416:
of the other compounds. Analyses of the concentrations of a given compound usually show that most citizens have much lower concentrations than a certain minority. A study based on a representative sample of the population of
Catalonia (Spain), which integrated the number of compounds detected per person and the concentration of each compound, found that more than half of the population had concentrations in the top quartile of 1 or more of the 19 persistent toxic substances (PTS) (pesticides, PCBs) analyzed. Significant subgroups of the population accumulated PTS mixtures at high concentrations. For instance, 48% of women 60–74 years had concentrations of 6 or more PTS in the top quartile; half of the entire population had levels of 1 to 5 PTS above 500 ng/g, and less than 4% of citizens had all PTS in the lowest quartile. Thus, PTS concentrations appear low in most of the population only when each individual compound is looked at separately. It is not accurate to state that most of the population has low concentrations of PTS. The assessment of mixture effects must address the fact that most individuals are contaminated by PTS mixtures made of compounds at both low and high concentrations.
139:, in blood; however, neurobehavioral impairment has been noted below this level. Because this approach requires establishment of cause and effect in epidemiological studies and a thorough understanding of human dose response, data to support these types of action levels exist for only a few environmental chemicals. The concept of Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) has been developed as an alternative approach to aid in interpreting and communicating biomonitoring results in the context of potential risks to health.
375:. In summary, the report called for more rigorous health-based criteria for selecting chemicals to include in biomonitoring studies; the development of tools and techniques to improve risk-based interpretation and communication of biomonitoring data; integration of biomonitoring into exposure assessment and epidemiological research; and exploration of bioethical issues around biomonitoring, including informed consent, confidentiality of results, and others.
452:
method-related group are less than 5 percent for all population subgroups (i.e., two sexes, three race/ethnicity groups, and the age groups used in the
National Report), or if after three survey periods, levels of chemicals within a method-related group are unchanged or declining in all demographic subgroups documented in the National Report.
600:, biological limit values are health-based, while biological guidance values are statistically derived and indicate background exposures in the general population. As of 2020 lead is the only substance that has a binding biological limit value in the EU. Voluntary lists of biological exposure limits or action levels are maintained by the
130:
The presence of an environmental chemical in the body does not necessarily indicate harm. The analytical chemistry of detecting chemicals has advanced more rapidly than the ability to interpret the potential health consequences. Health risks are usually established from toxicity studies in laboratory
464:
of 2000 as the largest effort undertaken to address the effects of social, economic and environmental factors on a child's health. the CDC's
Environmental Health Laboratory announced in 2009 it would play a key role in the biomonitoring of the ongoing National Children's Study. In collaboration with
415:
Surveys of human exposure to chemicals do not usually integrate the number of chemical compounds detected per person and the concentration of each compound. This leaves untested relevant exposure situations; e.g., whether individuals with low concentrations of some compounds have high concentrations
263:
report found that while scientists were capable of detecting the chemicals at these levels, methods for interpreting and communicating what their presence meant regarding potential health risks to an individual or population were still lacking. The report recommended that scientific research be done
126:
Scientific advancements have made it possible to detect a greater number of chemical substances in smaller concentrations in the body, with some chemicals detectable at levels as low as parts per trillion. A single biomonitoring measurement is only one snapshot in time and may not accurately reflect
557:
of a toxicant within the body rather than its concentration outside the body, with the advantage that it confirms whether not only exposure but uptake has actually occurred. It also takes into account differences in metabolism, physical exertion, and mixtures of toxicants between individuals that
283:
Biomonitoring
Equivalents can be used for evaluation of biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context. Comparing biomonitoring data for a chemical with its Biomonitoring Equivalent provides a means for assessing whether population exposures to chemicals are within or above the levels considered
447:
since 2001. As the selection of chemicals is controversial, the CDC has identified influential criteria:Evidence of exposure in a U.S. population, presence and significance of health effects after a given level of exposure, desire to track public health initiatives to reduce exposure to a given
279:
concentrations for use in the interpretation of biomonitoring data. In 2007, the initial methodology for the systematic translation of exposure guidance values into corresponding screening values for biomonitoring data, dubbed
Biomonitoring Equivalents, was published by scientists from Summit
122:
regulations have been based on theoretical risk calculations according to known levels of chemical substances in air, water, soil, food, other consumer products and other sources of potential exposure. Human biomonitoring offers the opportunity to analyze the actual internal levels of bodily
613:
451:
CDC established three criteria for removing chemicals from future surveys: a new replacement chemical (i.e., a metabolite or other chemical) is more representative of exposure than the chemical currently measured, or if after three survey periods, detection rates for all chemicals within a
505:
Statistics Canada administers the
Canadian Health Measures Survey, which includes biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. Health Canada administers a program called Mother-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals, which focuses on 2,000 pregnant women and their infants.
