Book of Kells - Knowledge (XXG)

882:. These tables, which predate the text of the Vulgate, were developed to cross-reference the Gospels. Eusebius divided the Gospel into chapters and then created tables that allowed readers to find where a given episode in the life of Christ was located in each of the Gospels. The canon tables were traditionally included in the prefatory material in most medieval copies of the Vulgate text of the Gospels. The tables in the Book of Kells are however unusable, first because the scribe condensed the tables in such a way as to make them confused. Second and more importantly, the corresponding chapter numbers were never inserted into the margins of the text, making it impossible to find the sections to which the canon tables refer. The reason for the omission remains unclear: the scribe may have planned to add the references upon the manuscript's completion, or he may have deliberately left them out so as not to spoil the appearance of pages. 795:. On occasion, a folio is not part of a bifolium but is instead a single sheet inserted within a quire. The extant folios are gathered into 38 quires. There are between four and twelve folios (two to six bifolia) per quire; the folios are commonly, but not invariably, bound in groups of ten. Some folios are single sheets, as is frequently the case with the important decorated pages. The folios had lines drawn for the text, sometimes on both sides, after the bifolia were folded. Prick marks and guidelines can still be seen on some pages. The vellum is of high quality, although the folios have an uneven thickness, with some being close to leather while others are so thin as to be almost translucent. As many as twelve individuals may have collaborated on the book's production, of whom four scribes and three painters have been distinguished. 799:

remarkably good condition considering its age, though many pages have suffered some damage to the delicate artwork due to rubbing. The book must have been the product of a major scriptorium over several years, yet was apparently never finished, the projected decoration of some pages appearing only in outline. It is believed that the original manuscript consisted of about 370 folios, based on gaps in the text and the absence of key illustrations. The bulk of the missing material (or, about 30 folios) was perhaps lost when the book was stolen in the early 11th century. In 1621 the prominent Anglican clergyman

1679:, "was clearly no primitive backwater but a civilization which could now read Latin, although never occupied by the Romans, and which was somehow familiar with texts and artistic designs which have unambiguous parallels in the Coptic and Greek churches, such as carpet pages and Canon tables. Although the Book of Kells itself is as uniquely Irish as anything imaginable, it is a Mediterranean text and the pigments used in making it include orpiment, a yellow made from arsenic sulphide, exported from Italy, where it is found in volcanoes. There are clearly lines of trade and communication unknown to us." 1119:

here reach their most extreme realisation: "the initials ... are conceived as elastic forms expanding and contracting with a pulsating rhythm. The kinetic energy of their contours escapes into freely drawn appendices, a spiral line which in turn generates new curvilinear motifs...". The illustrations feature a broad range of colours, with purple, lilac, red, pink, green, and yellow being the colours most often used. Earlier manuscripts tend toward more narrow palettes: the Book of Durrow, for example, uses only four colours. As is usual with insular work, there was no use of

1486:

page. The letter rho is snuggled underneath the arms of the chi. Both letters are divided into compartments which are lavishly decorated with knotwork and other patterns. The background is likewise awash in a mass of swirling and knotted decoration. Within this mass of decoration are hidden animals and insects. Three angels arise from one of the cross arms of the chi. This miniature is the largest and most lavish extant Chi Rho monogram in any Insular Gospel book, the culmination of a tradition that started with the Book of Durrow.

1610: 1647:

gentle suction to straighten a page so that it could be photographed without touching it and so won permission to publish a new facsimile. After each page was photographed, a single-page facsimile was prepared so the colours could be carefully compared to the original and adjustments made where necessary. The completed work was published in 1990 in a two-volume set containing the full facsimile and scholarly commentary. One copy is held by the Anglican Church in Kells, on the site of the original monastery.

950:. This anomalous order mirrors that found in the Book of Durrow, although in the latter instance, the misplaced sections appear at the very end of the manuscript rather than as part of a continuous preliminary. In other insular manuscripts, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Book of Armagh, and the Echternach Gospels, each Gospel is treated as a separate work and has its preliminaries immediately preceding it. The slavish repetition in Kells of the order of the 875:

Matthew would require an additional two folios. The second list fragment, on folio 26, contains about a fourth of the list for Luke. The list for Luke would require an additional three folios. The structure of the quire in which folio 26 occurs is such that it is unlikely that there are three folios missing between folios 26 and 27, so that it is almost certain that folio 26 is not now in its original location. There is no trace of the lists for Mark and John.

3766: 1020: 313: 1235: 56: 601:, where for almost every page there are different designs... and other forms almost infinite... Fine craftsmanship is all about you, but you might not notice it. Look more keenly at it and you will penetrate to the very shrine of art. You will make out intricacies, so delicate and subtle, so exact and compact, so full of knots and links, with colours so fresh and vivid, that you might say that all this was the work of an angel, and not of a man. 1396: 1322: 1202: 863: 1517: 1490: 298: 1198:

having produced the Temptation and the Arrest of Christ. The "Portrait Painter" executed the portraits of Christ and the Evangelists. Almost every page contains a decorative element incorporating colour; throughout the text pages, these are commonly stylized capitals. Only two pages—folios 29v and 301v—are devoid of pigment colouration or overt pictorial elements, but even they contain trace decorations in ink.

1294: 545: 1189:. Twelve fully decorated text pages embellish the book's verses, of which the most extreme examples are the four incipits beginning each Gospel, together with the Chi Rho monogram, a page receiving comparable treatment which heralds a "second beginning" of Matthew, the narrative of Christ's life following his genealogy. Another six fully decorated text pages emphasize various points in the 886: 1218:

manuscript planned for twelve pages (folios 1v through 7r) but for unknown reasons, condensed them into ten, leaving folios 6v and 7r blank. This condensation rendered the canon tables unusable. The decoration of the first eight pages of the canon tables is heavily influenced by early Gospel Books from the Mediterranean, where it was traditional to enclose the tables within an

983: 1077:

charters in his collected works, and they were later translated into English. A blank page at the end of Luke (folio 289v) contains a poem complaining of taxation upon church land, dated to the 14th or 15th century. In the early 17th century one Richardus Whit recorded several recent events on the same page in "clumsy" Latin, including a famine in 1586, the

685:, Australia, for an exhibition of illuminated manuscripts. This was only the fourth time the Book of Kells had been sent abroad for exhibition. The volume suffered what has been called "minor pigment damage" while en route to Canberra. It is thought that the vibrations from the aeroplane's engines during the long flight may have caused the damage. 1540:) gives a description of the Crucifixion (Mark 15:25), while the final (and decorated) page of Mark (folio 187v) describes Christ's Resurrection and Ascension (Mark 16:19–20). In the Gospel of Luke, folio 203r faces the illustration of the Temptation, itself an illumination of the text (Luke 4:1) beginning the Temptation narrative. Finally, 1101:

the book as of 1621. The bifolium 335-336 was lost and subsequently restored in 1741, recorded in two notes on folio 337r. Plunket's accretions were varied and significant. He inscribed transcriptions in the margins of the major illuminated folios 8r, 29r, 203r and 292r. On folio 32v, he added the annotation "Jesus Christus" in the

1667:

about the specific pages as well as the history of the book. Users were given the option to search by specific illuminated categories including animals, capitols and angels. It retailed for approximately €30 but has since been discontinued. The Faksimile-Verlag images are now online at Trinity College's Digital Collections portal.

1056:("sword"), thus translating as "I came not (only) to send peace, but joy." The lavishly decorated opening page of the Gospel according to John had been deciphered by George Bain as: "In principio erat verbum verum" (In the beginning was the True Word). Therefore, the incipit is a free translation into Latin of the 1587:

The book had a sacramental rather than educational purpose. Such a large, lavish Gospel would have been left on the high altar of the church and removed only for the reading of the Gospel during Mass, with the reader probably reciting from memory more than reading the text. It is significant that the

1193:

story, while a seventh corresponds to the Temptation. The first eleven pages of the extant manuscript begin with a decorated list of Hebrew names, followed by ten pages of Eusebian canon tables framed by architectural elements. Additionally, fourteen pages feature large decorative elements which do

469:

There are at least four competing theories about the manuscript's place of origin and time of completion. First, the book, or perhaps just the text, may have been created at Iona and then completed in Kells. Second, the book may have been produced entirely at Iona. Third, the manuscript may have been

1666:

A digital copy of the manuscript was produced by Trinity College in 2006 and made available for purchase through Trinity College on DVD-ROM. It included the ability to leaf through each page, view two pages at a time, or look at a single page in a magnified setting. There were also commentary tracks

1662:

in 1992, included a replica of the Book of Kells. It cost approximately £18,000 to produce. In 1994, Bernard Meehan, Keeper of Manuscripts at Trinity College Dublin, produced an introductory booklet on the Book of Kells, with 110 colour images of the manuscript. His 2012 book contained more than 80

1634:

produced a partial facsimile edition in 1974, which included a scholarly treatment of the work by Françoise Henry. This edition included all the full-page illustrations in the manuscript and a representative selection of the ornamentation of the text pages, together with some enlarged details of the

