338:) himself worshipped it. Until now the many locals here never hunt the animals of the mountain as if they were entitled to hunt them, nor do they move the trees as if they had the right to do so. Your servant Sanzaidorj and the lamas have annually worshipped the mountain, as have each of the princes, dukes and banner governors who come to participate in the Assemblies. As your servants see it, if the Lord sends incense and all necessary silks from the relevant subject ministry and ensures annual officially funded worship ceremonies, it seems that would greatly benefit the many people here. In addition, the many princes, dukes, banner governors and lamas have discussed this and agree in totality. Therefore we your servants joyously say to each other now that it is fitting for us to await your Divine Lordship’s unbending charity and blessing. Upon inspection, Mosuur Pass, Mount Geden and Mount Altai are all currently being worshipped by official funds. Since all the saints and disciples of the four Khanates of the Khalkha are earnest in saying that this Khan Uul is very marvelous, please deign to allow annual officially funded worship ceremonies in the same way as is done for Mosuur Pass. If dispatches are sent as has been begged for in this request for Royal Decree, every year during the two seasons of spring and autumn incense and all necessary silks can be sent to your servants from the subject ministry while here cows, sheep and the like can be provided. Then your servants will receive them and hold ceremonies twice annually. Pronounced earnestly for this reason, we beg Royal Decree. 17th day of the 9th month of the 43rd year (1778) of
492:(built in 1733) on the south side of the mountain and join them at the Ovoo. First the Khan's decree was read. The credentials written on yellow silk and other ceremonial silk was burnt in a censer. Then the worshippers would circle the Ovoos clockwise each according to their rank holding silk scarves and offering select food offerings in respect. The two peaks of Mount Bogd Khan Uul were given the title Duke (гүн) and awarded a salary of 50 lang. This salary was offered to them wrapped in silk on top of the mountain. After the ceremony the food was distributed to the 30 monastic schools and 10 monasteries. The spirits of the mountain were visualized as a strong Khangarid bird and a white-bearded old man riding a deer (Цагаан Өвгөн). These sacred characters could be seen participating in the Tsam dances. Eventually an eight-sided, golden-roofed temple was built for the ceremony. It was permanently staffed by two monks who were met weekly by the mountain police to replenish their candle oil and food supplies.
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pronounced and begged that incense and all necessary silks be sent from the interior in order that worship ceremonies be held in the same way as is legally done for Mosuur Pass. Without delay, let it be ordered to the subject
Department that every year in the two seasons of spring and autumn, in accordance with the request raised by Sanzaidorj, incense and all necessary silks are to be sent to Sanzaidorj and his counterparts while other necessary materials are to be provided and prepared there at that place. Then bring the princes, dukes and banner governors and let worship ceremonies be held. Earnestly obeying this Decree a copy has been sent to this Board. Therefore we have sent it to the Ceremony Ministry and had them examine and implement the internal contents of the Decree. We have also determined that it be sent and made known to the
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442:, infiltrated under Ungern's orders to liberate the Khan, leading him directly to the summit of the Bogd Khan Mountain. The Chinese soldiers were increasingly astonished and terrified by Ungern's audacity, accentuating this psychological battle, while at the same time, Ungern, on the brink of this victory, was completely cornered. The north was controlled by the Soviets, Manchuria by the Chinese, and he lacked supplies, men, ammunition, and clothing. The Chinese army withdrew significantly under the direction of
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called
Religion Ovoo, the west was called State Ovoo. Each Ovoo received food offerings, full cow offering and a number of sheep offerings. These offerings were said to be arranged as tall as the ceiling of a 10 walled ger. The various dairy products, airag and yoghurt sent from the surrounding provinces were collected a month in advance in Chuluut gorge. On the day of the ceremony these offerings were all loaded on camels and taken up to Tsetsee Gun peak. Khans and nobles (
426:… This escalated into total paranoia among the Chinese forces, astounded by the fact that Ungern had dared to enter Urga by day, and had corrected a sentry who had fallen asleep by striking him with a whip for lowering his guard. Following this incident, the Chinese were convinced of the support of malevolent spirits with Ungern, and the Mongols convinced of his divine support. Finally, Ungern's efforts culminated when the Bogd Geghen Djibsun Damba Khutuktu, the sacred
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296:(Zanabazar) has two pavilions. The floors of those pavilions are wooden, the walls are brick on one side, the windows are wooden lattice and the roofs are made of stone tiles. On the other side of those pavilions there was a tall mountain which they were calling the Khan Uul mountain. It turns out the mountain is strictly protected. In its forests there are all sorts of animals but hunting them is prohibited.