1715:
343:
The
National Research Council's 2006 report emphasized that accurate communication of results is essential for the proper use of biomonitoring surveys, but at the same time noted "there is no accepted standard for good biomonitoring communications". In 2007, the
2092:
Schulz C, Conrad A, Becker K, Kolossa-Gehring M, Seiwert M, Seifert B (2007). "Twenty years of the German
Environmental Survey (GerES): Human biomonitoring – Temporal and spatial (West Germany/East Germany) differences in population exposure".
82:
The two best established environmental biomonitoring programs in representative samples of the general population are those of the United States and
Germany, although population-based programs exist in a few other countries. In 2001, the U.S.
1629:
Lakind JS, Aylward LL, Brunk C, Dizio S, Dourson M, Goldstein DA, Kilpatrick ME, Krewski D, et al. (2008). "Guidelines for the communication of
Biomonitoring Equivalents: Report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop".
1408:
Hays SM, Aylward LL, Lakind JS, Bartels MJ, Barton HA, Boogaard PJ, Brunk C, Dizio S, et al. (2008). "Guidelines for the derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents: Report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop".
573:) may be used for biomonitoring, and establishing biological exposure indices. These are used during exposure assessment and workplace health surveillance activities to identify overexposure, and to test the validity of
354:
Charles McKay of the Connecticut Poison Control Center is interviewed in a video titled "A Medical Doctor's Perspective on Biomonitoring", which is focused on helping the general public better understand biomonitoring.
154:
Chemicals and their metabolites can be detected in a variety of biological substances such as blood, urine, exhaled air, hair, nails, feces, semen, breast milk, or saliva. Blood and urine are the most commonly used in
258:
Scientists performing biomonitoring testing are able to detect and measure concentrations of natural and manmade chemicals in human blood and urine samples at parts-per-billion to parts-per-quadrillion levels. A 2006
371:. The report recognized the value of biomonitoring for better understanding exposure to environmental chemicals, and included several findings and recommendations to improve the utility of biomonitoring data for
476:
Some U.S. states have received federal support and established biomonitoring programs. In 2001, the CDC awarded planning grants to 33 states to assist in capacity building for expanding biomonitoring.
448:
agent, existing method for accurately measuring biologically relevant concentrations of the chemical, sufficient tissue specimens, in particular, blood and/or urine samples and cost-effectiveness.
577:. These biomarkers are intended to aid in prevention by identifying early adverse affects, unlike diagnostics for clinical medicine that are designed to reveal advanced pathologic states.
601:
530:. It is useful for dermal exposures, for which sampling methods are often not readily available, and for finding unexpected exposures or routes. There are also biomarkers not just for
280:
Toxicology. Subsequently, an expert panel from government, industry and academia, convened to develop detailed guidelines for deriving and communicating these Biomonitoring Equivalents.
1358:
Hays S, Becker R, Leung H, Aylward L, Pyatt D (2007). "Biomonitoring equivalents: A screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective".
284:
safe by regulatory agencies. Biomonitoring Equivalents can thus assist scientists and risk managers in the prioritization of chemicals for follow-up or risk management activities.
621:
497:
The German Environmental Survey (GerES) has been performed since 1985, and in 1992 the Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Federal Environment Agency was established.