1578:

beginning each line are linked into an ornate chain along the left margin of the page. Folio 127v has an embellished line beginning the final chapter of Matthew, which gives an account of the Resurrection. A similar treatment is given to a line in folio 188v (Luke 1:5), which begins an account of

1230:

in an Insular spirit, where the arcades are not seen as architectural elements but rather become stylised geometric patterns with Insular ornamentation. The four evangelist symbols occupy the spaces under and above the arches. The last two canon tables are presented within a grid. This presentation

1217:

The unity of the Gospels is further emphasised by the decoration of the Eusebian canon tables. The canon tables illustrate the unity of the Gospels by organising corresponding passages from the Gospels. The Eusebian canon tables normally require twelve pages. In the Book of Kells, the makers of the

1015:

common throughout the West. Hand B is found on folios 19r through 26 and folios 124 through 128. Hand B has a somewhat greater tendency to use minuscule and uses red, purple and black ink and a variable number of lines per page. Hand C is found throughout the majority of the text. Hand C also has a

1646:

In 1979, Swiss publisher Faksimile-Verlag Luzern requested permission to produce a full-colour facsimile of the book. Permission was initially denied because Trinity College officials felt that the risk of damage to the book was too high. By 1986, Faksimile-Verlag had developed a process that used

1600:

were stored, rather than from the monastic library. Its design seems to take this purpose in mind; that is, the book was produced with appearance taking precedence over practicality. There are numerous uncorrected mistakes in the text. Lines were often completed in a blank space in the line above.

1305:

The book was designed so that each of the Gospels would have an elaborate introductory decorative programme. Each Gospel was originally prefaced by a full-page miniature containing the four evangelist symbols, followed by a blank page. Then came a portrait of the evangelist which faced the opening

1197:

It is highly probable that there were other pages of miniature and decorated text that are now lost. Henry identified at least three distinct artists. The "Goldsmith" was responsible for the Chi Rho page, using colour to convey metallic hues. The "Illustrator" was given to idiosyncratic portraits,

1118:

illustrations, while smaller painted decorations appear throughout the text in unprecedented quantities. The decoration of the book is famous for combining intricate detail with bold and energetic compositions. The characteristics of the insular manuscript initial, as described by Carl Nordenfalk,

1100:

Three notes concerning the book's pagination are found together on a single page (folio 334v): in 1568 one Geralde Plunket noted his annotations of the Gospel's chapter numbers throughout the book. A second note from 1588 gave a folio count, and a third note by James Ussher reported 344 folios in

482:

Scotland, though there is no actual evidence for this theory, especially considering the absence of any surviving manuscript from Pictland. Although the question of the exact location of the book's production will probably never be answered conclusively, the first theory, that it was begun at Iona

406:

Scholars place these manuscripts together based on similarities in artistic style, script, and textual traditions. The fully developed style of the ornamentation of the Book of Kells places it late in this series, either from the late 8th or early 9th century. The Book of Kells follows many of the

1485:

monogram was enlarged and decorated. In the Book of Kells, this second beginning was given a decorative programme equal to those prefacing the Gospels, its Chi Rho monogram having grown to consume the entire page. The letter chi dominates the page with one arm swooping across the majority of the

1457:

is the only carpet page in the Book of Kells, which is rather anomalous; the Lindisfarne Gospels have five extant carpet pages and the Book of Durrow has six. The blank verso of folio 33 faces the single most lavish miniature of the early medieval period, the Book of Kells Chi Rho monogram, which

1076:

numbered the book's folios at recto, bottom left. On several of the blank pages among the preliminaries (folios 5v-7r and 27r) are found land charters pertaining to the Abbey of Kells; recording charters in important books was a common custom in the medieval period. James Ussher transcribed the

668:

several times. During a 19th-century rebinding, the pages were badly cropped, with small parts of some illustrations being lost. The book was also rebound in 1895, but that rebinding broke down quickly. By the late 1920s, several folios had detached completely and were kept separate from the main

1213:

The extant folios of the manuscript start with the fragment of the glossary of Hebrew names. This fragment occupies the left-hand column of folio 1r. A miniature of the four evangelist symbols, now much abraded, occupies the right-hand column. The miniature is oriented so that the volume must be

978:

translations are used in lieu of Jerome's text. Although such variants are common in all the insular Gospels, there does not seem to be a consistent pattern of variation amongst the various insular texts. Evidence suggests that when the scribes were writing the text they often depended on memory

874:

There are two fragments of the lists of Hebrew names; one on the recto of the first surviving folio and one on folio 26, which is currently inserted at the end of the prefatory matter for John. The first list fragment contains the end of the list for the Gospel of Matthew. The missing names from

1544:

is a fully decorated page corresponding to another moment of the Passion, (Luke 23:56-Luke 24:1) between the Crucifixion and the Resurrection. Since the missing folios of John contain another Passion narrative, it is likely that John contained full pages of decorated text that have been lost.

537:

Regardless, the book was certainly at Kells in the 12th century, when land charters pertaining to the Abbey of Kells were copied onto some of its blank pages. The practice of copying charters into important books was widespread in the medieval period, and such inscriptions in the Book of Kells

237:

The illustrations and ornamentation of the Book of Kells surpass those of other Insular Gospel books in extravagance and complexity. The decoration combines traditional Christian iconography with the ornate swirling motifs typical of Insular art. Figures of humans, animals and mythical beasts,

1010:

identified at least three scribes in the manuscript, whom she named Hand A, Hand B, and Hand C. Hand A is found on folios 1 through 19v, folios 276 through 289, and folios 307 through the end of the manuscript. Hand A, for the most part, writes eighteen or nineteen lines per page in the brown

798:

The book's current dimensions are 330 by 250 mm. Originally, the folios were of no standard size, but they were cropped to the current size during a 19th-century rebinding. The text area is approximately 250 by 170 mm. Each text page has 16 to 18 lines of text. The manuscript is in

913:

of the Gospels and are divided into numbered chapters. These chapter numbers, like the numbers for the canon tables, are not used on the text pages of the Gospels. It is unlikely that these numbers would have been used, even if the manuscript had been completed, because the chapter numbers

1281:

is decorated and contained within an elaborate frame. The two-page spread of the miniature and the text makes a vivid introductory statement for the prefatory material. The opening lines of six of the other seven pieces of preliminary matter are enlarged and decorated (see above for the

529:". It is generally assumed that the "great Gospel of Columkille" is the Book of Kells. If this is correct, then the book was in Kells by 1007 and had been there long enough for thieves to learn of its presence. The force of ripping the manuscript free from its cover may account for the 858:

explains the purpose of his translation. It is also possible, though less likely, that the lost material included the letter of Eusebius to Carpianus, in which he explains the use of the canon tables. Of all the insular Gospels, only the Lindisfarne manuscript contains this letter.

457:

into Ireland and Scotland. There is another tradition, with some traction among Irish scholars, that suggests the manuscript was created for the 200th anniversary of the saint's death. Alternatively, as is thought possible for the Northumbrian Lindisfarne Gospels and also the

1333:

The ornamentation of the opening few words of each Gospel is lavish; their decoration is so elaborate that the text itself is almost illegible. The opening page (folio 29r) of Matthew may stand as an example. (See illustration at left.) The page consists of only two words:

1565:

of John without a comparable device. Five pages (folios 200r-202v) give an organized decoration of Luke's genealogy of Christ, just before the Temptation narrative. Another three pages contain large illuminated elements not extending throughout the entire page.

1152:

The lavish illumination programme is far greater than any other surviving Insular Gospel book. Thirty-three of the surviving pages contain decorative elements which dominate the entire page. These include ten full-page miniature illustrations: a portrait of the

1105:

of the composition's architecture, identifying the portrait's subject as Christ; in the 19th century, this annotation was covered by white paint, altering the composition. Plunket also wrote his name on multiple pages, and added small animal embellishments.

1629:

of the Book of Kells. The majority of the pages were reproduced in black-and-white photographs, but the edition also featured forty-eight colour reproductions, including all the full-page decorations. Under licence from the Board of Trinity College Dublin,

533:

missing from the beginning and end of the Book of Kells. The description in the Annals of the book as "of Columkille"—that is, having belonged to, and perhaps being made by Columba—suggests that the book was believed at that time to have been made on Iona.

1016:

greater tendency to use minuscule than Hand A. Hand C uses the same brownish gall ink used by hand A and wrote, almost always, seventeen lines per page. Additionally a fourth scribe named Hand D has been hypothesized, to whom folio 104r was attributed.

514:

Kells Abbey was pillaged by Vikings many times at the beginning of the 9th century, and how the book survived is not known. The earliest historical reference to the book, and indeed to the book's presence at Kells, can be found in a 1007 entry in the

437:, construction taking from 807 until the consecration of the church in 814. The manuscript's date and place of production have been subjects of considerable debate. Traditionally, the book was thought to have been created in the time of 1639: 661:; several Victorian picture books of medieval illuminations featured designs from the book which were in turn extensively copied and adapted, patterns appearing in metalwork, embroidery, furniture and pottery among other crafts. 648:

brought Christianity and literacy to Canterbury from Rome, was used to demonstrate Ireland's cultural primacy, seemingly providing "irrefutable precedence in the debate on the relative authority of the Irish and Roman churches".