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410:, allowing the siege to be planned. For two months, Ungern organized immense fires on the mountain that terrorized the superstitious Chinese populations, convinced of rites, and associated them with the sacred pyres commonly organized on the mountain. They believed Ungern was calling on the help of the gods, and perhaps even the help of the Grand Khan. In a true
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Mount Bogd Khan Uul was already protected during
Zanabazar's time. Zanabazar was said to have meditated under a tree called Janchivsembe in Nukht Valley of Mount Bogd Khan Uul. Russian envoy V.S.Turskii, the son of a Tobolsk landowner, was sent to the 1st Jebtsundamba Khutugtu Zanabazar (1635–1723)
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all reside here. The word handed down among the locals here says: This mountain is called Khan Uul because
Genghis Khan had lived here originally. Indeed the many princes, dukes, banner governors, saints and disciples of the Khalkha all regard this mountain as marvelous and the former old Khutugtu
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The ceremony of worshipping Mount Bogd Khan Uul used to take place over two days. Religious ceremonies were held on the first day which was followed by a festive naadam on the second day. There are two ovoos (sacred pile of stones or cairns) on
Tsetsee Gun (Duke Tsetsee) peak. The east ovoo was
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saying: From the administration of
Sanzaidorj has come the pronouncement that in the south of Khuree there is a certain Khan Uul. All the princes, dukes, banner governors, saints and disciples of the Khalkha are earnest in saying that this mountain is marvelous. Upon review, it has been raised,
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and his brother
Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj in 1681. In his report he makes the following notes when covering the period June 2, 1681 to June 16, 1681 (he describes two pavilions that were built somewhere between the current Sky Resort and MCS Coca-Cola Plant in eastern Ulaanbaatar):
488:) would ascend on horseback up State Gathering Gorge early before sunrise. At the same time around 50 lamas including high-ranking Tsogchin Unzad and Gesgui would make their way from Ikh Khuree (Urga proper) while around 40 lamas would make their way from
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son-in-law of the
Tusheet Khan was moving with around 60 of his families. They had come to the Uliastai river which flows into the Tuul river. We were now in the Uliastai river valley close to the Tuul river. On the banks of the Tuul river the
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Your servant San and us we hereby raise and pronounce this earnestly. Reason for begging Royal Decree: Upon inspection, in the south of Khuree there is a certain Khan Uul. This mountain is very big. Whenever the four
Khanates
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rites, like the arrival of his reinforcements, conforming to the myths that his spies spread in the city. He promised his men three days of looting, provided they did not cross the sacred thresholds of the temples. On
358:(Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions). Sent to the Ministers residing in Khuree. Copy obtained from the Interior Ministry. A Royal Decree was issued on the 25th day of the 9th month of the 43rd year of
446:, heading to China with the elite of its troops and three thousand cavalry, leaving the remaining ten thousand completely disorganized, demoralized, silent… The city was curiously deserted at the very end of
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Tentative List on August 6, 1996 in the
Cultural category. World Heritage sites are those that exhibit universal natural or cultural significance, or both. In 1783 the local Mongolian government of the
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requesting approval of annual ceremonies dedicated to Mount Bogd Khan Uul. The Mongolian letter and the reply from Beijing in Mongolian is kept in the Central State Archives of Mongolia.