111:
by measuring accumulation of chemicals in organism tissues. By observing or measuring the effects the environment has on its resident organisms, pollution may be suspected or
466:
443:
The CDC's Division of Laboratory Sciences within the National Center for Environmental Health has developed a National Biomonitoring Program, and has published the biennial
431:
1042:
2400:
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942:
717:
625:
581:
1310:
Tan YM, Liao KH, Clewell HJ (2006). "Reverse dosimetry: Interpreting trihalomethanes biomonitoring data using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling".
335:. Researchers from the German Human Biomonitoring Commission have also proposed a concept for deriving screening values similar to Biomonitoring Equivalents.
200:
1977:
688:
328:
84:
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2174:
345:
1526:
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An expert panel on Biomonitoring Equivalents has published guidelines for communicating information to the general public and health care providers.
799:
Porta M, et al. (2008). "Monitoring concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the general population: the international experience".
681:
364:
2136:
1910:"Public Comments and Revised Criteria for Removing Chemicals Future Editions of CDC's National Report on Human Exposure Environmental Chemicals"
2450:
1360:
1097:
480:
212:
170:
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2020:
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In the United States, the CDC first tested samples from the general population for lead and a few pesticides in 1976. In the late 1990s, the
264:
to improve the interpretation and communication of biomonitoring results through the use of existing risk assessments of specific chemicals.
2368:
216:
1476:
Angerer J, Aylward LL, Hays SM, Heinzow B, Wilhelm M (2011). "Human biomonitoring assessment values: Approaches and data requirements".
1289:
2066:
204:
1146:
2203:
Viegas S, Zare Jeddi M, B Hopf N, Bessems J, Palmen N, S Galea K, Jones K, Kujath P, Duca RC, Verhagen H, Santonen T (August 2020).
914:
872:
316:
143:
1951:
1665:
McKay Jr C, Holland M, Nelson L (2003). "A Call to Arms for Medical Toxicologists: The dose, not the detection, makes the poison".
1077:
2543:
479:
The California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (CECBP) was established by law in 2006 and is administered by the
1771:
Porta M, et al. (2012). "Number of persistent organic pollutants detected at high concentrations in a general population".
918:
2517:
1749:
470:
324:
2205:"Biomonitoring as an Underused Exposure Assessment Tool in Occupational Safety and Health Context—Challenges and Way Forward"
515:
260:
156:
68:
2512:
The heart of the matter on breastmilk and environmental chemicals: essential points for healthcare providers and new parents
1257:
1021:
460:
plans to follow 100,000 children across the United States from birth until age 21. The study was authorized as part of the
2533:
2496:
Biomonitoring – EPA Needs to Coordinate Its Research Strategy and Clarify Its Authority to Obtain Biomonitoring Data
2316:
550:
527:
519:
76:
2270:
850:
526:. It can also be used to reconstruct exposures following acute or accidental events, and to assess the effectiveness of
2394:
2390:
523:
486:
Minnesota's Biomonitoring Pilot Program was established by law in 2007 and is run by the Minnesota Department of Health.
457:
228:
953:
728:
63:, in biological substances. Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine. Biomonitoring is performed in both
2538:
609:
574:
383:
100:
2498:
1719:
1693:
32:
This article is about biomonitoring for human health. For the study of the ecological condition of water bodies, see
724:
652:
605:
320:
287:
Since 2007, scientists have derived and published Biomonitoring Equivalents for more than 110 chemicals, including
123:
substances from all potential routes of exposure at one time, which may contribute to improving risk assessments.
224:
220:
1921:
2475:
461:
177:; this exposure route is dominant for breastfeeding children. A lipophilic compound might also be detected in
2511:
1686:"Science Advisory Council member Dr. Charles McKay provides a medical doctor's perspective on biomonitoring"
1604:
562:
378:
The issue of exposure to environmental chemicals has received attention as a result of televised reports by
2166:
1522:
1369:
372:
272:
546:
in that the former has smaller number of exposed individuals, but with a wider range of exposure levels.