1601:

The chapter headings that were necessary to make the canon tables usable were not inserted into the margins of the page. In general, nothing was done to disrupt the look of the page: aesthetics were given priority over utility.

1214:

turned ninety degrees to view it properly. The four evangelist symbols are a visual theme that runs throughout the book. They are almost always shown together to emphasise the doctrine of the four Gospels' unity of message.

1693:

tells a fictional story of the creation of the Book of Kells by an elderly monk Aidan and his young apprentice Brendan, who struggle to work on the manuscript in the face of destructive Viking raids. It was directed by

673:

rebound the manuscript in four volumes and stretched several pages that had developed bulges. One volume is always on display at Trinity, opened at either a major decorated page or a text page with smaller decorations.

1314:). The Gospel of Luke is missing both the portrait and the Evangelist symbols page. The Gospel of John, like the Gospel of Matthew, retains both its portrait (folio 291v, see at right) and its Evangelist symbols page ( 521:. This entry records that "the great Gospel of Columkille , the chief relic of the Western World, was wickedly stolen during the night from the western sacristy of the great stone church at Cenannas on account of its 1366:

is broken into three lines and contained within an elaborate frame in the right lower quadrant of the page. The entire assemblage is contained within an elaborate border, further decorated with elaborate spirals and

3562:

The Age of Migrating Ideas: Early Medieval Art in Northern Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Insular Art held in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, 3–6 January

1392:("In the beginning was the True Word"), are all given similar treatments. Although the decoration of these pages was most extensive in the Book of Kells, they are all decorated in the other Insular Gospel books. 1536:) is found a very similar decoration of the phrase "Tunc crucifixerant Xpi cum eo duos latrones" (Matthew 27:38), Christ's crucifixion together with two thieves. In the Gospel of Mark, another decorated page ( 1548:

Apart from the thirty-three fully illuminated pages, fourteen receive substantial decoration not extending over the entire page. Among the Preliminaries and apart from the fully decorated page beginning the

1621:

in the 19th century. She used vellum and reproduced the pigments used in the original manuscript. Photographs of her drawings were included in Sullivan's study of the Book of Kells, first printed in 1913.

1149:. Though the presence of lapis lazuli has long been considered evidence of the great cost required to create the manuscript, recent examination of the pigments has shown that lapis lazuli was not used. 1532:) has a full page of decorated text which reads "Tunc dicit illis Iesus omnes vos scan(dalum)" (Matthew 26:31), where Jesus addresses his disciples immediately before his arrest. A few pages later ( 1497:

The Book of Kells contains two other full-page illustrations, which depict episodes from the Passion story. The text of Matthew is illustrated with a full-page illumination of the Arrest of Christ (

1465:. This "second beginning" to Matthew was given emphasis in many early Gospel Books, so much so that the two sections were often treated as separate works. The second beginning starts with the word 1862:

Kennedy, Brian. "Celtic Ireland." The Book of Kells and the Art of Illumination. Ed. Pauline Green. Canberra, Australia: Publications Department of the National Gallery of Australia. 2000. Print.

483:

and continued at Kells, is widely accepted. Regardless of which theory is true, it is certain that the Book of Kells was produced by Columban monks closely associated with the community at Iona.

498:, a work which describes and recommends several texts—both religious and secular—for study by monks. Vivarium included a scriptorium for the reproduction of books in both genres. Later, the 422:, both of which feature intricate decorative knotwork patterns inside the outlines formed by the enlarged initial letters of the text. (For a more complete list of related manuscripts, see: 2427:

The compilers of the late seventh century manuscript, The Book of Kells, refused to adopt St. Jerome's phrase "I come not to bring peace but a sword." (" . . . non-pacem sed gladium.") ...

803:

counted just 344 folios; presently another four or five are missing from the body of the text, after folios 177, 239, and 330. The missing bifolium 335-36 was found and restored in 1741.

368: 541:

The Abbey of Kells was dissolved because of the ecclesiastical reforms of the 12th century. The abbey church was converted to a parish church in which the Book of Kells remained.

1509:). Christ is shown from the waist up on top of the Temple. To his right is a crowd of people, perhaps representing his disciples. To his left and below him is a black figure of 1254:

in a Western manuscript. Mary is shown in an odd mixture of frontal and three-quarter pose. This miniature also bears a stylistic similarity to the carved image on the lid of

605:

Since Gerald claims to have seen this book in Kildare, he may have seen another, now lost, book equal in quality to the Book of Kells, or he may have misstated his location.

1072:

Over the centuries multiple annotations have been written in the book, recording page information and historical events. During the 19th century, former Trinity Librarian

2156:

De Hamel, p.134. They in fact signed a modern flyleaf which was then bound with the book. The page bearing their signatures was removed when the book was rebound in 1953.

787:

of the entire book is reckoned thus: folio 1r — 36v, 36*r — 36*v (the double-counted folio), and 37r — 339v. The majority of the folios are part of larger sheets, called

206:

monastery in either Ireland or Scotland, and may have had contributions from various Columban institutions from each of these areas. It is believed to have been created

783:

leaves, or folios, totalling 680 pages. Almost all folios are numbered at recto, bottom left. One folio number, 36, was mistakenly double-counted. As a result, the

261:

of each leaf total 680 pages. Since 1953, it has been bound in four volumes, 330 mm by 250 mm (13 inches by 9.8 inches). The leaves are high-quality calf

4290: 1528:

of Matthew. Of these, five correspond to episodes in the Passion story, and one refers to the Temptation. The verso of the folio containing the Arrest of Christ (

3650:, 1978, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Book of Kells (cat. no. 37–38) 2081: 423: 4089: 1310:) and its page of Evangelist symbols (folio 27v, see above). The Gospel of Mark is missing the Evangelist portrait but retains its Evangelist symbols page ( 637:

in Dublin in 1661, and it has remained there ever since, except for brief loans to other libraries and museums. It has been on display to the public in the

3088: 630: 506:

to which many ancient writings had been committed. Gradually, these traditions spread throughout the European continent and finally to the British Isles.

3084: 466:, it may have been produced to mark the "translation" or moving of Columba's remains into a shrine reliquary, which probably had taken place by the 750s. 4280: 4245: 1501:). Jesus is shown beneath a stylised arcade while being held by two much smaller figures. In the text of Luke, there is a full-sized miniature of the 1082: 265:; the unprecedentedly elaborate ornamentation that covers them includes ten full-page illustrations and text pages that are vibrant with decorated 3490:

Farr, Carol, "Cosmological and Eschatological Images in the Book of Kells: Folios 32v and 114r.," in Elizabeth Mullins and Diarmuid Scully (eds),

1699: 1506: 1315: 1311: 2420: 1520:

Folio 34r, detail. The decorations of the Book of Kells can be stunningly complex, as seen in this small detail of the Chi Rho monogram page.

3687: 3614: 3250: 1960: 415: 1533: 846:. It is probable that, like the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Books of Durrow and Armagh, part of the lost preliminary material included the 4240: 1498: 419: 332: 1986: 791:, which are folded in half to form two folios. The bifolia are nested inside of each other and sewn together to form gatherings called 4260: 1115: 407:

iconographic and stylistic traditions found in these earlier manuscripts. For example, the form of the decorated letters found in the

343:

The Book of Kells is one of the finest and most famous, and also one of the latest, of a group of manuscripts in what is known as the

284:, and shows two pages at any one time, rotated every 12 weeks. A digitised version of the entire manuscript may also be seen online. 31: 3020: 242:

and interlacing patterns in vibrant colours, enliven the manuscript's pages. Many of these minor decorative elements are imbued with

4275: 4084: 3584: 3511:

Henderson, Isabel, "Pictish art and the Book of Kells", in: Whitelock, Dorothy, Rosamund McKitterick, and David N. Dumville (eds.),

3484: 3470: 3402: 3383: 3364: 3312: 3291: 3269: 3207: 3188: 3164: 3145: 3126: 2664: 2450: 2403: 2179: 1895: 1524:

Throughout the body of the Gospels, six fully decorated text pages receive treatment comparable to that of the page which began the

1274: 638: 3198:

Fuchs, Robert; Oltrogge, Doris (1994). "Colour material and painting technique in the Book of Kells". In O'Mahony, Felicity (ed.).

4265: 4235: 4044: 1642:

Folio 183r from the 1990 facsimile of the Book of Kells contains the text "Erat autem hora tertia" ("now it was the third hour").

1376: 847: 1318:). It can be assumed that the portraits for Mark and Luke and the symbols page for Luke at one time existed but have been lost. 1306:

text of the Gospel, itself given an elaborate decorative treatment. The Gospel of Matthew retains both its Evangelist portrait (

486:

The historical circumstances which informed the Book of Kells' production were the preservation of the Latin language after the

4062: 4032: 3990: 1567: 1454: 372: 281: 3647: 1537: 1529: 1388: 1086: 644:

The manuscript's rise to worldwide fame began in the 19th century. The association with St. Columba, who died the same year

269:

and interlinear miniatures, marking the furthest extension of the anti-classical and energetic qualities of Insular art. The

4050: 775:

The Book of Kells contains the four Gospels of the Christian scriptures written in black, red, purple, and yellow ink in an

1541: 1493:

Folio 74r, detail. Almost all of the folios of the Book of Kells contain small illuminations like this decorated initial.