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gather in Assembly this mountain is the place they point out for gathering. And the multitudes of lamas and disciples of the
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and to the Ministers residing in Khuree. Sent for this reason. 29th day of the 9th month of the 43rd year (1778) of
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463:, Ungern, after years of wandering and modest exploits, laid the first stone of his demented dream to restore the
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near the Bodgo ül, contacted Ungern and confirmed his approval to be rescued and freed from Chinese rule.
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Mongolia Sacred Mountains: Bogd Khan, Burkhan Khaldun, Otgon Tenger – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
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561:. Mongolian Governmental Implementing Agency. General Archive Authority.
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In 1778 the Mongolian governor (minister) of Khuree (Urga, present day
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Bergère, Marie-Claire; Bianco, Lucien; Domes, Jorgen (2000).
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once found refuge. This location offers a very clear view of
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A satellite image, showing Bogd Khan Mountain in the center,
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The text of governor Sanzaidorj's translated letter reads:
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declared the Bogd Khan a protected site, for its beauty.
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running between the city and the mountain, the town of
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of the Mongols, imprisoned by the Chinese forces in
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The Bogd Khan Mountain, along with Mongolia's other
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Psychological Warfare by Roman Von Ungern-Sternberg
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27:Mountain south of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
239:that overlooks the nation's capital,
51:North side of Bogd Khan, viewed from
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196:south of the mountain, the town of
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309:) Sanzaidorj sent a letter to the
202:Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport
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648:History of Japan and the Japanese
559:Documents on worshipping Khan Uul
350:in Beijing replied in Mongolian:
693:History of the Russian Civil War
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586:Ossendowski, Ferdinand (1922).
767:Biosphere reserves of Mongolia
521:"Sacred Mountains of Mongolia"
356:Gadagadu Muji-yi Zasahu Jurgan
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646:Reischauer, Edwin O. (2000).
571:Youzefovitch, Leonid (2000).
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777:Sacred mountains of Mongolia
691:Marie, Jean-Jacques (2005).
479:Ceremony on Tsetsee Gun peak
301:Imperial recognition in 1778
70:2,261 m (7,418 ft)
772:Two-thousanders of Mongolia
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438:and Buriats, disguised as
389:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
229:lit. "Saint Khan Mountain"
200:east of the mountain, and
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631:Hérail, Francine (2000).
616:Pozner, Vladimir (1985).
188:in the northwest corner,
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762:Geography of Ulaanbaatar
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98:47.80389°N 106.98639°E
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601:Mabire, Jean (1973).
331:Jebtsundamba Khutugtu
247:World Heritage Status
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603:Ungern the Mad Baron
588:Beasts, Men and Gods
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490:Manjusri Monastery
369:Tengeriig Tetgesen
360:Tengeriig Tetgesen
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221:Bogd Khan Mountain
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139:Bogd Khan Mountain
60:Highest point
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721:Hachette (1995).
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101: /
89:106°59′11″E
76:Coordinates
53:Ulaanbaatar
751:Categories
496:References
469:February 2
457:February 1
190:Tuul River
86:47°48′14″N
432:July 1920
396:Bogd Khan
385:July 1920
336:Zanabazar
325:) of the
225:Mongolian
114:Geography
66:Elevation
32:Bogd Khan
543:Archived
452:esoteric
436:Tibetans
420:Russians
416:Japanese
393:Khutuktu
294:Khutugtu
237:Mongolia
233:mountain
159:Mongolia
155:Location
424:Buriats
327:Khalkha
231:) is a
198:Nalaikh
194:Zuunmod
725:. XYZ.
710:. XYZ.
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539:UNESCO
486:noyans
289:zaisan
264:UNESCO
467:. On
428:Tulku
422:, or
323:Aimag
473:1921
461:1921
404:Urga
258:and
219:The
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