield-Suisun crash
1508:"Boeing B-29 Superfortress"
1079:"Boeing B-29 Superfortress"
938:Charles Donald "Don" Albury
118:April 1945 – September 1946
3237:
870:on the Nagasaki mission):
803:4105th Army Air Force Unit
447:
202:393rd Bombardment Squadron
165:over the Japanese city of
3216:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
3177:
3067:Bismuth phosphate process
3062:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2514:
2464:
1894:B-29 Superfortress family
1160:, pp. 113, 139, 142.
327:393d Bombardment Squadron
181:B-29s used by the 509th,
41:
1763:. New York: Avon Books.
1379:, pp. 179, 213–215.
1223:"Reflections from above"
1007:on 6 August 1945 and on
405:triangle N tail markings
70:B-29-36-MO Superfortress
3144:S-1 Executive Committee
3092:Einstein–Szilard letter
2191:Accidents and incidents
1846:39.781976°N 84.108892°W
1610:"The Story of Nagasaki"
1260:"The Story of Nagasaki"
860:Regularly assigned crew
585:took off from Tinian's
409:444th Bombardment Group
393:Wendover Army Air Field
339:Glenn L. Martin Company
317:, B-29-36-MO 44-27297,
210:Wendover Army Air Field
82:Glenn L. Martin Company
2586:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
1782:. Praeger Publishing.
1719:Westfall, Catherine L.
1307:Craven & Cate 1953
1280:Craven & Cate 1953
916:
791:Roswell Army Air Field
782:
692:Landing and debriefing
661:
579:
568:continue the mission.
311:
300:
177:in history. One of 15
3164:X-10 Graphite Reactor
3119:Nobel Prize laureates
2989:509th Composite Group
1851:39.781976; -84.108892
914:
907:Nagasaki mission crew
780:
659:
574:
436:and crew C-15 bombed
434:Charles Donald Albury
355:Offutt Air Force Base
331:509th Composite Group
306:
295:
206:509th Composite Group
198:Offutt Air Force Base
148:, is the name of the
3072:British contribution
2974:Operation Peppermint
2969:Operation Crossroads
2828:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2446:The Wild Blue Yonder
2231:Pan Am Flight 845/26
2203:1948 Lake Mead crash
1471:Laurence, William L.
1439:Hoddeson et al. 1993
799:Operation Crossroads
669:bombardier, Captain
378:U.S. Army Air Forces
2833:George Kistiakowsky
2788:Charles Critchfield
2208:1948 Waycross crash
2198:1948 Bleaklow crash
1842: /
1815:5 June 2008 at the
1599:, pp. 141–142.
1453:, pp. 222–226.
1441:, pp. 396–397.
1429:, pp. 343–346.
1294:, pp. 210–211.
1249:, pp. 204–205.
1212:, pp. 113–114.
1200:, pp. 193–195.
1109:, pp. 172–173.
731:William L. Laurence
552:Kokura and Nagasaki
444:Atomic bomb mission
144:, sometimes called
61:General information
2898:Henry DeWolf Smyth
2677:Robert Oppenheimer
2632:Priscilla Duffield
2468:Boeing B-17 family
1514:on 24 January 2015
1011:on 9 August 1945).
980:Frederick Ashworth
931:Charles W. Sweeney
917:
864:Crew C-13 (manned
783:
736:The New York Times
662:
634:Frederick Ashworth
580:
488:Charles W. Sweeney
380:on 19 March 1945,
351:Bellevue, Nebraska
325:B-29s used by the
321:77, was one of 15
312:
301:
243:Charles W. Sweeney
194:Bellevue, Nebraska
3191:
3190:
3113:Los Alamos Primer
3102:Interim Committee
3057:African Americans
3009:The Great Artiste
2868:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2863:Norman Ramsey Jr.