1307: 4285: 2035: 1382: 4136: 4125: 4094: 3822: 494:

in particular advocated both practices, having founded the monastery Vivarium in the sixth century and having written

2072: 277:, and the colours used were derived from a wide range of substances, some of which were imported from distant lands. 411:

pages for the Gospels is surprisingly consistent in Insular Gospels. Compare, for example, the incipit pages of the

4270: 2817: 2805: 1141:. These would have been imported from the Mediterranean region and, in the case of the lapis lazuli (also known as 974:. It does not, however, contain a pure copy of the Vulgate. There are numerous differences from the Vulgate, where 3659:

Parallel presentation of the Vulgate and English translations of the Bible, which can be used to identify passages

3568:

Powell, Roger. "The Book of Kells, the Book of Durrow, Comments on the Vellum and the Make-up and Other Aspects".

2922: 2775: 1635:

illustrations. The reproductions were all in full colour, with photography by John Kennedy, Green Studio, Dublin.

1286:

of Luke), but no other section of the preliminaries is given the same full-page treatment as the beginning of the

316: 3960: 3680: 2910: 2174:

Hoops, Johannes (ed.) "Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde". Walter De Gruyter Inc, September 2001, 346.

1719: 1618: 670: 3174: 3092: 1609: 487: 352: 1255: 2877: 2853: 2841: 2829: 1048:, a common English translation reads "I came not to send peace, but a sword". However, the manuscript reads 914:

corresponded to old Latin translations and would have been difficult to harmonise with the Vulgate text. The

3996: 3876: 2889: 2040: 1617:

Some of the first faithful reproductions made of pages and elements of the Book of Kells were by the artist

645: 2934: 2865: 4014: 3730: 654: 634: 553: 360: 180: 4255: 4250: 3138:

The Book of Kells: Forty-Eight Pages and Details in Color from The Manuscript in Trinity College, Dublin

1887:

In Search of Ancient Ireland: The Origins of the Irish from Neolithic Times to the Coming of the English

1450: 1427:, followed by his portrait. Folio 32v (top of article) has a miniature of Christ enthroned, flanked by 1251: 1219: 779:

script, preceded by prefaces, summaries, and concordances of Gospel passages. Today, it consists of 340

449: 800, long after St. Columba's death in 597. The proposed dating in the 9th century coincides with 2468: 2102:

Dodwell, p. 84. As mentioned above, Columba in fact lived before any plausible date for the manuscript.

1431:. Peacocks function as symbols of Christ throughout the book. According to earlier accounts given by 214:, although it also includes several passages drawn from the earlier versions of the Bible known as the 4110: 4020: 3918: 3870: 3790: 3673: 3238: 1676: 1502: 1186: 1045: 879: 840: 622: 502:

period introduced the innovation of copying texts onto vellum, a material much more durable than the

396: 3630: 1773: 4174: 4026: 3984: 3924: 3852: 3745: 3508:, ed. W. R. K. Koehler. Vol. 2, pp. 611–641. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939. 2073:"Let there be light: The enduring fascination of Ireland's monastic masterpiece, the Book of Kells" 1689: 1298: 1227: 1223: 1174: 1073: 565: 561: 557: 430: 388: 356: 320: 273:

script of the text appears to be the work of at least three different scribes. The lettering is in

243: 219: 3565:, eds. R. Michael Spearman and John Higgit, 106–114. Edinburgh: National Museum of Scotland, 1993. 525:". The manuscript was recovered a few months later—minus its golden and bejewelled cover—"under a 3954: 3900: 3894: 3816: 3755: 3720: 3429: 3341: 3226: 3002: 2994: 2751: 1432: 1424: 1170: 1041: 1024: 459: 384: 364: 3279: 1007: 3765: 3477:

The Book of Kells: Its Function and Audience (British Library Studies in Mediaeval Culture, 4).

1019: 962:

to conclude that the scribes of Kells had either the Book of Durrow or a common model in hand.

617:'s cavalry was quartered in the church at Kells, and the governor of the town sent the book to 312: 4008: 3972: 3936: 3912: 3846: 3828: 3610: 3580: 3480: 3466: 3398: 3379: 3360: 3308: 3287: 3265: 3246: 3203: 3200:

The Book of Kells: Proceedings of a conference at Trinity College, Dublin, September 6–9, 1992

3184: 3160: 3141: 3122: 2761: 2660: 2446: 2399: 2175: 1956: 1891: 1631: 1561:

with embellished names. The exception is folio 24v which introduces the final section of the

1462: 1326: 1234: 1158: 843: 812: 776: 626: 589:

which many have since assumed was the Book of Kells. The description certainly matches Kells:

475: 412: 392: 328: 270: 55: 3555:

The Book of Kells: Proceedings of a conference at Trinity College Dublin, 6–9 September 1992.

3412:

Werner, Martin (June 1972). "The Madonna and Child Miniature in the Book of Kells, Part II".

453:

on Lindisfarne and Iona, which began c. 793-794 and eventually dispersed the monks and their

4130: 4002: 3532:

McGurk, P. "Two Notes on the Book of Kells and Its Relation to Other Insular Gospel Books".

3421: 3333: 3324: 2986: 2755: 1990: 1881: 1659: 1395: 1321: 1239: 1190: 1154: 1131:

for the illustrations included red and yellow ochre, green copper pigment (sometimes called

1094: 594: 549: 517: 450: 3636: 3492:

Listen, O Isles, unto me: Studies in Medieval Word and Image in honour of Jennifer O'Reilly

4164: 4142: 4038: 3795: 3735: 3602: 3560:

O’Reilly, Jennifer. "The Book of Kells, Folio 114r: A Mystery Revealed yet Concealed." In

3304:

The Book of Kells: An Illustrated Introduction to the Manuscript in Trinity College Dublin

1745: 1441: 1206: 1182: 1166: 885: 867: 828: 827:

through John 17:13. The remaining preliminary matter consists of two fragmentary lists of

614: 578: 441:, possibly even as the work of his own hands. This tradition has long been discredited on 258: 2229: 1265:

The miniature of the Virgin and Child faces the first page of the text, which begins the

3642: 4159: 4120: 4115: 4079: 3948: 3930: 3888: 3834: 1597: 1416: 1201: 1078: 987: 862: 824: 820: 816: 678: 658: 650: 463: 400: 380: 376: 306: 227: 168: 160: 1516: 1489: 297: 4230: 4224: 4056: 3966: 3882: 3864: 3750: 3715: 3354: 3302: 3178: 3006: 2440: 2393: 1885: 1258:

of 698. The iconography of the miniature seems to derive from Byzantine, Armenian or

1012: 274: 199: 1293: 4204: 4179: 3906: 3858: 3539:

Mussetter, Sally. "An Animal Miniature on the Monogram Page of the Book of Kells".

1826:

Calkins discusses the major manuscripts in turn pp. 30–92, as does Nordenfalk.

1474: 1470: 1446: 1408: 1404: 1138: 1037: 959: 910: 800: 788: 665: 250: 231: 215: 147: 133: 3217:

Gwynn, Aubrey (September 1954). "Some Notes on the History of the Book of Kells".

3051: 994:

The manuscript is written primarily in insular majuscule with some occurrences of

657:

were invited to sign the book in 1849. The book's artistry was influential on the

544: 811:

The extant book contains preliminary matter, the complete text of the Gospels of

4184: 3840: 3785: 3780: 3710: 3696: 1368: 1178: 1146: 1142: 1057: 792: 530: 499: 491: 490:

and the establishment of monastic life which entailed the production of texts.

471: 442: 344: 239: 223: 187: 118: 3395:

Codices Illustres: The World's Most Famous Illuminated Manuscripts, 400 to 1600

3356:

Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book Illumination in the British Isles 600–800

3284:

The Book of Kells: Reproductions from the Manuscript in Trinity College, Dublin

379:(from the second half of the 7th century). From the early 8th century come the 17: 4209: 4169: 3978: 3800: 3740: 2990: 1695: 1571: 1162: 1124: 1120: 995: 784: 438: 434: 3592: 3518:

Lewis, Susanne. "Sacred Calligraphy: The Chi Rho Page in the Book of Kells".

2207: 2045: 2012: 1242:. This is the oldest extant image of the Virgin Mary in a Western manuscript. 1061: 4194: 3463:

Ireland and early Europe: essays and occasional writings on art and culture.

1675:

The Ireland in which the Book of Kells was crafted and manufactured, writes

1651: 1626: 1436: 1231:

is limited to Insular manuscripts and was first seen in the Book of Durrow.

1133: 975: 348: 331:. Compare this page with the corresponding page from the Book of Kells (see 302: 3653: 1928:

Meyvaert, 12, note 26; Sharpe, Richard. "In quest of Pictish manuscripts."

