153:
722:
27:
490:, were outfitted to carry bombs to attack targets at long range. These were the first long range, strategic bombers. Although the German air arm was strong, with a total of 123 airships by the end of the war, they were vulnerable to attack and engine failure, as well as navigational issues. German airships inflicted little damage on all 51 raids, with 557 Britons killed and 1,358 injured. The German Navy lost 53 of its 73 airships, and the German Army lost 26 of its 50 ships.
836:
368:
626:
622:; the majority of bombing was done by single-engined biplanes with one or two crew members flying short distances to attack enemy lines and immediate hinterland. As the effectiveness of a bomber was dependent on the weight and accuracy of its bomb load, ever larger bombers were developed starting in World War I, while considerable money was spent developing suitable bombsights.
266:, aimed at countering enemy military activity and in supporting offensive operations, is typically assigned to smaller aircraft operating at shorter ranges, typically near the troops on the ground or against enemy shipping. This role is filled by tactical bomber class, which crosses and blurs with various other aircraft categories:
704:
Bombers of this era were not intended to attack other aircraft although most were fitted with defensive weapons. World War II saw the beginning of the widespread use of high speed bombers which began to minimize defensive weaponry in order to attain higher speed. Some smaller designs were used as the
111:
to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting access to resources through crippling infrastructure, reducing industrial output, or inflicting massive civilian casualties to an extent deemed to force surrender. Tactical bombing is aimed at countering enemy military activity and in supporting
579:
When the war started, bombing was very crude (hand-held bombs were thrown over the side) yet by the end of the war long-range bombers equipped with complex mechanical bombing computers were being built, designed to carry large loads to destroy enemy industrial targets. The most important bombers
792:
aircraft entered service only after protracted political and development problems. Their high cost meant that few were built and the 1950s-designed B-52s are projected to remain in use until the 2040s. Similarly, the Soviet Union used the intermediate-range
188:
such as supply bases, bridges, factories, shipyards, and cities themselves, to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting access to resources through crippling infrastructure or reducing industrial output. Current examples include the strategic
748:
Once "stand off" nuclear weapon designs were developed, bombers did not need to pass over the target to make an attack; they could fire and turn away to escape the blast. Nuclear strike aircraft were generally finished in bare metal or
568:. The early, improvised attempts at bombing that characterized the early part of the war slowly gave way to a more organized and systematic approach to strategic and tactical bombing, pioneered by various air power strategists of the
152:
477:
The dirigible, or airship, was developed in the early 20th century. Early airships were prone to disaster, but slowly the airship became more dependable, with a more rigid structure and stronger skin. Prior to the outbreak of war,
744:
could fly faster or higher than contemporary fighters. When surface-to-air missiles became capable of hitting high-flying bombers, bombers were flown at low altitudes to evade radar detection and interception.
576:; he was the first to advocate that there should be "... sustained attacks with a view to interrupting the enemy's railway communications ... in conjunction with the main operations of the Allied Armies."
648:
With engine power as a major limitation, combined with the desire for accuracy and other operational factors, bomber designs tended to be tailored to specific roles. By the start of the war this included:
740:. With the advent of guided air-to-air missiles, bombers needed to avoid interception. High-speed and high-altitude flying became a means of evading detection and attack. Designs such as the
131:. With the advent of guided air-to-air missiles, bombers needed to avoid interception. High-speed and high-altitude flying became a means of evading detection and attack. With the advent of
1471:
1309:
517:. Test flights revealed power to be insufficient and the engine layout unworkable, and Caproni soon adopted a more conventional approach installing three 81 kW (110 hp)
119:
with engine power as a major limitation, combined with the desire for accuracy and other operational factors, bomber designs tended to be tailored to specific roles. Early in the
1095:
443:
and a cylindrical bomb carrier in the lower forward fuselage capable of carrying twelve 10 lb (4.5 kg) bombs, which could be dropped singly or as a salvo as required.
