423:, organized on August 24, 1791, a meeting with the slaves in the mountains of the North. This meeting took the form of a Voodoo ceremony in the Bois Caïman in the northern mountains of the island. It was raining and the sky was raging with clouds; the slaves then started confessing their resentment of their condition. A woman started dancing languorously in the crowd, taken by the spirits of the loas. With a knife in her hand, she cut the throat of a pig and distributed the blood to all the participants of the meeting who swore to kill all the whites on the island.
409:…This God who made the sun, who brings us light from above, who raises the sea, and who makes the storm rumble. That God is there, do you understand? Hiding in a cloud, He watches us, he sees all that the whites do! The God of the whites pushes them to crime, but he wants us to do good deeds. But the God who is so good orders us to vengeance. He will direct our hands, and give us help. Throw away the image of the God of the whites who thirsts for our tears. Listen to the liberty that speaks in all our hearts.
1613:
385:. A witness described the presence of 200 enslaved Africans at the event. The ceremony served as both a religious ritual and strategic meeting as enslaved Africans met and planned a revolt against their ruling white enslavers of the colony's wealthy Northern Plain. The ceremony is considered the official beginning of the Haitian Revolution.
392:
Clouded in mystery, many accounts of the catalytic ceremony and its particular details have varied. There are no known first-hand written accounts about what took place that night. It was first documented in the white colonist
Antoine Dalmas's "History of the Saint-Domingue Revolution", published in
388:
Participants of the Bois Caiman ceremony were inspired to revolt against their white oppressors due to their promise to the mysterious woman who appeared during the ceremony. The
African woman figure had declared Boukman the “Supreme Chief” of the rebellion. In the following days, the whole Northern
357:
were seen as an event of social gathering where enslaved
Africans had the ability to organize. These meetings and opportunities to organize were considered harmless by white slave owners, therefore, they were permitted. It is also argued that Vodou created a more homogeneous black culture in Haiti.
458:
Critics offers the theory that the ceremony never occurred at all. Dr. Leon-Francois
Hoffmannn theorizes that the event simply had motivational and unitary roles to politically gather allies throughout Haiti. Where Hoffmannn found the narrative to have a strong impact on shaping the motivations of
510:
government had made efforts to incorporate the Vodou sector more fully into the political process. These
Evangelicals developed a reinterpretation of the official national story. In this narrative, the ancestral spirits at the Vodou cemetery were seen as demons. In their view, the engagement with
389:
Plain was in flames, as the revolutionaries fought against the whites who had enslaved them. To reduce the social disorder of the rebellion, the French captured
Boukman and beheaded him. The French then displayed his head on Cap’s square to prove his mortality and French power.
501:
In pop culture, Bois Caiman has been referenced in music and other artistic works as a symbol of resistance and unity. In the 1970s, Roots Music has referred to the Bois Caiman event as a parallel to resisting the
Duvalier totalitarian regime like their ancestors.
505:
Due to the influx of
American Protestants in Haiti during the 1990s, some neo-evangelical Christians recontextualized the events at Bois Caïman as a Haitian "blood pact with Satan" They were influenced by "spiritual warfare" theology and concerned that the
511:
demons amounted to a pact that put Haiti under the rule of Satan. While some
Haitian Evangelicals subscribe to this idea, most Haitian nationalists vehemently oppose it. This belief was referenced by Christian media personality
452:
slit its throat, the greed with which they have believed to have marked themselves on the forehead with its blood, the importance that they attached to owning some of its bristles which they believed would make them
448:
A black pig, surrounded by the slaves believe to have magical powers, each carrying the most bizarre offering, was offered as a sacrifice to the all-powerful spirit...The religious community in which the
519:. Robertson declared the Haitian people "have been cursed by one thing after the other" since the 18th century after swearing "a pact to the devil". Robertson's comments were denounced.
72:
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visited the region and took oral testimonies in order to write his account of the ceremony. He recorded what is thought to be the earliest version of the Bois Caïman speech made by
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1492:
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On the night of August 14, 1791, representative slaves from nearby plantations gathered to participate in a secret ceremony conducted in the woods by nearby
65:
428:
Despite purported facts and embellishments that have dramatized the ceremony over the centuries, the most reoccurring anecdote is the sacrifice of a black
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58:
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This excerpt from the official "History of Haiti and the
Haitian Revolution" serves as a general summary of the ceremonial events that occurred:
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1321:
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The Bois Caïman ceremony has often been used as a source of inspiration to nationalists and as a symbol of resistance to oppression.