3479:

London: British Library & Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

1250:

image of the Virgin and Child (folio 7v), the first representation of the

982: 3052:"World's Most Famous Medieval Illuminated Manuscript Now Viewable Online" 1593: 1102: 1090: 682: 3230: 3725: 3433: 3345: 2998: 1655: 1482: 1428: 1400: 1128: 971: 586: 522: 503: 408: 266: 211: 203: 143: 97: 3513:

Ireland in early medieval Europe: studies in memory of Kathleen Hughes

1984:

Columkille is the name by which St. Columba is best known in Ireland.

1638: 202:

together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created in a

1625:

In 1951, the Swiss publisher Urs Graf Verlag Bern produced the first

1346:

is turned into a giant monogram which dominates the entire page. The

970:

The Book of Kells contains the text of the four Gospels based on the

855: 780: 618: 598: 351:

in Ireland, Scotland and England and in continental monasteries with

262: 195: 175:; Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS A. I. , sometimes known as the 3425: 3337: 1663:

pages from the manuscript reproduced full-size and in full colour.

1097:, author of an early modern account of the book, is found on 339r. 4199: 1637: 1608: 1515: 1510: 1488: 1477:

were normally used in medieval manuscripts to abbreviate the word

1394: 1320: 1292: 1259: 1233: 1200: 1018: 981: 884: 861: 543: 479: 454: 445:

and stylistic grounds: most evidence points to a composition date

311: 296: 254: 191: 184: 129: 79: 1006:). The text is usually written in one long line across the page. 4189: 1247: 1044:, which starts at Luke 3:23, Kells names an extra ancestor. At 347:, produced from the late 6th through the early 9th centuries in 246:

and so further emphasise the themes of the major illustrations.

210: 800 AD. The text of the Gospels is largely drawn from the 3669: 3658: 3607:

Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest

3504:

Friend, A. M., Jr. "The Canon Tables of the Book of Kells". In

3665: 1449:; the animals therefore became associated with Christ via the 613:

The Book of Kells remained in Kells until 1654. In that year,

526: 3322:

Meyvaert, Paul (March 1989). "The Book of Kells and Iona".

1808:

All manuscripts and dates discussed in Henry 1974, 150–151.

1458:

serves as incipit for the narrative of the life of Christ.

990:

written in Insular majuscule by the scribe known as Hand B.

878:

The first list fragment is followed by the canon tables of

3546:

Nordenfalk, Carl. "Another Look at the Book of Kells". In

538:

provide concrete evidence about its location at the time.

1553:

of Matthew, six pages begin six of the eight sections of

2419:

Nathan, George Jean Nathan; Henry Louis Mencken (1951).

1273:(the birth of Christ in Bethlehem). The beginning page ( 305:

800, showing the lavishly decorated text that opens the

3557:

Dublin: Trinity College Library and Scolar Press, 1994.

3262:

From Durrow to Kells: The Insular Gospel-books, 650–800

1380:("The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ"), Luke, 1081:, and plague in Ireland during 1604. The signature of 3637:

Trinity College, summary information on the manuscript

918:

are collections of legends about the Evangelists. The

905:

belong to a pre-Vulgate tradition of manuscripts. The

3085:"The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners" 1461:

At Matthew 1:18 (folio 34r), the actual narrative of

3648:

Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.

3461:

