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805:, to combat the damp conditions of Donegal in 1975. This system was copied from banjo design but adapted for bodhráns. For a few years only about six drums of this type were made, so it was not until the idea was taken and refined by makers that it caught on. This system is now being used by makers from many diverse cultures worldwide. It has revolutionized the making and playing of bodhráns by removing the threat of atmospheric conditions to the tension of the drumhead. The accepted philosophy of thick skins was challenged also at this time by O'Kane's introduction of thin Lambeg skins. This allowed the bodhrán to achieve both higher and lower crisp notes and allowed the players to become more musical and delicate in their playing.
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three four ONE two three four; but they can syncopate, put in double pulses, according to the rhythmic characteristics of the tunes being played. This is the difference between sensitive and insensitive playing, a matter of much concern to other traditional musicians. Because the bodhrán typically plays 16th notes (Kerry style), a great deal of variety can be introduced by these syncopations and the use of rests. Combined with manual pitch changes and naturally occurring tonal variations in an animal skin drumhead, the bodhrán can almost sound as melodically expressive as other non-percussive instruments.
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761:, Abe Doron, and Damien Quinn developed sophisticated pitch-varying techniques which allow players to follow the tune being played. This was the birth of the "top-end" style. Their breakthrough in this style has achieved local and international acclaim, with many beginners now being educated in this manner. This "top-end" style is often played on a smaller (14–15 inch) and deeper (4–6 inch) drum with a thinner resonant skin, prepared like the skin of a
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timbre) by applying varying amounts of pressure and also the amount of surface area being played, with the back of the hand against the crossbar, if present. The drum is struck with the other arm (usually the right) and is played either with the bare hand or with a tipper. There are numerous playing styles, mostly named after the region of
773:
skin hand moving towards and away from the player) or in a "bottom end" style, which is essentially top end, but upside down, with the majority of tipper strikes at the bottom of the head. In any of these styles, crossbars are most often absent, allowing a more unrestricted access for the left hand to modify the tone. This enables a more
892:
489:, "a manuscript that was written no earlier than the 15th and no later than the 16th century, or very early in the 17th century." Although various drums (played with either hands or sticks) have been used in Ireland since ancient times, the bodhrán itself did not gain wide recognition as a legitimate musical instrument until the
813:
It is currently not unusual for the rim of a bodhrán to be covered with electrical tape, either by the drum-maker or the owner. This innovation was introduced to Seamus O’Kane from bodhrán player, Johnny ‘Ringo’ McDonagh in the 1970s. This both reduces "edge-loading" (where the vibrations in the skin
780:
When playing the bodhrán as an accompaniment to Irish music, different beats may be used. For example, reels have a 4/4 time. The bodhrán player must stick to this rhythm but is free to improvise within the structure: most simply, they may enunciate the first beat of four, making a sound like ONE two
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Electrical tape is preferred because the adhesive is rubber-based and will stretch with the skin even after bonding to it, lessening the likelihood of bubbles and other changes in the tape occurring when the skin tension is changed by tuning or atmospheric conditions. Owners of lower quality drums,
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The drum is usually played in a seated position, held vertically on the player's thigh and supported by their upper body and arm (usually on the left side, for a right-handed player), with the hand placed on the inside of the skin where it is able to control the tension (and therefore the pitch and
772:
Top-end players move the skin hand from the bottom and towards the top of the drum to generate increasingly high pitches. By making a "C" shape with the skin hand, the player can help enhance and even amplify the sound. The same concept can be employed while playing at the front of the drum (the
472:
Dorothea Hast has stated that until the mid-twentieth century the bodhrán was mainly used as a tray for separating chaff, in baking, as a food server, and for storing food or tools. She argues that its use as musical instrument was restricted to ritual use in rural areas. She claims that while the
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with thick and rough skins, may also choose to sand the skin very lightly to reduce the rasp when the tipper strikes the face of the drum. Many effects of these and other modifications to the drum-skin, especially high quality skins, can also be achieved through regular use of the drum over time.