2662:Franklin Matthias
2601:Heavy water sites
2508:Manhattan Project
2474:
2473:
2438:Birth of the B-29
2401:The Great Artiste
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2222:
2218:Pan Am Flight 202
2129:
2128:
2105:377 Stratocruiser
2086:
2085:
1999:
1998:
1789:978-0-275-95475-8
1770:978-0-380-97349-1
1736:978-0-521-44132-2
1715:Hoddeson, Lillian
1698:978-0-306-70738-4
1646:978-0-7864-2139-8
1566:on 3 January 2013
1176:Los Angeles Times
995:First Lieutenant
922:The Great Artiste
876:Frederick C. Bock
867:The Great Artiste
818:The Great Artiste
767:The Great Artiste
763:The Great Artiste
753:The Great Artiste
741:The Great Artiste
642:The Great Artiste
604:The Great Artiste
546:The Great Artiste
534:The Great Artiste
526:The Great Artiste
522:Hiroshima mission
518:The Great Artiste
492:The Great Artiste
481:The Great Artiste
466:The Great Artiste
389:Frederick C. Bock
376:Delivered to the
337:was built by the
218:Frederick C. Bock
196:, at what is now
185:was built at the
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
3228:
3183:
3182:
3134:Quebec Agreement
2918:John von Neumann
2858:George B. Pegram
2667:Dorothy McKibbin
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2267:Notable aircraft
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2220:
2157:Battle of Kansas
2095:
2017:
1905:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1793:
1774:
1762:
1753:Sweeney, Charles
1748:
1728:
1710:
1690:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1650:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
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1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1540:on 23 March 2013
1530:
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1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1121:, pp. 8–15.
1116:
1110:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1059:
1044:
1035:
1026:
951:Kermit K. Beahan
595:Yakushima Island
455:Mission and crew
431:First Lieutenant
384:was assigned to
288:Airplane history
46:
32:
21:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3173:
3139:RaLa Experiment
3045:
3014:
2979:Project Alberta
2947:
2943:Chien-Shiung Wu
2873:James Rainwater
2808:Richard Feynman
2798:John R. Dunning
2773:Norris Bradbury
2736:
2722:Stafford Warren
2692:William Purnell
2672:Kenneth Nichols
2652:Ernest Lawrence
2627:James B. Conant
2605:
2519:
2510:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2420:
2289:Dauntless Dotty
2262:
2255:Pan Am Flight 7
2247:Pan Am Flight 6
2186:
2145:
2125:
2109:
2082:
2060:Aero Spacelines
2054:
2038:
2013:
1995:
1967:
1896:
1888:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1817:Wayback Machine
1801:
1796:
1790:
1777:
1771:
1751:
1737:
1713:
1699:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
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1595:
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1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
909:
862:
857:
813:, for storage.
785:After the war,
781:Engine controls
775:
769:was Victor 89.
706:Yontan Airfield
694:
554:
457:
452:
446:
343:Lockheed Martin
341:(later part of
290:
256:After the war,
187:Glenn L. Martin
158:that dropped a
86:Omaha, Nebraska
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
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3189:
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3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Chicago Pile-1
3079:
3077:Calutron Girls
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3050:Related topics
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Stanisław Ulam
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Edwin McMillan
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Harry Daghlian
2790:
2785:
2783:John Cockcroft
2780:
2778:James Chadwick
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Charles Thomas
2699:
2697:Frank Spedding
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:James Marshall
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Thomas Farrell
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Arthur Compton
2619:
2613:
2611:
2610:Administrators
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
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2573:
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2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2394:Straight Flush
2390:
2383:
2376:
2373:Next Objective
2369:
2366:Necessary Evil
2362:
2359:Luke the Spook
2355:
2348:
2345:Laggin' Dragon
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
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2200:
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2169:
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2123:
2117:
2115:
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2110:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Pregnant Guppy
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
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1911:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1807:
1800:
1799:External links
1797:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1775:
1769:
1749:
1735:
1711:
1697:
1681:Groves, Leslie
1677:
1651:
1645:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1601:
1589:
1587:, p. 138.
1577:
1551:
1525:
1499:
1497:, p. 184.
1487:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1405:
1403:, p. 346.
1393:
1389:Wainstock 1996
1381:
1369:
1346:
1323:
1311:
1309:, p. 720.
1296:
1284:
1282:, p. 719.
1272:
1251:
1236:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1136:, p. 222.