De Paor, Liam. "The world of the Book of Kells," in

4152: 4103: 4072: 3809: 3773: 3703: 3529:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. (2011). 43–44. 3202:. Brookfield, Vt.: Scolar Press. pp. 133–171. 2659:. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. p. 43. 1596:, where the vessels and other accoutrements of the 474:at Kells. Finally, it may have been the product of 139: 124: 114: 104: 93: 85: 75: 65: 41: 3631:Trinity College Digital Collections, Book of Kells 3454:Brown, T. J. "Northumbria and the Book of Kells". 2071: 1354:is presented as an interlaced ornament within the 1040:between the text and the accepted Gospels. In the 3501:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00AN4JVI0 1955:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 43. 926:are arranged in a strange order: first, come the 3506:Mediæval Studies in Memory of A. Kingsley Porter 591: 2629: 2627: 2519:Fuchs and Oltrogge in O'Mahoney 1994, 134–135. 1574:in Matthew (Matthew 5:3–10) where the letters 1064:rather than a mere copy of the Roman version. 100:monasteries in Ireland, Scotland & England 3681: 3654:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts 3027:, 2 June 1987. Retrieved on 28 February 2008. 2515: 2513: 2473:Miscellany of the Irish Archeological Society 1613:Folio 32v, as reproduced by Faksimile-Verlag. 424:List of Hiberno-Saxon illustrated manuscripts 403:(dated to 807–809) to the early 9th century. 8: 3550:, pp. 275–279. Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1977. 2710: 2708: 2706: 2678: 2676: 1975:Sir Edward Sullivan, p.4. Book of Kells 1920 839:(short biographies of the Evangelists), and 280:The manuscript is on display to visitors in 3515:, 1982, Cambridge University Press, 79–105. 3451:. 3 vols. Bern: Urs Graf Verlag, 1950–1951. 3119:Insular Manuscripts: Sixth to Ninth Century 3089:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 2617: 2615: 2369: 2367: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 1246:The preliminary matter is introduced by an 631:Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin 359:foundations. These manuscripts include the 3688: 3674: 3666: 2937:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2925:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2913:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2892:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2880:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2868:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2856:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2844:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2832:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2820:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2808:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2778:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 1114:The text is accompanied by many full-page 692: 585:, described seeing a great Gospel Book in 375:(all from the early 7th century), and the 38: 3036:John Murray, Tony Wheeler, Sean Sheehan. 2469:"The Irish Charters in the Book of Kells" 2289: 2287: 2129:Sullivan, The Book of Kells 1920, Page 5. 2036:"The Irish Charters in the Book of Kells" 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1768: 1766: 1374:The opening words of the gospel of Mark, 946:of both Luke and John, followed by their 226:. The manuscript takes its name from the 3643:Book of Kells at Trinity College Library 3393:Walther, Ingo F.; Wolk, Norbert (2001). 3180:The pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200 3159:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 889:Folio 19v contains the beginning of the 399:belongs to the late 8th century and the 3420:(2). College Art Association: 129–139. 2951:. Dublin and London: Maunsell & Co. 2442:Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction 1710: 1700:Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 1481:. In Insular Gospel books, the initial 1194:not extend throughout the entire page. 1089:, is extant on folio 31v, and the 1853 433:, had been founded, or refounded, from 4291:Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 3497:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). 3449:Evangeliorum quattuor Codex Cenannensi 3021:Irelands's Book of Kells is Facsimiled 1411:are the first two letters of the word 1325:Folio 29r contains the incipit to the 1226:). The Kells manuscript presents this 942:for Mark, then, quite oddly, come the 696:Summary Contents of the Book of Kells 664:Over the centuries, the book has been 593:This book contains the harmony of the 548:Folio 27v contains the symbols of the 2641: 2639: 2084:from the original on 10 December 2022 2065: 2063: 552:(clockwise from top left): an angel ( 391:(see illustration at right), and the 7: 3332:(1). College Art Association: 6–19. 3243:Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts 3183:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3157:Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages 1774:"Digital Collections: Book of Kells" 1453:. Facing the portrait of Christ on 1423:The Gospel of Matthew begins with a 1338:("The book of the generation"). The 1177:, a portrait of Christ enthroned, a 234:, which was its home for centuries. 218:. It is regarded as a masterwork of 3579:. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006. 3577:Word and Image in the Book of Kells 2966:. "The Studio" Limited. p. 46. 2070:Banville, John (23 November 2012). 1592:state the book was stolen from the 677:In 2000, the volume containing the 249:The manuscript today comprises 340 27:Illuminated 9th-century Gospel book 3071:Meetings with Medieval Manuscripts 2015:. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts 1297:Folio 291v contains a portrait of 1238:Folio 7v contains an image of the 986:Folio 309r contains text from the 848:letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus I 32:The Book of Kells (disambiguation) 25: 4281:Library of Trinity College Dublin 4085:Library of Trinity College Dublin 3609:. London, UK: Thames and Hudson. 3465:Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1997. 3050:Stewart, Jessica (1 April 2019). 1989:. Library Ireland. Archived from 1654:heritage centre, which opened in 301:The Book of Kells, (folio 292r), 4246:Christianity in medieval Ireland 3764: 1890:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. 1371:, many of which are zoomorphic. 866:Folio 5r contains a page of the 831:names contained in the Gospels, 54: 3991:Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque 3825:(late 7th or early 8th century) 3378:. London: Studio Publications. 3307:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 3264:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 3038:Ireland: a travel survival kit. 1744:Lesso, Rosie (3 October 2022). 1720:"Brief History - Book of Kells" 1445:, the peacocks' flesh does not 979:rather than on their exemplar. 373:Durham Dean and Chapter Library 282:Trinity College Library, Dublin 3548:Festschrift Wolfgang Braunfels 3359:. New York: George Braziller. 3069:de Hamel, Christopher (2017). 3040:Page 198. Lonely Planet, 1994. 1513:. Above him hover two angels. 1389:In principio erat verbum verum 1377:Initium evangelii Iesu Christi 633:, presented the manuscript to 335:), especially the form of the 1: 4045:Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm 3957:, (late 9th or early 10th c.) 3641:Exhibition information about 3633:(full collection with images) 3591:Sullivan, Sir Edward (1920). 2949:A dictionary of Irish artists 1205:Folio 2r contains one of the 1052:("joy") where it should read 934:for Matthew, followed by the 446: 207: 4063:Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth 4033:Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell 3993:(late 10th or early 11th c.) 3499:Pages from the Book of Kells 3286:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 3140:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 3073:. Penguin. pp. 124–125. 2208:"Library: The Book of Kells" 1746:"What Is the Book of Kells?" 1271:Nativitas Christi in Bethlem 1027:, which runs for five pages. 958:found in Durrow led scholar 669:volume. In 1953, bookbinder 4095:National Museum of Scotland 4051:Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin 3823:Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque 3447:Alton, E. H. and P. Meyer. 3155:Calkins, Robert G. (1983). 2947:Strickland, Walter (1913). 2445:. Dover Publications, Inc. 2398:. The Studio. p. 120. 1269:of Matthew with the phrase 4307: 4241:9th-century books in Latin 4090:National Museum of Ireland 3939:(late 8th or early 9th c.) 3260:Henderson, George (1987). 3117:Alexander, J.J.G. (1978). 2311:Brown 1980, 7, 83, 92, 95. 2230:"Book of Kells is damaged" 416:in the Lindisfarne Gospels 29: 4261:Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts 4065:(12th & late 14th c.) 3819:(late 6th or early 7th c) 3762: 3374:Sullivan, Edward (1952). 3353:Nordenfalk, Carl (1977). 3175:Dodwell, Charles Reginald 3121:. London: Harvey Miller. 2991:10.1017/S003871340020153X 2962:Sullivan, Edward (1920). 2591:Henry 1974, 163, 194-198. 2392:Sullivan, Edward (1920). 1776:. Trinity College Dublin. 1386:("Forasmuch"), and John, 1023:Folio 200r begins Luke's 695: 470:produced entirely in the 53: 46: 4276:Religion in County Meath 3933:(8th or 9th & 14 c.) 3553:O'Mahony, Felicity, ed. 3301:Meehan, Bernard (1994). 3219:Irish Historical Studies 2498:Meehan 1994, 19, 76, 92. 2210:. Trinity College Dublin 1137:), indigo, and possibly 641:since the 19th century. 577:The 12th-century writer 488:fall of the Roman Empire 478:or another monastery in 4266:History of County Meath 4236:9th century in Scotland 3997:Bell Shrine of St. Mura 3597:. "The Studio" Limited. 3527:Books: A Living History 2657:Books: a Living History 2041:University College Cork 1953:Books: A Living History 1932:. 59.2 (2008): 145–146. 1687:The 2009 animated film 1399:Folio 34r contains the 1127:in the manuscript. The 4104:Notable art historians 4017:(shrine: late 11th c.) 4015:Cathach of St. Columba 3961:Muiredach's High Cross 3731:Illuminated manuscript 3494:(Cork, 2011), 291–301. 2655:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 2343:Henry 1974, 153, n.28. 2013:"The Annals of Ulster" 1951:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 1698:and nominated for the 1643: 1619:Helen Campbell D'Olier 1614: 1521: 1494: 1420: 1330: 1302: 1243: 1210: 1028: 991: 911:Old Latin translations 894: 871: 639:Old Library at Trinity 603: 569: 429:The Abbey of Kells in 361:Cathach of St. Columba 340: 309: 181:illuminated manuscript 172: 164: 3239:de Hamel, Christopher 3136:Brown, Peter (1980). 2796:Nordenfalk 1977, 123. 2787:Nordenfalk 1977, 124. 2645:Werner 1972, 129–139. 2582:Nordenfalk 1977, 108. 2467:O'Donovan, J (1846). 2439:Bain, George (1973). 2302:Henry 1974, 150, 152. 1884:; Eaton, Leo (2002). 1844:Sullivan 1952, 19–20. 1641: 1612: 1570:contains text of the 1519: 1492: 1398: 1324: 1296: 1277:) of the text of the 1256:St. Cuthbert's coffin 1237: 1204: 1032:Errors and deviations 1022: 985: 909:are summaries of the 888: 865: 583:Topographia Hibernica 547: 323:contains the incipit 315: 300: 4021:Clonmacnoise Crozier 3919:Londesborough Brooch 3877:St. Fillan's Crozier 3871:Moylough Belt-Shrine 3791:Insular illumination 2985:(3): 555–558. 