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490:, who had fled to the high mountains of Haiti (Haiti meaning high mountains in Taino) in order to escape the Spanish.
21:
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337:'Gator Wood ; Bois = Wood ; Caïman = Gator') was the site of the first major meeting of
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and the pact formed through its blood. Dalmas provided the very first written account of the sacrifice:
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those involved in the revolution, Hoffmannn feels there is no factual bias for the event occurring.
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865:"From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan: The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History"
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767:"From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan: The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History"
567:
338:
1426:
1286:
475:
323:
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486:, which was the ethnicity of many of the enslaved Africans in Saint Domingue with the
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Slave revolution in the Caribbean, 1789–1804 : a brief history with documents
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Voyage dans le Nord d'Haiti, ou, Revelation des lieux et des monuments historiques
625:
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463:
429:
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36:
23:
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867:. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 41.2 (2012). Archived from
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950:
50:
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Representing Bois Caïman, The Black Atlantic Blog, Duke University
487:
471:
954:
54:
563:
Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution
515:
in his controversial comments during the aftermath of the
890:"Pat Robertson says Haiti paying for 'pact to the devil'"
16:
1791 ceremony in which the Haitian Revolution was planned
482:). It was a mixing of the traditions of the army of the
341:
during which the first major slave insurrection of the
1488:
Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau
1581:
1555:
1535:
1460:
1274:
1267:
1024:
988:
610:. Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 72.
966:
566:. Harvard University Press. pp. 99–100.
66:
8:
912:"Pat Robertson Haiti Comments Spark Uproar"
1271:
973:
959:
951:
373:, a prominent enslaved African leader and
73:
59:
51:
1493:Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande
1589:United States and the Haitian Revolution
1518:Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville
771:Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses
738:"Haiti: The Bois Caiman Meeting of 1791"
666:. Les Cayes: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.
650:History of the Saint-Domingue Revolution
528:
941:The Bois Caiman Ceremony: Fact or Myth
709:Official Haitian Bicentennial Website
478:or Mino, meaning "Our Mothers" in the
760:
758:
7:
1478:Thomas-Antoine de Mauduit du Plessis
644:
642:
601:
599:
555:
553:
369:. The ceremony was presided over by
1254:Haitian Declaration of Independence
765:McAlister, Elizabeth (2012-04-25).
466:was a sacrifice to and a symbol of
1568:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1322:Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture
349:Role during the Haitian Revolution
14:
353:Before the Bois Caiman ceremony,
1611:
910:Condon, Stephanie (2010-01-14).
1599:Women in the Haitian Revolution
1483:Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume
1327:Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
936:Haitian Bicentennial Committee
736:Simidor, Daniel (2005-03-17).
677:Dubois, Laurent (2016-09-02).
606:Geggus, David Patrick (2002).
560:Dubois, Laurent (2005-10-31).
1:
838:Blaise, Sandie (2014-04-12).
608:Haitian revolutionary studies
419:A man named Boukman, another
1508:Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron
863:Elizabeth McAlister (2012).
624:. 2007-08-26. Archived from
1473:Gabriel, comte d'Hédouville
1244:Armistice of March 30, 1798
712:"Haitain Bicentennial Site"
622:"Haitain Bicentennial Site"
474:(who resembles the scarred
1654:
1227:Blockade of Saint-Domingue
840:"Bois Caïman as a "curse""
814:"Bois Caïman as a 'Curse'"
652:(Paris: Meme Frères, 1814)
1607:
1573:Denmark Vesey's rebellion
1352:Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière
1197:Saint-Domingue expedition
264:Saint-Domingue expedition
92:
1357:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
783:10.1177/0008429812441310
681:. Bedford/St. Martin's.
662:Dumesle, Herard (1824).
539:. The Louverture Project
404:. Translated, it reads:
365:in the French colony of
1594:Haiti Independence Debt
1543:Joaquín García y Moreno
1513:Louis Jean Nicolas Abbé
1297:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
812:Blaise, Sandie (2014).