692:
33:
2144:
2102:
1780:
1559:
1550:
Schulz C, Angerer J, Ewers U, Kolossa-Gehring M (2007). "The German Human Biomonitoring Commission".
1485:
1207:
1093:
808:
765:
543:
409:
236:
104:
64:
40:
2423:
1374:
2044:
647:
554:
72:
135:
is a well studied chemical with a CDC action level of concern, currently at 10 μg/dL, or 100
2339:
1842:
1335:
1003:
308:
208:
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2118:
2016:
1891:
1834:
1796:
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1387:
1327:
1235:
995:
824:
781:
400:
232:
196:
193:
136:
52:
1281:
323:, and others. Several have been developed through collaborations of scientists from the U.S.
267:
To address this situation, several groups recognized that exposure guidance values, such as
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2298:
2234:
2216:
2110:
2070:
2008:
1881:
1873:
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1788:
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1493:
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1418:
1379:
1319:
1225:
1215:
1176:
1139:"Application of Biological Monitoring Methods for Chemical Exposures in Occupational Health"
1032:
987:
816:
773:
642:
539:
56:
2502:
2479:
1138:
531:
395:
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1943:
880:
2106:
1784:
1563:
1489:
1211:
1167:
Sexton K, Needham L, Pirkle J (2004). "Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals".
812:
769:
2436:
2239:
2204:
2001:
1886:
1861:
1260:(Report). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. Archived from
1230:
1195:
617:
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268:
108:
2356:
1973:
2527:
1846:
903:
332:
119:
1741:
1007:
1339:
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2489:
1792:
1523:"Monitoring and Surveillance Activities under Canada's Chemicals Management Plan"
820:
558:
affect the internal dose. It can be done in an individual or collective manner.
246:
As biomonitoring necessarily involves working with human subjects and specimens,
2114:
1643:
1571:
1497:
1422:
1383:
1261:
777:
662:
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and research, confirming effectiveness of hazard controls, or as a component of
379:
240:
182:
162:
2292:
842:
756:
Angerer J, Ewers U, Wilhelm M (2007). "Human biomonitoring: State of the art".
584:
as of 2017 has three regulations that require biomonitoring: after exposure to
2262:
1461:
1444:
991:
657:
570:
296:
166:
91:, which reports a statistically representative sample of the U.S. population.
60:
2230:
275:, could, with sufficient data, be translated into corresponding estimates of
1196:"Applicability of non-invasively collected matrices for human biomonitoring"
978:
Foster WG, Agzarian J (2006). "Reporting results of biomonitoring studies".
637:
566:
312:
276:
247:
174:
2364:
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2221:
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1895:
1838:
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1579:
1505:
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1391:
1331:
1323:
1239:
999:
828:
785:
17:
2495:
1862:"Biomonitoring and Biomarkers: Exposure Assessment Will Never Be the Same"
1685:
1220:
1037:
112:
1062:
2302:
2294:
Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace: guidelines
2167:"Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (The MIREC Study)"
596:
at or above a specified level over a specified amount of time. In the
589:
585:
405:
304:
300:
292:
288:
1909:
1180:
2484:
1877:
2340:"Biological monitoring in occupational and environmental toxicology"
682:"Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals"
2472:
2012:
250:
procedures are necessary to prevent the transmission of pathogens.
1258:
Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
1080:
1029:
Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
535:
518:, biomonitoring may be done for reasons of regulatory compliance,
186:
178:
2209:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1078:
Lead (Pb) Toxicity: What Are the U.S. Standards for Lead Levels?
691:– National Center for Environmental Health. Archived from
620:. Biomonitoring for research purposes is performed by the U.S.
593:
132:
2396:
Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons
1517:
1515:
391:
1817:
Stokstad E (2004). "BIOMONITORING: Pollution Gets Personal".
2069:. Minnesota Department of Health. 2009-07-21. Archived from
445:
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
438:
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
89:
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals
2518:
The interpretation of trace element analysis in body fluids
1603:. Boston University School of Public Health. Archived from
1137:
DeBord DG, Shoemaker D, B'Hymer C, Snawder J (2017-09-01).