1948. 2766:Book XXI, Section 4. 2723:Calkins 1983, 82–85. 2700:Henry 1974, 172–173. 2633:Calkins 1983, 79–82. 2564:Henry 1974, 211-212. 2507:Nordenfalk 1977, 13. 2457:, page 95, Plate 14. 2422:The American Mercury 2281:Henry 1974, 217-218. 2272:Henry 1974, 223-225. 2138:Gwynn (1954), p. 132 1677:Christopher de Hamel 1590:Chronicles of Ulster 1503:Temptation of Christ 1469:. The Greek letters 1463:Christ's life starts 1187:Temptation of Christ 1181:, and scenes of the 1175:evangelist portraits 1087:Treasurer of Ireland 1079:accession of James I 880:Eusebius of Caesarea 835:(Gospel summaries), 420:in the Book of Kells 397:St. Gall Gospel Book 395:. Among others, the 224:Insular illumination 222:and the pinnacle of 30:For other uses, see 4286:Vulgate manuscripts 4175:Celtic Christianity 4027:River Laune Crozier 3925:Derrynaflan Chalice 3853:Lindisfarne Gospels 3746:House-shaped shrine 3522:36 (1980): 139–159. 3456:Anglo-Saxon England 2555:Meehan 1994, 22-24. 2293:Meehan 1994, 78-80. 1910:Meyvaert, 12-13, 18 1690:The Secret of Kells 1299:John the Evangelist 1224:London Canon Tables 431:Kells, County Meath 389:Lindisfarne Gospels 321:Lindisfarne Gospels 244:Christian symbolism 220:Western calligraphy 173:Leabhar Cheanannais 49:Leabhar Cheanannais 3981:(10th and 15th c.) 3955:Prosperous Crozier 3901:Monymusk Reliquary 3895:Breadalbane Brooch 3817:Ballinderry Brooch 3756:Processional cross 3721:Crucifixion plaque 3575:Pulliam, Heather. 3543:3 (1977): 119–120. 3536:9 (1955): 105–107. 3458:I (1972): 219–246. 3019:McGill, Douglas. " 2600:Brown 1980, 7, 84. 2546:Brown 1980, 83-91. 2489:Brown 1980, 92-95. 1993:on 2 February 2009 1941:Brown 1980, 17-23. 1724:www.people.vcu.edu 1683:In popular culture 1644: 1615: 1522: 1495: 1433:Isidore of Seville 1425:genealogy of Jesus 1421: 1336:Liber generationis 1331: 1303: 1244: 1211: 1159:evangelist symbols 1145:), from northeast 1042:genealogy of Jesus 1036:There are several 1029: 1025:genealogy of Jesus 992: 895: 872: 766:Folio 290v — 339v 752:Folio 188r — 290r 741:Folio 129v — 187v 570: 460:St Cuthbert Gospel 385:Echternach Gospels 369:fragmentary Gospel 365:Ambrosiana Orosius 341: 325:Liber generationis 310: 4271:Irish manuscripts 4218: 4217: 4111:Raghnall Ó Floinn 4009:Shrine of Miosach 3973:Ardboe High Cross 3937:Kilmainham Brooch 3913:Tully Lough Cross 3847:Lichfield Gospels 3829:Hunterston Brooch 3616:978-0-500-23392-4 3594:The Book of Kells 3572:10 (1956), 12–21. 3475:Farr, Carol Ann. 3397:. Köln: Taschen. 3376:The Book of Kells 3252:978-0-241-00304-6 3095:on 6 October 2014 2977:"Announcements". 2964:The Book of Kells 2901:Calkins 1983, 92. 2714:Calkins 1983, 85. 2682:Calkins 1983, 82. 2395:The Book of Kells 2361:Calkins 1983, 79. 2165:De Hamel, 134-135 2034:O'Donovan, John. 1962:978-1-60606-083-4 1930:The Innes Review 1882:McCaffrey, Carmel 1632:Thames and Hudson 1327:Gospel of Matthew 1157:, three pages of 998:letters (usually 777:insular majuscule 773: 772: 763: 627:Bishop of Clogher 621:for safekeeping. 413:Gospel of Matthew 393:Lichfield Gospels 329:Gospel of Matthew 271:Insular majuscule 194:, containing the 165:Codex Cenannensis 153: 152: 60:Christ enthroned. 47:Codex Cenannensis 42:The Book of Kells 16:(Redirected from 4298: 3985:Soiscél Molaisse 3963:(9th or 10th c.) 3768: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3620: 3598: 3437: 3414:The Art Bulletin 3408: 3389: 3370: 3349: 3325:The Art Bulletin 3318: 3297: 3280:Henry, Françoise 3275: 3256: 3234: 3213: 3194: 3170: 3151: 3132: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3091:. Archived from 3081: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2748: 2742: 2741:Meehan 1994, 57. 2739: 2733: 2732:Henry 1974, 208. 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2691:Henry 1974, 172. 2689: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2634: 2631: 2622: 2621:Henry 1974, 167. 2619: 2610: 2609:Meehan 1994, 22. 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2537:Henry 1974, 158. 2535: 2529: 2528:Meehan 1994, 88. 2526: 2520: 2517: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2389: 2383: 2382:Henry 1974, 155. 2380: 2374: 2373:Henry 1974, 154. 2371: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2334:Henry 1974, 153. 2332: 2321: 2320:Henry 1974, 176. 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2198: 2197:Henry 1974, 152. 2195: 2182: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111:Henry 1974, 165. 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2075: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044:. Archived from 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1987:"St. Columkille" 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1853:Meehan 1994, 91. 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1799:Henry 1974, 150. 1797: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1715: 1660:County Waterford 1240:Virgin and Child 1222:(as seen in the 1161:informed by the 1155:Virgin and Child 1095:John O. Westwood 761: 726:Folio 27v — 36v 693: 595:Four Evangelists 550:Four Evangelists 518:Annals of Ulster 448: 353:Hiberno-Scottish 209: 107: 58: 39: 21: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4165:Anglo-Saxon art 4148: 4143:Margaret Stokes 4099: 4068: 4059:(early 12th c.) 4039:Lismore Crozier 3927:(8th or 9th c.) 3921:(8th or 9th c.) 3915:(8th or 9th c.) 3805: 3769: 3760: 3736:Insular crozier 3699: 3694: 3627: 3617: 3601: 3590: 3525:Lyons, Martyn. 3444: 3442:Further reading 3426:10.2307/3048962 3411: 3405: 3392: 3386: 3373: 3367: 3352: 3338:10.2307/3051211 3321: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3278: 3272: 3259: 3253: 3237: 3225:(34): 131–161. 3216: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3135: 3129: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3018: 3014: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2757:The City of God 2750: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573:Brown 1980, 91. 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2425:. p. 572. 2418: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352:Brown 1980, 75. 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254:Meehan 1994, 9. 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2236:. 14 April 2000 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2185: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147:De Hamel, p.133 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120:Brown 1980, 83. 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2048:on 26 June 2009 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1871:Brown 1980, 32. 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817:Brown 1980, 74. 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1685: 1673: 1607: 1585: 1442:The City of God 1207:Eusebian Canons 1183:Arrest of Jesus 1112: 1085:, 17th century 1083:Thomas Ridgeway 1070: 1034: 1008:Françoise Henry 968: 966:Text and script 868:Eusebian Canons 809: 762:(through 17:13) 729: 727: 715:Folio 1r — 27r 691: 635:Trinity College 611: 579:Gerald of Wales 575: 573:Book of Kildare 512: 510:Medieval period 295: 290: 259:recto and verso 177:Book of Columba 105: 70:Book of Columba 61: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Book of Columba 15: 12: 11: 5: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4160:Abbey of Kells 4156: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4123: 4121:Griffin Murray 4118: 4116:Peter Harbison 4113: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4080:British Museum 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4053:(late-11th c.) 4048: 4042: 4036: 4035:(c. 1094–1105) 4030: 4029:(late 11th c.) 4024: 4023:(late 11th c.) 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3987:(c. 1001–1011) 3982: 3976: 3970: 3969:(c. 9–11th c.) 3964: 3958: 3952: 3949:Book of Armagh 3946: 3940: 3934: 3931:Domnach Airgid 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3889:Ruthwell Cross 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3859:Ardagh Chalice 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3835:Book of Durrow 3832: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3626: 3625:External links 3623: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3599: 3588: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3473: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3409: 3403: 3390: 3384: 3371: 3365: 3350: 3319: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3276: 3270: 3257: 3251: 3245:. Allen Lane. 3235: 3214: 3208: 3195: 3189: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3133: 3127: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3106: 3076: 3061: 3042: 3029: 3025:New York Times 3012: 2969: 2954: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2768: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2672: 2665: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2459: 2451: 2431: 2411: 2404: 2384: 2375: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2263:Brown 1980, 7. 2256: 2247: 2221: 2199: 2183: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2059: 2026: 2004: 1977: 1968: 1961: 1943: 1934: 1921: 1919:Dodwell, p. 84 1912: 1903: 1896: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1801: 1779: 1762: 1736: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1684: 1681: 1672: 1669: 1650:The ill-fated 1606: 1603: 1584: 1581: 1579:the Nativity. 1111: 1108: 1069: 1066: 1033: 1030: 988:Gospel of John 967: 964: 825:Gospel of John 808: 805: 771: 770: 767: 764: 757: 756: 753: 750: 746: 745: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 724: 720: 719: 716: 713: 712:Preliminaries 709: 708: 705: 702: 698: 697: 690: 687: 679:Gospel of Mark 659:Celtic Revival 651:Queen Victoria 610: 607: 574: 571: 523:wrought shrine 511: 508: 464:Saint Cuthbert 401:Book of Armagh 381:Durham Gospels 377:Book of Durrow 307:Gospel of John 294: 291: 289: 286: 238:together with 228:Abbey of Kells 151: 150: 141: 137: 136: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 108: 102: 101: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4303: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4137:George Petrie 4135: 4132: 4131:Máire de Paor 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057:Cross of Cong 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4003:Breac Maodhóg 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3967:Kells Crozier 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3943:Book of Kells 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3883:Book of Dimma 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3865:Rogart Brooch 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3801:Triple spiral 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3751:Pictish stone 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3716:Celtic brooch 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603:Wilson, David 3600: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3585:1-85182-925-3 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3485:0-7123-0499-1 3482: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3471:1-85182-298-4 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3404:3-8228-5852-8 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3385:1-85170-196-6 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3366:0-8076-0825-4 3362: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3314:0-500-27790-7 3310: 3306: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3293:0-394-49475-X 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3271:0-500-23474-4 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3209:0-85967-967-5 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3190:0-300-06493-4 3186: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3166:0-8014-1506-3 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3147:0-394-73960-4 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3128:0-905203-01-1 3124: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3056:My Modern Net 3053: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818:Matthew 27:38 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806:Matthew 26:31 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2762:gutenberg.org 2759: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666:9781606060834 2662: 2658: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2452:0-486-22923-8 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2405:1-85170-196-6 2401: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2180:3-11-016950-9 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1897:1-56131-072-7 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1725: 1721: 1718:King, Laura. 