537:"The Boukman Rebellion"
494:Significance and legacy
1437:Jean-Pierre Louverture
1432:Jean-François Papillon
1417:Charles Rivière-Hérard
996:Devastations of Osorio
456:
426:
412:
327:
1259:1804 Haitian massacre
946:The Boukman Rebellion
517:2010 Haiti earthquake
445:
416:
406:
1503:Jean Augustin Ernouf
1402:Jean-Baptiste Belley
1332:Henriette Saint Marc
1282:Toussaint Louverture
572:10.2307/j.ctv322v50g
1202:Ravine-à-Couleuvres
396:The Haitian writer
271:Ravine-à-Couleuvres
33: /
1638:Haitian Revolution
1563:Louisiana Purchase
1382:Jean-Louis Pierrot
1249:Law of 20 May 1802
1232:Môle-Saint-Nicolas
1222:2nd Port-au-Prince
1052:1st Port-au-Prince
1037:Croix-des-Bouquets
1025:Battles and events
1011:François Mackandal
982:Haitian Revolution
844:The Black Atlantic
343:Haitian Revolution
301:Môle-Saint-Nicolas
291:2nd Port-au-Prince
117:1st Port-au-Prince
102:Croix-des-Bouquets
84:Haitian Revolution
1625:
1624:
1551:
1550:
1412:Magloire Ambroise
1397:Philippe Guerrier
1392:Faustin Soulouque
1302:Jean-Pierre Boyer
1275:Rebels and allies
1006:French Revolution
892:. CNN. 2010-01-13
581:978-0-674-03436-5
336:
316:
315:
37:19.723°N 72.273°W
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1618:Haiti portal
1616:
1615:
1614:
1407:Étienne Polverel
1367:Henri Christophe
1362:Alexandre Pétion
1272:
1097:Port-Républicain
1001:Slavery in Haiti
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740:. Archived from
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714:. Archived from
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648:Antoine Dalmas:
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1287:Georges Biassou
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1217:Crête-à-Pierrot
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476:Dahomey Amazons
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339:enslaved blacks
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286:Crête-à-Pierrot
88:
83:
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42:19.723; -72.273
41:
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32:
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22:
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1556:Related events
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1142:Grande-Rivière
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777:(2): 187–215.
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688:978-1319048785
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441:Cécile Fatiman
398:Herard Dumesle
379:Cécile Fatiman
367:Saint-Domingue
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1337:Sanité Bélair
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1292:Dutty Boukman
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1192:War of Knives
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1157:2nd Verrettes
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1137:1st Verrettes
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1122:Saint-Raphaël
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871:on 2014-07-14
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744:on 2005-03-17
743:
739:
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1107:2nd Tannerie
1092:Les Gonaïves
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1057:Cap-Français
1047:1st Tannerie
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1523:French Army
1147:Las Cahobas
1132:3rd Tiburon
1087:2nd Tiburon
1082:La Bombarde
1072:1st Tiburon
1032:Bois Caïman
1016:Vincent Ogé
453:invincible.
328:Bois Caïman
320:Bois Caïman
212:Las Cahobas
197:3rd Tiburon
152:2nd Tiburon
147:La Bombarde
137:1st Tiburon
97:Bois Caïman
40: /
1177:Jean-Rabel
1167:2nd Dondon
1152:Mirebalais
1112:Saint-Marc
1102:1st Dondon
1042:Morne Pelé
989:Background
918:2021-08-14
914:. CBS News
896:2021-08-14
875:2014-06-08
849:2019-12-04
748:2019-12-04
722:2007-08-16
697:1048449681
632:2019-12-04
543:2024-08-14
523:References
464:Creole Pig
462:The black
430:Creole Pig
242:Jean-Rabel
232:2nd Dondon
217:Mirebalais
177:Saint-Marc
167:1st Dondon
107:Morne Pelé
28:72°16′23″W
25:19°43′23″N
1237:Vertières
1212:Plaisance
1182:2nd Irois
1172:1st Irois
1062:Marmelade
799:145382199
791:0008-4298
308:Vertières
281:Plaisance
247:2nd Irois
237:1st Irois
127:Marmelade
1632:Category
1582:See also
1468:Napoleon
508:Aristide
1422:Jeannot
1207:Kellola
1127:Trutier
1117:Léogane
930:Sources
823:25 June
484:Dahomey
450:nègres
436:by the
421:houngan
375:Houngan
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276:Kellola
192:Trutier
182:Léogane
1461:French
1377:Macaya
1268:People
1187:Jacmel
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393:1814.
377:, and
363:Le Cap
324:French
252:Jacmel
1536:Other
795:S2CID
586:JSTOR
488:Taino
472:Haiti
438:mambo
383:mambo
1527:Navy
1525:and
1077:Acul
825:2019
787:ISSN
693:OCLC
683:ISBN
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142:Acul
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