2067:"Environmental Public Health Tracking & Biomonitoring"
1312:
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology
1194:
Smolders R, Schramm KW, Nickmilder M, Schoeters G (2009).
1143:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2095:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
1552:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
1478:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
758:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
602:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
465:
the National Institute of Child Health and Development,
628:
program, as well as other occupational health studies.
1525:. Government of Canada, Chemical Substances Division.
1280:
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (2006).
588:
in an unplanned release, and for employees exposed to
103:, such as of surrounding air or water. It can be done
99:
Biomonitoring involves the use of organisms to assess
622:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1353:
1351:
1349:
1031:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021.
904:"The Opportunities and Limitations of Biomonitoring"
2269:(4th ed.). International Labour Organisation.
1601:
Measuring Chemicals in People – What Would You Say?
467:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
146:that indicate exposure, effect, or susceptibility.
2422:
2338:
2143:. Statistics Canada. 19 March 2004. Archived from
2000:
1094:"Interpretation of Report Data: Important Factors"
1282:"Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals"
107:by observing and noting changes in organisms, or
432:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
131:animals and epidemiological evidence in humans.
2490:Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals
2267:Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety
2003:Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals
1064:Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals
369:Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals
205:graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
2507:United States Government Accountability Office
1096:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
626:Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance
1545:
1543:
849:. Centers for Disease Control. 3 April 2008.
582:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
185:(water-loving) compound might be detected in
8:
1594:"Consensus Statement on Human Biomonitoring"
1275:
1273:
1271:
201:inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
1812:
1810:
1718:. American Chemical Society. Archived from
1667:International Journal of Medical Toxicology
902:Juberg DR, Bus J, Katz DS (February 2008).
751:
749:
404:, with a foreword by former Vice President
192:Analytical methods used by the CDC include
165:is a favored matrix (substance) to measure
127:the level of exposure over longer periods.
1978:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
879:. NCSU Water Quality Group. Archived from
689:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
85:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2238:
2220:
1885:
1460:
1373:
1229:
1219:
1036:
346:Boston University School of Public Health
1251:
1249:
27:Measurement of toxic chemical substances
1403:
1401:
673:
569:(including both the a toxicant and its
434:(NHANES) program had a major expansion.
408:, also raised awareness by focusing on
215:coupled with various detectors such as
1632:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
1411:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
1361:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
1057:
1055:
980:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
481:California Department of Public Health
213:high-performance liquid chromatography
171:persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
1696:from the original on 7 September 2008
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
359:Biomonitoring in environmental health
7:
542:. Occupational health differs from
87:(CDC) began to publish its biennial
2399:(9 ed.). McGraw Hill Medical.
2177:from the original on 24 August 2010
2173:. Health Canada. 12 December 2007.
1860:Paustenbach D, Galbraith D (2006).
2437:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00045-2
2037:"California Biomonitoring Program"
1999:National Research Council (2006).
549:Biomonitoring is complementary to
25:
2137:"Canadian Health Measures Survey"
1924:from the original on 8 April 2011
1866:Environmental Health Perspectives
1067:, National Research Council, 2008
915:Mackinac Center for Public Policy
853:from the original on 24 July 2010
553:in that it measures the internal
348:organized a panel on this topic.
1752:from the original on 9 June 2009
1048:from the original on 2024-02-06.
2453:from the original on 2020-09-03
2403:from the original on 2021-03-01
2371:from the original on 2021-05-25
2319:from the original on 2021-01-20
2273:from the original on 2015-05-30
1954:from the original on 2010-07-24
1529:from the original on 2012-04-12
1449:Chemical & Engineering News
1292:from the original on 2011-06-05
1149:from the original on 2018-06-27
1100:from the original on 2012-01-22
924:from the original on 2024-07-26
534:, but also other types such as
471:Environmental Protection Agency
325:Environmental Protection Agency
2485:National Biomonitoring Program
2431:, Elsevier, pp. 643–647,
1286:U.S. National Research Council
516:occupational safety and health
365:U.S. National Research Council
261:U.S. National Research Council
157:occupational safety and health
69:occupational safety and health
1:
2357:10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00076-4
2297:. World Health Organization.