1714: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1605:Reproductions 1604: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563:Breves causae 1560: 1556: 1555:Breves causae 1552: 1551:Breves causae 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:Breves causae 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1288:Breves causae 1285: 1284:Breves causae 1280: 1279:Breves causae 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267:Breves causae 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165:described in 1164: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Matthew 10:34 1043: 1039: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 989: 984: 980: 977: 973: 965: 963: 961: 957: 953: 952:Breves causae 949: 948:Breves causae 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:Breves causae 925: 921: 920:Breves causae 917: 912: 908: 907:Breves causae 904: 900: 899:Breves causae 892: 891:Breves causae 887: 883: 881: 876: 869: 864: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 833:Breves causae 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 806: 804: 802: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 768: 765: 759: 758: 754: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740: 737: 736: 732: 725: 722: 721: 717: 714: 711: 710: 706: 703: 700: 699: 694: 688: 686: 684: 680: 675: 672: 667: 662: 660: 656: 655:Prince Albert 652: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 609:Modern period 608: 606: 602: 600: 597:according to 596: 590: 588: 584: 580: 572: 567: 564:) and an ox ( 563: 560:), an eagle ( 559: 555: 551: 546: 542: 539: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519: 509: 507: 505: 501: 497: 496:Institutiones 493: 489: 484: 481: 477: 473: 467: 465: 461: 456: 452: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 414: 410: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:Insular style 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 308: 304: 299: 292: 287: 285: 283: 278: 276: 275:iron gall ink 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 205: 201: 200:New Testament 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:Book of Kells 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 109: 106:Manuscript(s) 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 68: 66:Also known as 64: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4256:Gospel Books 4251:County Meath 4205:Scottish art 4180:Clonmacnoise 4005:(c. 11th c.) 3942: 3907:Stowe Missal 3843:(c. 710-750) 3663: 3606: 3593: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3476: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3417: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3355: 3329: 3323: 3303: 3283: 3261: 3242: 3222: 3218: 3199: 3179: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3097:. Retrieved 3093:the original 3079: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3024: 3015: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2776:Matthew 1:18 2771: 2760:– via 2756: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2696: 2687: 2656: 2650: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2394: 2387: 2378: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2238:. Retrieved 2234:The Guardian 2233: 2224: 2214:15 September 2212:. Retrieved 2202: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2086:. Retrieved 2077: 2050:. Retrieved 2046:the original 2039: 2029: 2017:. Retrieved 2007: 1995:. Retrieved 1991:the original 1980: 1971: 1952: 1946: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1886: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1835:Meyvaert, 11 1831: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1753:. Retrieved 1750:TheCollector 1749: 1739: 1727:. Retrieved 1723: 1713: 1688: 1686: 1674: 1671:Significance 1665: 1649: 1645: 1624: 1616: 1589: 1586: 1575: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1525: 1523: 1496: 1478: 1466: 1460: 1451:Resurrection 1440: 1422: 1412: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1364:Generationis 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1304: 1290:of Matthew. 1287: 1283: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1245: 1216: 1212: 1196: 1151: 1139:lapis lazuli 1132: 1113: 1099: 1071: 1053: 1049: 1035: 1003: 999: 993: 969: 960:T. K. Abbott 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 906: 902: 898: 896: 890: 877: 873: 851: 844:canon tables 836: 832: 810: 801:James Ussher 797: 774: 728:36*r — 36*v 681:was sent to 676: 671:Roger Powell 663: 643: 612: 604: 592: 582: 576: 540: 536: 516: 513: 495: 485: 468: 462:, both with 451:Viking raids 443:paleographic 428: 405: 342: 336: 324: 279: 248: 240:Celtic knots 236: 232:County Meath 216:Vetus Latina 196:four Gospels 176: 156: 154: 148:Vetus Latina 69: 36: 4200:Pictish art 4185:English art 4126:Rachel Moss 4073:Collections 3909:(after 792) 3841:Tara Brooch 3786:Celtic knot 3781:Carpet page 3711:Bell shrine 3697:Insular art 3541:Mediaevalia 3534:Scriptorium 3099:28 November 2911:Matthew 5:3 2052:29 February 1252:Virgin Mary 1179:carpet page 1163:tetramorphs 1147:Afghanistan 1143:ultramarine 1125:silver leaf 1068:Annotations 1038:differences 854:, in which 730:37r — 129r 689:Description 623:Henry Jones 556:), a lion ( 500:Carolingian 492:Cassiodorus 472:scriptorium 455:holy relics 357:Anglo-Saxon 349:monasteries 188:Gospel book 119:Gospel Book 89:9th century 4225:Categories 4210:Viking art 4170:Celtic art 3979:Corp Naomh 3774:Techniques 3741:High cross 3570:Scriptorum 2878:Luke 23:56 2842:Mark 16:19 2830:Mark 15:25 2479:: 127–158. 2088:1 December 1696:Tomm Moore 1572:Beatitudes 1542:folio 285r 1538:folio 183r 1534:folio 124r 1507:folio 202v 1499:folio 114r 1403:monogram. 1362:monogram. 1316:folio 290v 1312:folio 129v 1171:Revelation 1110:Decoration 852:Novum opus 850:beginning 823:, and the 785:pagination 435:Iona Abbey 94:Provenance 4195:Irish art 4145:(d. 1900) 4139:(d. 1866) 4133:(d. 1994) 4047:(c. 1120) 4041:(c. 1100) 4011:(11th c.) 3999:(11th c.) 3975:(10th c.) 3796:Interlace 3007:225087243 2890:Luke 24:1 2752:Augustine 1702:in 2009. 1652:Celtworld 1627:facsimile 1568:Folio 40v 1559:Argumenta 1455:folio 33r 1437:Augustine 1369:knot work 1308:folio 28v 1134:verdigris 1116:miniature 1103:spandrels 1074:J.H. Todd 1060:original 996:minuscule 976:Old Latin 956:Argumenta 944:Argumenta 940:Argumenta 932:Argumenta 924:Argumenta 916:Argumenta 903:Argumenta 837:Argumenta 646:Augustine 581:, in his 339:monogram. 319:from the 317:Folio 27r 110:TCD MS 58 3951:(9th c.) 3945:(9th c.) 3903:(8th c.) 3897:(8th c.) 3891:(8th c.) 3885:(8th c.) 3879:(8th c.) 3873:(8th c.) 3867:(8th c.) 3861:(c. 750) 3855:(c. 730) 3849:(c. 730) 3837:(c. 700) 3831:(c. 700) 3810:Examples 3605:(1984). 3520:Traditio 3282:(1974). 3241:(2016). 3231:30005685 3177:(1993). 2979:Speculum 2935:Luke 1:5 2866:Luke 4:1 2082:Archived 1594:sacristy 1429:peacocks 1275:folio 8r 1129:pigments 1091:monogram 1013:gall ink 893:of Luke. 841:Eusebian 807:Contents 723:Matthew 683:Canberra 615:Cromwell 267:initials 204:Columban 179:) is an 98:Columban 76:Language 4153:Related 3726:Cumdach 3434:3048962 3346:3051211 3111:Sources 2999:2848460 2240:16 June 2019:8 March 1997:8 March 1755:13 July 1729:13 July 1656:Tramore 1583:Purpose 1483:Chi Rho 1447:putrefy 1401:Chi Rho 1383:Quoniam 1358:of the 1191:Passion 1167:Ezekiel 1054:gladium 1050:gaudium 972:Vulgate 813:Matthew 789:bifolia 701:Section 666:rebound 625:, then 587:Kildare 554:Matthew 504:papyrus 480:Pictish 476:Dunkeld 439:Columba 409:incipit 371:in the 327:of the 288:History 212:Vulgate 198:of the 144:Vulgate 140:Sources 3613: 3583: 3483: 3469: 3432: 3401: 3382: 3363: 3344: 3311: 3290: 3268: 3249: 3229: 3206: 3187: 3163: 3144: 3125: 3005: 2997: 2663: 2449: 2402: 2178: 2078:ft.com 1959: 1894: 1479:Christ 1467:Christ 1413:Christ 1260:Coptic 1248:iconic 1220:arcade 1173:, two 936:Breves 856:Jerome 829:Hebrew 793:quires 781:vellum 707:Pages 704:Folios 619:Dublin 599:Jerome 531:folios 387:, the 383:, the 363:, the 293:Origin 263:vellum 257:; the 255:folios 251:leaves 185:Celtic 132:, 680 130:folios 125:Length 3704:Types 3430:JSTOR 3342:JSTOR 3227:JSTOR 3003:S2CID 2995:JSTOR 2854:16:20 1706:Notes 1511:Satan 1417:Greek 1352:Liber 1344:Liber 1262:art. 1228:motif 1062:λογος 1058:Greek 760:John 749:Luke 738:Mark 303:circa 192:Latin 169:Irish 161:Latin 134:pages 115:Genre 80:Latin 4231:800s 4190:Iona 3611:ISBN 3581:ISBN 3563:1991 3481:ISBN 3467:ISBN 3399:ISBN 3380:ISBN 3361:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3288:ISBN 3266:ISBN 3247:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3185:ISBN 3161:ISBN 3142:ISBN 3123:ISBN 3101:2012 2923:5:10 2661:ISBN 2447:ISBN 2400:ISBN 2242:2015 2216:2010 2176:ISBN 2090:2012 2054:2008 2021:2008 1999:2008 1957:ISBN 1892:ISBN 1757:2023 1731:2023 1598:Mass 1557:and 1530:114v 1473:and 1435:and 1407:and 1185:and 1169:and 1121:gold 954:and 938:and 930:and 922:and 901:and 897:The 821:Luke 819:and 817:Mark 755:205 744:117 733:206 653:and 629:and 566:Luke 562:John 558:Mark 418:and 333:here 183:and 155:The 128:340 86:Date 3422:doi 3334:doi 3023:". 2987:doi 1475:rho 1471:chi 1439:in 1415:in 1409:rho 1405:Chi 1360:lib 1350:of 1342:of 1340:lib 1123:or 1093:of 1002:or 769:99 718:53 527:sod 426:). 355:or 337:Lib 253:or 190:in 4227:: 3428:. 3418:54 3416:. 3340:. 3330:71 3328:. 3221:. 3087:. 3054:. 3001:. 2993:. 2983:23 2981:. 2754:. 2705:^ 2675:^ 2638:^ 2626:^ 2614:^ 2512:^ 2475:. 2471:. 2366:^ 2325:^ 2286:^ 2232:. 2186:^ 2080:. 2076:. 2062:^ 2038:. 1782:^ 1765:^ 1748:. 1722:. 1658:, 1348:er 815:, 447:c. 367:, 230:, 208:c. 171:: 167:; 163:: 146:, 3689:e 3682:t 3675:v 3619:. 3587:. 3487:. 3436:. 3424:: 3407:. 3388:. 3369:. 3348:. 3336:: 3317:. 3296:. 3274:. 3255:. 3233:. 3223:9 3212:. 3193:. 3169:. 3150:. 3131:. 3103:. 3058:. 3009:. 2989:: 2764:. 2669:. 2477:1 2455:. 2408:. 2244:. 2218:. 2092:. 2056:. 2023:. 2001:. 1965:. 1900:. 1759:. 1733:. 1576:B 1505:( 1419:. 1356:b 1329:. 1301:. 1209:. 1004:s 1000:e 870:. 568:) 159:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index