1402:
1073:
824:
bomber version was retired in 1996, although the Mirage 2000N and the Rafale have taken on this role. The only other nation that fields strategic bombing forces is
347:
The first use of an air-dropped bomb (actually four hand grenades specially manufactured by the
Italian naval arsenal) was carried out by Italian Second Lieutenant
112:
offensive operations, and is typically assigned to smaller aircraft operating at shorter ranges, typically near the troops on the ground or against enemy shipping.
1283:
1464:
713:
were used as ground attack aircraft, replacing earlier conventional light bombers that proved unable to defend themselves while carrying a useful bomb load.
892:. As of 2021, the B-21 is expected to enter service by 2026–2027. The B-21 would be capable of loitering near target areas for extended periods of time.
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1424:
721:
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870:
776:
The development of large strategic bombers stagnated in the later part of the Cold War because of spiraling costs and the development of the
908:
dropped bombs on a forest fire, snuffing out flames with the aid of the blast waves. The fires had been raging in an area contaminated with
26:
780:(ICBM) – which was felt to have similar deterrent value while being impossible to intercept. Because of this, the United States Air Force
556:
was forced to concentrate its resources on a defensive strategy. Notably, bombing campaigns formed a part of the
British offensive at the
355:– although his plane was not designed for the task of bombing, and his improvised attacks on Ottoman positions had little impact. These
1150:
1052:
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777:
607:. This heavy bomber was unrivaled in the early stages of the war, as the Central Powers had no comparable aircraft until much later.
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during
December 1913 fitted with bombing equipment, were sent to France following the outbreak of war. Under the command of
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At present, these air forces are each developing stealth replacements for their legacy bomber fleets, the USAF with the
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303:
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62:
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Bombing raids and interdiction operations were mainly carried out by French and
British forces during the War as the
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by all major airforces, damaging cities, towns, and rural areas. The first bomber planes in history were the
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operate strategic heavy bombers. Other air forces have transitioned away from dedicated bombers in favor of
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the role of the bomber was brought to a more tactical focus in close air support roles, and a focus on
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Capt Arthur H. Wagner Uscg (Ret), Arthur H. Wagner, Leon E. Braxton, Ltcol Leon E. (Bill) (2012).
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squadrons attacking German railway stations in an attempt to hinder the logistical supply of the
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765:. The need to drop conventional bombs remained in conflicts with non-nuclear powers, such as the
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359:-filled steel spheres were nicknamed "ballerinas" from the fluttering fabric ribbons attached.
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1284:"Second B-21 Raider Under Construction as the First One Approaches Roll-Out in Early 2022"
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603:, was the first four-engine bomber to equip a dedicated strategic bombing unit during
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682:– aircraft used against targets on a battlefield such as troop or tank concentrations
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The first heavier-than-air aircraft purposely designed for bombing were the
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688:– specially equipped to operate at night when opposing defences are limited
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Aerial
Interdiction: Air Power and the Land Battle in Three American Wars
829:
820:
force was phased out; the last of which left service in 1983. The French
817:
656:– specially strengthened for vertical diving attacks for greater accuracy
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1395:"Russian fighter jets bomb 40km ice-jam to prevent flooding in Vologda"
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There are two major classifications of bomber: strategic and tactical.
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with limited success as part of an effort to clear them. In 2018, the
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At the start of the Cold War, bombers were the only means of carrying
885:
802:
388:
384:
805:
was built only in tiny numbers, leaving the 1950s
Tupolev Tu-16 and
809:'Bear' heavy bombers to continue being used into the 21st century.
610:
Long range bombing raids were carried out at night by multi-engine
834:
825:
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544:(RNAS) when they were used for raids on the German airship sheds.
536:, Avro 504s were also briefly used as bombers at the start of the
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78:
403:. This is deemed to be the first use of an aircraft as a bomber.
132:
116:
54:
1453:
670:– subjective definitions based on size and/or payload capacity
1118:
The
Bulgarian Aircraft, Vol. I: From Bleriot to Messerschmitt
912:, rendering them difficult to extinguish for firefighters.