1123:
1111:
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1039:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1017:
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900:
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894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
861:
858:
856:
853:
774:
773:Current status
771:
693:
690:
686:Urakami Valley
619:Laggin' Dragon
553:
550:
456:
453:
448:Main article:
445:
442:
289:
286:
190:Aircraft Plant
175:nuclear attack
163:nuclear weapon
135:
134:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
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58:
57:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3233:
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3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Franck Report
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
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3058:
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3054:
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2987:
2985:
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2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Alsos Mission
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Robert Wilson
2931:
2929:
2928:Eugene Wigner
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Edward Teller
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Glenn Seaborg
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Mark Oliphant
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Willard Libby
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
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2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Robert Bacher
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:Roscoe Wilson
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:John Lansdale
2645:
2643:
2642:Leslie Groves
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Vannevar Bush
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
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2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
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2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2455:
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2448:
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2439:
2435:
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2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2387:Strange Cargo
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:Lucky Lady II
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
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2319:
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2307:
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2300:
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2256:
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2240:
2237:
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2229:
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2216:
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2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:Campbell 2005
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:Campbell 2005
1581:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:Campbell 2005
1491:
1488:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:, p. 92.
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1321:, p. 30.
1320:
1319:Campbell 2005
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:Campbell 2005
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1179:. 9 June 2009
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:Campbell 2005
1154:
1151:
1148:, p. 19.
1147:
1146:Campbell 2005
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Campbell 2005
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Campbell 2005
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1107:Campbell 2005
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671:Kermit Beahan
668:
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632:
628:
627:The Big Stink
623:
621:
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608:The Big Stink
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493:
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483:; piloted by
482:
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472:The Big Stink
468:
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232:pumpkin bombs
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3169:Y-12 Project
3154:Smyth Report
3149:S-50 Project
3111:
3107:K-25 Project
3036:Pumpkin bomb
3007:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2923:John Wheeler
2893:Louis Slotin
2888:Emilio Segrè
2838:George Koval
2818:James Franck
2803:Enrico Fermi
2748:Luis Alvarez
2707:Paul Tibbets
2682:Deak Parsons
2452:
2444:
2436:
2413:
2406:
2399:
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2380:Some Punkins
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2296:Dave's Dream
2294:
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1827:
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1724:
1686:
1669:. Retrieved
1656:
1636:
1614:. Retrieved
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1502:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1446:
1434:
1422:
1413:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1326:
1314:
1287:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
1227:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1114:
1083:. Retrieved
1068:. Retrieved
1064:"photograph"
1057:
1008:
1004:
1000:
971:
920:
918:
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855:Crew members
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562:Paul Tibbets
557:
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541:
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514:Pumpkin bomb
509:
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381:
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359:
347:bomber plant
334:
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235:
223:
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182:
171:World War II
145:
140:
139:
138:
132:Dayton, Ohio
123:Preserved at
107:First flight
77:Manufacturer
53:pumpkin bomb
48:
35:
29:
2984:Silverplate
2938:Leona Woods
2903:Leo Szilard
2878:Bruno Rossi
2823:Klaus Fuchs
2727:Ed Westcott
2717:Harold Urey
2415:Up An' Atom
2167:Silverplate
2073:Super Guppy
1849: /
1427:Groves 1962
1401:Groves 1962
1362:10 November
1339:10 November
997:Jacob Beser
986:, weaponeer
765:. In fact,
651:Jacob Beser
587:North Field
363:gun turrets
323:Silverplate
247:blast yield
179:Silverplate
3200:Categories
3087:Demon core
3031:Little Boy
2952:Operations
2768:Niels Bohr
2758:Hans Bethe
2741:Scientists
2687:Boris Pash
2566:Los Alamos
2466:See also:
2408:Top Secret
2324:Full House
2078:Mini Guppy
2010:Transports
1837:84°06′32″W
1834:39°46′55″N
1628:References
1560:"Nagasaki"
990:Lieutenant
795:New Mexico
749:Red Grange
667:Bockscar's
504:Mitsubishi
146:Bock's Car
115:In service
110:April 1945
3129:Plutonium
2995:Enola Gay
2813:Val Fitch
2763:Aage Bohr
2712:Bud Uanna
2581:Oak Ridge
2331:Jabit III
2310:Enola Gay
2275:Big Stink
2172:Survivors
2162:Operators
2141:KJ-1 AEWC
2091:Airliners
1666:256469807
1005:Enola Gay
977:Commander
758:Enola Gay
631:Commander
613:Enola Gay
427:Musashino
371:R-3350-41
345:) at its
18:Bocks Car
3185:Category
3041:Thin Man
3002:Bockscar
2596:Wendover
2576:New York
2571:Montreal
2561:Inyokern
2536:Berkeley
2517:Timeline
2425:In media
2338:Kee Bird
2282:Bockscar
2182:Variants
1813:Archived
1745:26764320
1721:(1993).