765:. The tipper in this style is usually straight and most of the expressive action is focused on the top end of the drum. The concept involves allowing a greater vs. lesser amount of the skin to resonate, with the "skin hand" acting as a moving
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One or two crossbars, sometimes removable, may be inside the frame, but this is increasingly rare on modern instruments. Some professional modern bodhráns integrate mechanical tuning systems similar to those used on drums found in
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Tippers were originally fashioned from a double-ended knuckle bone, but are now commonly made from ash, holly, or hickory wood. Brush-ended beaters, and a "rim shot" (striking the rim) technique for contrast, were introduced by
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323:. In the early 20th century, home-made frame drums were constructed using willow branches as frames, leather as drumheads, and pennies as jingles. Photographs and a short film taken by folklorist
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head is tacked to one side (synthetic heads or other animal skins are sometimes used). The other side is open-ended for one hand to be placed against the inside of the drum head to control the
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315:, also known in English as a "tipper.” In remote parts of the south-west, the "poor man's tambourine" – made from farm implements and without the jingles – was in popular use among
598:; the use of this instrument to store odds and ends led to the name also being used to mean "miscellaneous". The bodhrán has also found application within the Celtic music of
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Playing styles have all been affected by the introduction of the internal tone ring, driven against the skin to tension/loosen it by screws. This was invented by
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ranging from 25 to 65 cm (10–26 in) in diameter, with most drums measuring 35–45 cm (14–18 in). The sides of the drum are 9–20 cm (
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or grain; the earliest bodhrán may have simply been a skin stretched across a wood frame without any means of attachment. The
Cornish frame drum
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hit the rim and bounce back toward the center of the drum), and dampens unwanted overtones, allowing for greater control of the drum's sound.
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earliest evidence of its use beyond ritual occurs in 1842, its use as a general instrument did not become widespread until the 1960s, when
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In the South West of
England a similar instrument made from the frame of a garden sieve was once popular and known as a Riddle Drum. In
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in 1946 show bodhráns with jingles being played with a ’'cipín" in a style that is relatable to that of contemporary bodhrán playing
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358:, "a manuscript that was written no earlier than the 15th and no later than the 16th century, or very early in the 17th century."
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in the 1960s and 1970s brought virtuoso bodhrán playing to the forefront, when it was further popularized by bands such as
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2017:
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recordings, at which time the bodhrán became a globally recognized instrument. In the 1970s, virtuoso players such as
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The bodhrán is one of the most basic of drums and as such it is similar to the frame drums distributed widely across
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311:. The bodhrán is struck with the back of the player's hand, as is sometimes still done, rather than with a
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house party where a tambourine-style bodhrán features clearly. It is in a group of musicians with
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resurgence in the 1960s in which it became known through the music of Seán Ó Riada and others.
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Bottom view of a bodhrán-like frame drum made in the 1960s or earlier; note scarf-joined frame.
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587:. In Southern England tambourines were a popular accompaniment to traditional dance music.
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It has also been suggested that the origin of the instrument may be the skin trays used in
268:(as did bodhrán maker Paraic McNeela), suggesting that it was possibly used originally for
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that the bodhrán skins are tightened or loosened depending on the atmospheric conditions.
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Although most common in
Ireland, the bodhrán has gained popularity throughout the
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approach to this rhythm instrument, with a wide range of tones being employed.
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There are no known references to this particular name for a drum prior to the
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1900:
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237:
1034:"Bodhráns, lambegs, & musical craftsmanship in Northern Ireland"
361:
Third-generation bodhrán maker
Caramel Tobin suggests that the name
1297:. London: The English Dialect Society: Trübner & Co. p. 16
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being a large sieve for separating soil particles from stones etc.
37:
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1852:
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1452:"Cork man beats a drum for the fascinating history of the bodhrán"
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265:
555:'s Johnny "Ringo" McDonagh further developed playing techniques.
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magazine, the bodhrán evolved in the mid-19th century from the
2226:
2176:
2054:
1876:
1544:
1260:"Bodhrán - from Brewer's Dictionary of Irish Phrase and Fable"
419:
1486:
1317:"FTX-408 - DORSET IS BEAUTIFUL - Village Traditions - Dorset"
283:
However, according to musician Ronan Nolan, former editor of
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146:
137:
125:
119:
179:
161:
182:
264:
declared the bodhrán to be the native drum of the ancient
1342:
Music in
Ireland: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture
620:
The drum is struck either with the bare hand or with a
2713:
Percussion instruments played with specialised beaters
757:
Later players such as Robbie
Breathnach, Tommy Hayes,
1236:"Comhaltas: Bodhrán: its origin, meaning and history"
1125:"Comhaltas: Bodhrán: its origin, meaning and history"
185:
167:
149:
128:
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means "skin tray". He also suggests a link with the
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87:
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527:Growing interest led to internationally available
854:Standard tuning system of a bodhrán from Pakistan
427:are very close in design to the bodhrán as well.