184:
primarily designed for long-range bombing missions against
107:
primarily designed for long-range bombing missions against
1332:"York's Past: Aerial bombing breaks Susquehanna ice jams"
978:"Libya 1911: How an Italian pilot began the air war era"
816:
strategic bombing force largely came to an end when the
900:
Occasionally, military aircraft have been used to bomb
65:. Bombs were first dropped from an aircraft during the
454:(RFC), and three T.B.8s, that were being displayed in
1425:"Sweden Dropped a Laser-Guided Bomb on a Forest Fire"
784:
program was cancelled in the early 1960s; the later
700:– a modified fighter aircraft used as a light bomber
1696:
1545:
1538:
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1030:
1028:
123:however, bombers were the only means of carrying
88:, both of 1913. Some bombers were decorated with
69:, with the first major deployments coming in the
446:The aircraft was purchased for use both by the
420:, both of 1913. The Bristol T.B.8 was an early
127:weapons to enemy targets, and held the role of
1088:"The Balkan Wars: Scenes from the Front Lines"
736:weapons to enemy targets, and had the role of
387:railway station of Karağaç (near the besieged
1465:
525:and it was delivered in quantity from August
8:
1072:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1009:A Box of Sand. The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–12
1264:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994.
676:– specialized aircraft armed with torpedoes
1542:
1472:
1458:
1450:
1120:. Litera Prima, Sofia, 1996 (in Bulgarian)
213:; historically notable examples are the:
1128:
1126:
1007:Stephenson, Charles (19 December 2014).
884:, the Russian Aerospace Forces with the
521:. The improved design was bought by the
482:, a larger and more streamlined form of
25:
1200:. London: Studio Editions. p. 204.
968:
379:On 16 October 1912, Bulgarian observer
1330:Smith, Stephen H. (January 19, 2018).
1065:
1175:. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books.
7:
1282:D'Urso, Stefano (January 17, 2021).
709:. A number of fighters, such as the
580:used in World War I were the French
435:. They were fitted with a prismatic
1393:Sridharan, Vasudevan (2016-04-19).
1215:(Fourth ed.). London: Putnam.
1041:. Trafford Publishing. p. 27.
801:bomber project stalled. The Mach 2
797:'Backfire' in the 1970s, but their
509:with three 67 kW (80 hp)
1553:Airborne early warning and control
1098:from the original on 27 March 2016
871:People's Liberation Army Air Force
778:Intercontinental ballistic missile
474:was executed on 25 November 1914.
383:dropped two of those bombs on the
14:
1240:. Triumph Press. pp. 11–12.
1213:British Naval Aircraft since 1912
1423:Mizokami, Kyle (July 25, 2018).
1355:Daniszewski, John (2001-05-18).
988:from the original on 13 May 2011
1405:from the original on 2018-07-19
1399:International Business Times UK
1375:from the original on 2015-12-04
1312:from the original on 2008-09-05
1236:Roadman, LTC Julian A. (2013).
1198:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation
1153:from the original on 2016-05-01
1055:from the original on 2016-04-26
1196:Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989).
1011:. Tattered Flag. p. 107.
976:Johnston, Alan (10 May 2011).
351:on 1 November 1911 during the
1:
1357:"Russian Planes Bomb Ice Jam"
1262:The British Bomber since 1914
1173:The British Bomber since 1914
1306:"Persistence in 2018 bomber"
63:air-launched cruise missiles
23:Heavy ground attack aircraft
235:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
231:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
1796:
1238:A Combat Nightmare in WWII
753:to minimize absorption of
513:and first flew in October
353:Italo-Turkish war in Libya
252:
211:Tupolev Tu-160 "Blackjack"
166:
15:
1171:Mason, Francis K (1994).
1116:I.Borislavov, R.Kirilov:
888:, and the PLAAF with the
875:multirole combat aircraft
742:English Electric Canberra
486:designed by German Count
433:Bristol Aeroplane Company
328:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
292:multirole combat aircraft
239:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
207:Tupolev Tu-22M 'Backfire'
1139:. DIANE. pp. 9–10.