1831:10.1126/science.304.5679.1892
618:Swiss Accident Insurance Fund
565:data is for determining what
528:personal protective equipment
520:workplace health surveillance
77:workplace health surveillance
2007:. National Academies Press.
1920:(61): 16688. 28 March 2008.
1793:10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.005
1716:"Statement on Biomonitoring"
1145:. pp. 1–9, 11, 18, 23.
821:10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.004
575:occupational exposure limits
524:occupational risk assessment
2492:, National Research Council
2115:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.034
1944:"National Children's Study"
1644:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.05.007
1572:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.035
1498:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.06.002
1423:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.05.004
1384:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.08.004
778:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.024
610:Health and Safety Executive
101:environmental contamination
2560:
2429:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
950:American Chemistry Council
725:American Chemistry Council
653:Dose-response relationship
606:German Research Foundation
580:In the United States, the
510:Occupational biomonitoring
321:volatile organic compounds
47:is the measurement of the
31:
2424:"Occupational Toxicology"
2391:"Occupational Toxicology"
1773:Environment International
1462:10.1021/cen-v086n014.p052
1256:"Interpreting the Data".
992:10.1007/s00216-006-0822-6
801:Environment International
458:National Children's Study
254:Biomonitoring equivalents
2393:. In Klaassen CD (ed.).
1974:"State Grant Activities"
943:"What is Biomonitoring?"
718:"What is Biomonitoring?"
2544:Environmental chemistry
2263:"Biological Monitoring"
1022:"Interpreting the Data"
563:occupational toxicology
173:(PBT) compounds during
2337:Mutti A (1999-09-05).
2222:10.3390/ijerph17165884
1692:. Biomonitoring Info.
1324:10.1038/sj.jes.7500540
373:health risk assessment
273:tolerable daily intake
2473:Biomonitoringinfo.org
2421:Wattenberg E (2014),
1748:. CNN. October 2007.
1690:Biomonitoringinfo.org
1221:10.1186/1476-069X-8-8
462:Children's Health Act
237:Ligand-binding assays
34:Aquatic biomonitoring
2534:Analytical chemistry
1684:John Heinze (2009).
1200:Environmental Health
544:environmental health
410:endocrine disruption
367:published a report,
142:There are different
65:environmental health
41:analytical chemistry
2147:on 23 November 2011
2107:2007IJHEH.210..271S
1785:2012EnInt..44..106P
1722:on 24 February 2012
1564:2007IJHEH.210..373S
1490:2011IJHEH.214..348A
1212:2009EnvHe...8....8S
1038:10.15620/cdc:105345
843:"About the Program"
813:2008EnInt..34..546P
770:2007IJHEH.210..201A
648:Exposure assessment
551:exposure monitoring
398:" series. The book
144:types of biomarkers
73:exposure assessment
2539:Medical monitoring
2501:2011-05-21 at the
2478:2009-02-02 at the
2389:Thorne PS (2019).
2345:Toxicology Letters
2291:Health WH (1996).
1980:. 9 September 2009
1169:American Scientist
877:www.water.ncsu.edu
420:Surveys by country
309:methylene chloride
233:mass spectrometric
209:gas chromatography
207:. Others include
53:chemical compounds
2446:978-0-12-386455-0
2312:978-951-802-158-5
2022:978-0-309-10272-8
1742:"Planet in Peril"
1181:10.1511/2004.1.38
401:Our Stolen Future
197:mass spectrometry
137:parts per billion
16:(Redirected from
2551:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2224:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2043:. Archived from
2033:
2027:
2026:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:Federal Register
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1878:10.1289/ehp.8755
1857:
1851:
1850:
1825:(5679): 1892–4.
1814:
1805:
1804:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1455:(14): 52. 2008.