1367:"The Bodhrán: Ancient Sound of Irish Percussion"
354:), indicating a drum, is first mentioned in the
1101:, London: PRC Publishing Ltd., 1998, pp. 62-71.
453:Peter Kennedy observed a similar instrument in
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
878:Single Screw Tensioner System by Seamus O'Kane
603:
417:etc.). A larger form is found in the Iranian
2293:
2070:
1560:
1163:"Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): Bodhrán"
1099:The Music, Songs & Instruments of Ireland
738:in which they originated. The most common is
8:
30:
1197:Nicholas Driver's Bodhran & Bones Tutor
866:Single-point tuning system by Seamus O'Kane
742:style, which uses a two-headed tipper; the
645:
401:, and has cognates in instruments used for
372:
362:
349:
343:
272:or wool dying, with a musical history that
2334:
2300:
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2278:
2077:
2063:
2055:
1567:
1553:
1545:
2637:Classification of percussion instruments
922:
820:
746:style uses only one end of the tipper.
663:
500:Painted Bodhrán for decoration purposes
461:in the 1950s, where it was known as a "
2322:List of percussion instruments by type
29:
1340:Hast, Dorothea E. and Stanley Scott.
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
197:
7:
1294:Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall
1093:
1091:
1027:
1025:
1001:10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001
381:). A relatively new introduction to
1503:"Styles of Playing for the Bodhrán"
1150:The Real Story of the Irish Bodhrán
405:and the musical traditions of the
83:either mid-19th century or ancient
25:
842:Inside of a Brendan White bodhrán
697:Modern plastic brush-ended beater
2708:Unpitched percussion instruments
2667:List of vibraphone manufacturers
2266:Frame drums at Wikimedia Commons
1532:
1498:(interview with Johnny McDonagh)
1485:. Amloaded Music. Archived from
1483:"The Celtic Heartbeat of Arcady"
1199:. Suffolk, UK: (self-published).
890:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
690:
678:
666:
109:
36:
2733:European percussion instruments
1473:Nicholas Driver "The Bodhran",
66:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2693:Directly struck membranophones
2318:List of percussion instruments
1941:which exist in various meters.
1234:Éireann, Comhaltas Ceoltóirí.
987:Montagu, Jeremy (2011-01-01),
936:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
2672:List of timpani manufacturers
2662:List of marimba manufacturers
1505:. Ceolas celtic music archive
1450:O'Byrne, Ellie (2024-03-07).
1432:. Ceolas celtic music archive
1418:. Cornwall, UK: Cam Kernewek.
1050:10.1080/17411912.2019.1706600
993:The Oxford Companion to Music
2718:Scottish musical instruments
2652:List of cymbal manufacturers
1365:Emery, Monica (2017-02-22).
1148:Glasheen, R. (Ed.). (2023).
1032:Harte, Colin (2019-05-04).
995:, Oxford University Press,
42:Bodhrán with cipín (tipper)
2749:
2728:Celtic musical instruments
2657:List of drum manufacturers
2606:Indoor percussion ensemble
1395:National Museum of Ireland
1215:National Museum of Ireland
2723:Irish musical instruments
2395:
2315:
2260:
2018:Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann
1636:Traditional Irish singing
1264:search.credoreference.com
1195:Driver, Nicholas (1978).