922:Aerial bombing of cities
863:Russian Aerospace Forces
828:, which has a number of
558:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
395:F.2 aircraft piloted by
1211:Thetford, Owen (1994).
947:List of bomber aircraft
859:United States Air Force
542:Royal Naval Air Service
532:While mainly used as a
448:Royal Naval Air Service
139:for strategic bombers.
18:Bomber (disambiguation)
849:
729:
680:ground attack aircraft
640:
601:Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
594:Sikorsky Ilya Muromets
488:Ferdinand von Zeppelin
462:, a bombing attack on
376:
164:
51:air-to-ground weaponry
38:
1336:The York Daily Record
952:Offensive counter air
882:Northrop Grumman B-21
869:command, and China's
838:
724:
628:
505:. It was a twin-boom
460:Charles Rumney Samson
370:
312:Historical examples:
304:Dassault Mirage 2000D
253:Further information:
167:Further information:
155:
29:
857:Currently, only the
634:B-17 Flying Fortress
511:Gnome rotary engines
203:Tupolev Tu-95 'Bear'
16:For other uses, see
1623:Electronic warfare
910:unexploded ordnance
867:Long-Range Aviation
620:Handley Page Type O
572:, especially Major
373:Handley Page Type O
308:Panavia Tornado IDS
199:B-52 Stratofortress
1564:Counter-insurgency
1260:Mason, Francis K.
1133:Mark (July 1995).
1094:. 8 October 2012.
850:
803:Tu-160 'Blackjack'
730:
641:
636:heavy bomber from
562:Royal Flying Corps
452:Royal Flying Corps
377:
298:Current examples:
165:
137:stealth technology
81:Caproni Ca 30 and
39:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1618:Close air support
1482:military aircraft
1429:Popular Mechanics
1361:Los Angeles Times
1286:. The Aviationist
1146:978-0-7881-1966-8
1038:Birth of a Legend
1018:978-0-9576892-2-0
906:Swedish Air Force
771:Malayan Emergency
763:nuclear explosion
755:thermal radiation
586:de Havilland DH-4
548:Strategic bombing
466:gun batteries at
381:Prodan Tarakchiev
186:strategic targets
178:Strategic bombing
158:Russian Air Force
109:strategic targets
101:Strategic bombing
67:Italo-Turkish War
37:flying over Texas
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957:Strategic bomber
942:Fighter aircraft
927:Air interdiction
751:anti-flash white
711:Hawker Hurricane
401:First Balkan War
264:Tactical bombing
173:Strategic bomber
163:strategic bomber
94:victory markings
75:Second World War
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692:maritime patrol
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538:First World War
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288:attack aircraft
284:fighter-bombers
261:
259:Attack aircraft
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71:First World War
49:that utilizes
47:combat aircraft
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1446:External links
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1247:978-1484911846
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1048:978-1466906020
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937:Carpet bombing
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847:stealth bomber
782:XB-70 Valkyrie
718:
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707:night fighters
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698:fighter-bomber
695:
689:
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677:
674:torpedo bomber
671:
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590:Albatros C.III
574:Hugh Trenchard
560:in 1915, with
554:German air arm
549:
546:
499:Gianni Caproni
364:
361:
349:Giulio Gavotti
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:Mikoyan MiG-27
332:Hawker Typhoon
310:
294:, and others.