1441:
1435:
1434:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1134:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1011:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
958:
952:. Archived from
947:
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
923:
908:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
839:
833:
832:
796:
790:
789:
753:
744:
743:
741:
739:
733:
727:. Archived from
722:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
697:
686:
678:
643:Pharmacokinetics
532:chemical hazards
225:flame ionization
221:electron capture
194:isotope dilution
21:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2524:
2523:
2503:Wayback Machine
2480:Wayback Machine
2469:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2313:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2101:(3–4): 271–97.
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2073:on 14 July 2009
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2023:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1610:on 25 July 2011
1607:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1558:(3–4): 373–82.
1549:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1445:"Advertisement"
1443:
1442:
1438:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1375:10.1.1.452.1342
1357:
1356:
1347:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1015:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
945:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
921:
906:
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
883:on 23 July 2016
873:"Biomonitoring"
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
841:
840:
836:
798:
797:
793:
764:(3–4): 201–28.
755:
754:
747:
737:
735:
731:
720:
716:
715:
711:
701:
699:
698:on 27 July 2011
695:
684:
680:
679:
675:
671:
634:
624:as part of its
561:A major use of
512:
503:
495:
427:
422:
396:Planet in Peril
388:Anderson Cooper
361:
341:
256:
243:are also used.
229:atomic emission
152:
97:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2468:
2467:External links
2465:
2463:
2462:
2445:
2413:
2381:
2351:(2–3): 77–89.
2329:
2311:
2283:
2254:
2188:
2158:
2128:
2084:
2058:
2028:
2021:
2013:10.17226/11700
1991:
1965:
1950:. 2009-07-07.
1935:
1901:
1852:
1806:
1763:
1733:
1707:
1676:
1657:
1621:
1585:
1539:
1511:
1468:
1436:
1397:
1345:
1318:(7): 591–603.
1302:
1267:
1264:on 2007-03-29.
1245:
1186:
1159:
1110:
1085:
1070:
1051:
1013:
970:
934:
894:
864:
834:
807:(4): 546–561.
791:
745:
709:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
630:
598:European Union
511:
508:
502:
499:
494:
491:
490:
489:
488:
487:
484:
474:
441:
440:
435:
426:
423:
421:
418:
360:
357:
340:
337:
269:reference dose
255:
252:
151:
148:
118:Historically,
109:quantitatively
96:
93:
71:as a means of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2556:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
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2532:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
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2500:
2497:
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2477:
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2466:
2452:
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2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2397:
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2385:
2382:
2370:
2366:
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2358:
2354:
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2330:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
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2287:
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2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2141:statcan.gc.ca
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2047:on 2009-03-16
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:(8): 1143–9.
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1638:(3): S16–26.
1637:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:(5): 348–60.
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:(1): 96–109.
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:(1): 137–40.
985:
981:
974:
971:
959:on 2008-11-23
955:
951:
944:
938:
935:
920:
916:
912:
905:
898:
895:
882:
878:
874:
868:
865:
852:
848:
844:
838:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
746:
734:on 2008-11-23
730:
726:
719:
713:
710:
694:
690:
683:
677:
674:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
507:
500:
498:
492:
485:
482:
478:
477:
475:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
454:
453:
449:
446:
439:
436:
433:
429:
428:
425:United States
424:
419:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
352:
349:
347:
339:Communication
338:
336:
334:
333:Health Canada
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
265:
262:
253:
251:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:(fat-loving)
168:
164:
160:
158:
149:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
128:
124:
121:
120:public health
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:qualitatively
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:biomonitoring
42:
35:
30:
19:
2455:, retrieved
2428:
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2395:
2384:
2373:. Retrieved
2348:
2344:
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2293:
2286:
2275:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2215:(16): 5884.
2212:
2208:
2179:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2140:
2131:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2040:
2031:
2002:
1994:
1984:30 September
1982:. Retrieved
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1917:
1913:
1904:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1822:
1818:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1710:
1700:30 September
1698:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1600:
1588:
1555:
1551:
1531:. Retrieved
1481:
1477:
1471:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1417:(3): S4–15.