602:, often accompanying the
592:Cornish traditional music
520:. It was not featured at
94:
72:(Single-skin frame drums)
35:
1072:"History of the Bodhran"
759:Aidan "Scobie" McDonnell
2044:RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards
1595:Irish traditional music
1346:Oxford University Press
970:Oxford University Press
906:List of bodhrán players
628:piece of wood called a
510:Irish traditional music
491:Irish traditional music
248:. It is usually with a
2309:Percussion instruments
1877:Single and double jigs
1475:English Dance and Sing
1371:Center for World Music
754:
753:Bodhrán, top-end style
730:
718:
646:
604:
501:
435:
373:
363:
350:
344:
329:Athea, County Limerick
295:(1806–1870) depicts a
2557:Electronic percussion
2023:Oireachtas na Gaeilge
1285:Margaret Ann Courtney
1038:Ethnomusicology Forum
966:UK English Dictionary
752:
724:
717:Bodhrán sound example
716:
567:world, especially in
533:The Boys of the Lough
499:
433:
411:Music of North Africa
274:predated Christianity
199:[ˈbˠəuɾˠaːnˠ]
49:Percussion instrument
2584:Percussion groupings
2434:Unpitched percussion
1992:Cape Breton fiddling
1541:at Wikimedia Commons
1414:cam kerewek (1992).
1321:Folktrax-archive.org
1289:Thomas Quiller Couch
809:Common modifications
585:Prince Edward Island
389:Possible antecedents
228:–8 in) deep. A
2616:Percussion ensemble
2596:Marching percussion
2339:Keyboard percussion
2002:Scottish folk music
1391:"Bodhrán and Stick"
1076:Thebodhranmaker.com
673:Traditional tippers
89:Related instruments
32:
2611:Percussion section
2330:Pitched percussion
1997:English folk music
1456:The Irish Examiner
1348:, New York, 2004.
1097:Karen Farrington:
799:County Londonderry
755:
731:
719:
594:they are called a
539:' Peadar Mercier,
514:Ceoltóirí Chualann
502:
436:
2680:
2679:
2647:Percussion mallet
2428:
2427:
2275:
2274:
2136:Pandereta plenera
2052:
2051:
1901:Hop and slip jigs
1692:Hammered dulcimer
1537:Media related to
1010:978-0-19-957903-7
939:. Merriam-Webster
830:A tunable bodhrán
714:
610:Galician bagpipes
575:, North mainland
559:International use
547:, Tommy Hayes of
535:'s Robin Morton,
278:southwest Ireland
101:
100:
81:southwest Ireland
27:Celtic frame drum
16:(Redirected from
2740:
2335:
2302:
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2039:Gradam Ceoil TG4
1976:Pentatonic scale
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1605:Music of Ireland
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1430:"Bodhán Players"
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972:. Archived from
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504:The second wave
425:Native Americans
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2570:Electronic drum
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2141:Pandero jarocho
2114:
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2006:
1980:
1971:Mixolydian mode
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1931:Non-dance tunes
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395:northern Africa
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1610:Sean-nós dance
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1518:External links
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1044:(2): 200–216.
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685:Modern tippers
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537:The Chieftains
518:The Chieftains
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293:Daniel Maclise
257:
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56:Classification
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2532:Temple blocks
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2398:
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2377:Tubular bells
2375:
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2367:Tubular bells
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2250:
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1489:on 2005-08-28
1488:
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1481:Bond, Lahri.
1479:
1477:40/1 1978 p15
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791:Seamus O'Kane
784:
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744:West Limerick
741:
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605:gaita gallega
601:
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545:Christy Moore
542:
538:
534:
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523:
522:Fleadh Cheoil
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:roots revival
498:
494:
492:
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456:
451:
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445:
442:for carrying
441:
432:
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416:
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408:
407:Mediterranean
404:
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396:
388:
386:
384:
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365:
359:
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346:
337:
335:
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325:Kevin Danaher
322:
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39:
34:
19:
2565:Drum machine
2446:
2357:Glockenspiel
2172:Crowdy-crawn
2166:
2032:Music Awards
2011:Competitions
1956:Aeolian mode
1913:
1889:
1865:
1836:
1782:
1767:
1743:
1661:
1507:. Retrieved
1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1474:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1445:
1434:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1341:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1293:
1279:
1268:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1243:. Retrieved
1240:comhaltas.ie
1239:
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1196:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1152:Documentary
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1129:Comhaltas.ie
1128:
1098:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1041:
1037:
1014:, retrieved
992:
989:"frame drum"
982:
974:the original
962:
953:
941:. Retrieved
934:
925:
898:Music portal
816:
812:
788:
779:
771:
767:bearing edge
756:
732:
652:
641:
637:
633:
629:
619:
596:crowdy-crawn
589:
581:Newfoundland
565:Celtic music
562:
526:
524:until 1973.