272:medium bombers
250:
247:
223:Heinkel He 111
219:Avro Lancaster
169:Carpet bombing
161:Tupolev Tu-160
149:
146:
144:
143:Classification
141:
45:is a military
32:U.S. Air Force
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439:in the front
438:
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430:
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416:
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411:Caproni Ca 30
409:
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363:Early bombers
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321:Junkers Ju 87
318:
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311:
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289:
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281:
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269:
268:light bombers
265:
260:
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244:
243:Tupolev Tu-16
240:
236:
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228:
227:Junkers Ju 88
224:
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1726:Surveillance
1704:Experimental
1586:Light bomber
1581:Heavy bomber
1575:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
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1100:. Retrieved
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990:. Retrieved
981:
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811:
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747:
731:
703:
686:night bomber
668:heavy bomber
660:light bomber
647:
644:World War II
638:World War II
614:such as the
609:
578:
551:
531:
523:Italian Army
492:
476:
445:
405:
397:Radul Milkov
378:
346:
323:
316:
280:interdictors
276:dive bombers
262:
176:
114:
98:
61:, or deploy
42:
40:
1678:Interdictor
1646:Interceptor
1555:(AEW&C)
786:B-1B Lancer
767:Vietnam War
727:Avro Vulcan
654:dive bomber
605:World War I
566:German army
468:Middelkerke
357:picric acid
255:interdictor
180:is done by
103:is done by
1697:Non-combat
1673:Multi-role
1606:Pathfinder
1601:Penetrator
1517:Helicopter
1507:Fixed-wing
1434:2021-03-30
1409:2018-07-19
1379:2018-07-19
1341:2018-07-19
1316:2009-06-04
1157:2015-10-29
1059:2015-07-28
963:References
896:Other uses
853:Modern era
790:B-2 Spirit
738:deterrence
705:basis for
616:Gotha G.IV
584:, British
582:Breguet 14
519:Fiat A.10s
391:) from an
317:Shturmovik
306:, and the
245:'Badger'.
215:Gotha G.IV
195:B-2 Spirit
129:deterrence
1753:Transport
1651:Emergency
1596:Strategic
1522:Unmanned
1369:0458-3035
1068:cite book
890:Xian H-20
830:Xian H-6s
822:Mirage IV
757:from the
588:, German
480:Zeppelins
437:Bombsight
300:Xian JH-7
193:bombers:
148:Strategic
59:torpedoes
57:, launch
1772:Category
1631:Intruder
1403:Archived
1373:Archived
1310:Archived
1151:Archived
1096:Archived
1053:Archived
986:Archived
982:BBC News
916:See also
902:ice jams
818:V bomber
717:Cold War
612:biplanes
450:and the
393:Albatros
371:British
249:Tactical
121:Cold War
90:nose art
53:to drop
1748:Trainer
1743:Testbed
1709:Liaison
1636:Fighter
1613:Carrier
1569:Gunship
1530:Stealth
1502:Balloon
1497:Airship
1480:Modern
1272:. p. 21
1102:28 July
814:British
734:nuclear
725:An RAF
598:Russian
570:Entente
540:by the
534:trainer
507:biplane
484:airship
472:Belgium
441:cockpit
429:biplane
426:engined
424:single
422:British
415:British
408:Italian
385:Turkish
343:History
125:nuclear
115:During
83:British
79:Italian
1738:Tanker
1656:Escort
1576:Bomber
1559:Attack
1546:Combat
1512:Glider
1367:
1290:Feb 5,
1268:
1244:
1219:
1179:
1143:
1045:
1015:
992:23 May
886:PAK DA
861:, the
799:Mach 3
795:Tu-22M
596:. The
464:German
389:Edirne
375:, 1918
241:, and
43:bomber
1731:Scout
1719:Scout
1661:Night
1539:Roles
1524:(UAV)
1490:Types
826:China
807:Tu-95
761:of a
759:flash
631:USAAF
503:Italy
493:The
456:Paris
324:Stuka
133:ICBMs
55:bombs
1625:(EW)
1365:ISSN
1292:2021
1266:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1104:2015
1092:TIME
1074:link
1043:ISBN
1013:ISBN
994:2011
839:The
812:The
788:and
666:and
527:1915
515:1914
413:and
334:and
257:and
209:and
171:and
117:WWII
73:and
35:B-52
844:B-2
769:or
501:in
96:.
92:or
1774::
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1371:.
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1359:.
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1066:{{
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338:.
20:.
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