1414:
1410:
1365:
1359:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1285:
1262:the original
1203:
1199:
1189:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1142:
1102:. Retrieved
1088:
1073:
1063:
1028:
1016:
983:
979:
973:
961:. Retrieved
954:the original
949:
937:
926:. Retrieved
911:Policy Brief
910:
897:
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
876:
867:
855:. Retrieved
846:
837:
804:
800:
794:
761:
757:
736:. Retrieved
729:the original
712:
700:. Retrieved
693:the original
676:
579:
560:
548:
513:
504:
496:
450:
444:
442:
437:
414:
399:
377:
368:
363:In 2006 the
362:
353:
350:
342:
286:
282:
266:
257:
245:
241:immunoassays
235:detectors.
191:
161:
153:
141:
129:
125:
117:
98:
88:
81:
48:
44:
38:
29:
2303:10665/41856
2171:hc-sc.gc.ca
1928:10 November
1779:: 106–111.
1756:13 December
663:Safe Planet
612:, France's
571:metabolites
380:Bill Moyers
217:ultraviolet
183:hydrophilic
163:Breast milk
150:Methodology
61:metabolites
59:, or their
49:body burden
18:Body burden
2528:Categories
2457:2021-03-17
2407:2021-03-13
2375:2021-03-30
2323:2021-04-11
2277:2021-04-11
1533:2012-01-20
1296:2012-01-20
1153:2021-04-10
1104:2012-02-28
963:11 January
928:2012-04-28
738:11 January
669:References
658:Toxicology
616:, and the
567:biomarkers
297:chloroform
181:, while a
167:lipophilic
2231:1661-7827
2181:2 October
2151:2 October
1847:128510564
1370:CiteSeerX
1175:: 38–45.
638:Biomarker
469:and U.S.
313:triclosan
277:biomarker
248:biosafety
175:lactation
67:, and in
51:of toxic
2520:, Review
2514:, Review
2499:Archived
2476:Archived
2451:archived
2401:Archived
2369:Archived
2365:10511249
2317:Archived
2271:Archived
2249:32823696
2175:Archived
2123:17347043
1952:Archived
1922:Archived
1896:16882516
1839:15218119
1801:22425898
1750:Archived
1694:Archived
1652:18579271
1580:17337242
1527:Archived
1506:21764371
1431:18583008
1392:17030369
1332:17108893
1290:Archived
1240:19272133
1206:(1): 8.
1147:Archived
1098:Archived
1043:Archived
1008:30773984
1000:17093961
919:Archived
851:Archived
829:18054079
786:17376741
702:9 August
632:See also
113:inferred
95:Overview
57:elements
2240:7460384
2103:Bibcode
2077:23 July
2051:23 July
1958:23 July
1948:cdc.gov
1887:1552022
1819:Science
1781:Bibcode
1746:CNN.com
1726:2 April
1673:(1): 1.
1614:23 July
1560:Bibcode
1486:Bibcode
1340:2275179
1231:2660315
1208:Bibcode
847:cdc.gov
809:Bibcode
766:Bibcode
590:cadmium
586:benzene
493:Germany
406:Al Gore
317:dioxins
305:toluene
301:arsenic
293:benzene
289:cadmium
2443:
2363:
2309:
2247:
2237:
2229:
2121:
2041:CA.gov
2019:
1894:
1884:
1845:
1837:
1799:
1650:
1578:
1504:
1429:
1390:
1372:
1338:
1330:
1238:
1228:
1006:
998:
887:29 May
857:25 May
827:
784:
540:stress
501:Canada
1843:S2CID
1608:(PDF)
1597:(PDF)
1336:S2CID
1081:ATSDR
1046:(PDF)
1025:(PDF)
1004:S2CID
957:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
907:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
614:ANSES
608:, UK
536:noise
231:, or
203:, or
187:urine
179:blood
2441:ISBN
2361:PMID
2307:ISBN
2245:PMID
2227:ISSN
2183:2009
2153:2009
2119:PMID
2079:2009
2053:2009
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