503:
487:Rosa Anglica
486:
484:
475:Seán Ó Riada
471:
452:
448:crowdy-crawn
437:
418:
409:region (see
403:Arabic music
392:
360:
356:Rosa Anglica
355:
341:
332:
312:
284:
282:
276:, native to
262:Seán Ó Riada
259:
242:
203:
104:
102:
2621:Drum circle
2222:Riddle drum
2086:Frame drums
1966:Ionian mode
1961:Dorian mode
1824:Schottische
1717:Tin whistle
1712:Tenor banjo
1650:Instruments
1600:Irish dance
1576:Irish music
763:Lambeg drum
577:Nova Scotia
573:Cape Breton
463:riddle drum
399:Middle East
383:Irish music
301:union pipes
285:Irish Music
212:Irish music
2698:Hand drums
2687:Categories
2642:Drum stick
2547:Wood block
2522:Tambourine
2512:Snare drum
2382:Vibraphone
2242:Tambourine
1819:Strathspey
1794:Barn dance
1731:Tune types
1677:Concertina
1509:2006-01-06
1493:2006-01-06
1461:2024-03-07
1436:2006-01-06
1400:2024-03-07
1376:2024-03-07
1270:2024-03-07
1245:2017-09-08
1220:2024-03-07
1172:2024-03-07
1081:2014-09-08
1016:2024-03-07
917:References
911:Tar (drum)
481:Popularity
289:tambourine
208:frame drum
96:Tambourine
60:Percussion
2502:Mark tree
2467:Castanets
2442:Bass drum
2387:Xylophone
2372:Tubaphone
2237:Skor yike
2232:Sami drum
1985:Relations
1657:Accordion
1624:Folk song
1615:Set dance
1211:"Bodhrán"
1058:1741-1912
959:"bodhrán"
931:"bodhran"
725:Bodhrán,
553:De Dannan
477:used it.
459:Wiltshire
397:from the
321:wren boys
297:Halloween
270:winnowing
260:Composer
246:drum kits
202:; plural
77:Developed
2591:Drum kit
2542:Triangle
2537:Timbales
2410:Steelpan
2400:Handbell
2352:Crotales
2347:Carillon
2187:Dhyāngro
2146:Tamborim
2131:Pandeiro
2119:Americas
1809:Hornpipe
1804:Highland
1707:Melodeon
1672:Bouzouki
1539:Bodhráns
1416:Corollyn
1326:20 April
1291:(1880).
1134:20 April
943:20 April
884:See also
795:Dungiven
569:Scotland
351:bodhráin
348:(plural
307:, and a
230:goatskin
210:used in
206:) is a
204:bodhráin
2575:Octapad
2527:Tam-tam
2497:Maracas
2487:Cymbals
2482:Cowbell
2447:Bodhrán
2420:Timpani
2405:Handpan
2362:Marimba
2252:Timbrel
2202:Pandero
2192:Kanjira
2182:Dayereh
2167:Bodhrán
2155:Eurasia
1935:Marches
1848:Mazurka
1662:Bodhrán
1641:Lilting
1590:Cèilidh
1583:General
1524:Bodhran
793:, from
775:melodic
736:Ireland
706:Playing
616:Beaters
600:Galicia
541:Planxty
440:Ireland
364:bodhrán
345:bodhrán
317:mummers
256:History
250:hex key
223:⁄
105:bodhrán
70:211.321
31:Bodhrán
18:Bodhran
2492:Djembe
2472:Claves
2457:Cabasa
2452:Bongos
2217:Rebana
2197:Lag-na
2110:Sakara
2105:Mazhar
2100:Bendir
2093:Africa
1949:Scales
1921:dances
1897:dances
1873:dances
1844:dances
1790:dances
1751:dances
1702:Lambeg
1682:Fiddle
1528:Curlie
1352:
1266:. 2009
1056:
1007:
964:Lexico
638:beater
634:tipper
626:turned
583:, and
467:riddle
455:Dorset
374:bodhar
305:fiddle
238:timbre
195:Irish:
2630:Other
2517:Taiko
2507:Parai
2477:Conga
2462:Cajón
2415:Tabla
2207:Parai
2162:Adufe
2126:Gumbe
1925:Slide
1853:Waltz
1799:Fling
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