1683:(1962).
1671:29 March
1616:28 March
1570:29 March
1544:29 March
1518:29 March
1480:28 March
1265:29 March
1183:29 March
1009:Bockscar
949:Captain
936:Captain
874:Captain
845:Bockscar
834:Bockscar
787:Bockscar
745:Bockscar
720:Bockscar
715:Bockscar
710:Bockscar
702:Bockscar
675:Bockscar
638:Bockscar
599:Bockscar
591:Iwo Jima
583:Bockscar
577:Bockscar
566:Bockscar
558:Bockscar
542:Bockscar
538:Bockscar
530:Bockscar
510:Bockscar
477:Bockscar
461:Bockscar
415:Bockscar
382:Bockscar
335:Bockscar
315:Bockscar
308:Bockscar
297:Bockscar
278:Bockscar
274:nose art
258:Bockscar
251:Nagasaki
236:Bockscar
224:Bockscar
183:Bockscar
167:Nagasaki
141:Bockscar
97:44-27297
49:Bockscar
36:Bockscar
3159:Uranium
3026:Fat Man
3019:Weapons
2591:Trinity
2556:Hanford
2541:Chicago
2177:Tip Tow
2114:Tupolev
2043:Tupolev
2007:Tankers
1973:Tupolev
1901:Bombers
811:Arizona
698:Okinawa
423:Niihama
407:of the
386:Captain
329:of the
169:during
160:Fat Man
102:History
2551:Dayton
2545:Site A
2457:(1980)
2449:(1951)
2441:(1945)
2258:(1956)
2250:(1956)
2242:(1956)
2234:(1955)
2221:(1952)
2150:Topics
2098:Boeing
2020:Boeing
1949:YB-50C
1909:Boeing
1891:Boeing
1819:(film)
1786:
1767:
1743:
1733:
1707:537684
1705:
1695:
1664:
1643:
929:Major
838:Dayton
646:Yahata
500:Kokura
438:Koromo
429:, and
401:Tinian
282:Dayton
228:Tinian
156:bomber
93:Serial
2524:Sites
2121:Tu-70
2050:Tu-75
2032:KC-97
1991:Tu-85
1986:Tu-80
1939:XB-44
1934:XB-39
1927:KB-29
1922:B-29D
1358:. Mic
1229:9 May
1085:6 May
1070:6 May
1050:Notes
824:) at
485:Major
240:Major
2531:Ames
2317:FIFI
2027:C-97
1981:Tu-4
1956:B-54
1944:B-50
1917:B-29
1784:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1741:OCLC
1731:ISBN
1703:OCLC
1693:ISBN
1673:2013
1662:OCLC
1641:ISBN
1618:2013
1572:2013
1546:2013
1520:2013
1482:2013
1364:2020
1341:2020
1267:2013
1231:2007
1185:2013
1087:2017
1072:2017
1001:both
830:Ohio
536:and
469:and
425:and
397:Utah
365:and
270:Ohio
214:Utah
153:B-29
126:The
66:Type
2303:Doc
2134:AEW
1963:P2B
1076:at
984:USN
925:):
805:at
733:of
679:TNT
593:to
528:to
349:in
264:at
220:.
208:to
192:at
3202::
1739:.
1701:.
1458:^
1299:^
1239:^
1173:.
1126:^
1095:^
982:,
851:.
828:,
809:,
793:,
548:.
475:.
463:,
440:.
395:,
333:.
268:,
212:,
204:,
130:,
84:,
2547:)
2543:(
2500:e
2493:t
2486:v
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1792:.
1773:.
1747:.
1709:.
1675:.
1649:.
1620:.
1574:.
1548:.
1522:.
1484:.
1366:.
1343:.
1269:.
1233:.
1187:.
1089:.
1074:.
20:)
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