20:
250:
be alienated from (i.e., transferred from) the kinship group without special permission. Vinogradoff then proceeded to show that his assertion was everywhere consistent with the historical record and nowhere inconsistent, pointing out along the way that neither the "accepted view" nor its derivatives satisfied the criterion of historical consistency.
265:. He emphatically denies the previously held view that bookland evolved to take the land out of the family line, and in fact developed specifically to keep it within the family, claiming that the king's power over folkland remained too powerful and that his favour depended too much on a subject's good behaviour towards him. An episode from
93:), which was land granted temporarily, without any loss of ownership. Such land might be granted for a term of years, or for the life of a person, or it might be granted to an official for the term of his office (e.g., as royal patronage). Both folkland and bookland might become loanland at one time or another.
249:
asserted that folkland referred to land governed by folklaw or custom. It was this law that kept land within a family or kinship group, and folkland was not land collectively owned by the folk. He said that such land was held by a single representative of a kinship group, and that such land could not
238:. He asserted that the land was the property of the people as a whole, to be let out at will, and returned to the people's control when the grant had expired. This became the accepted view of mainstream historians, who then developed arguments and theories based on the correctness of the proposition.
217:
As few ancient records have survived, constructed histories are necessarily conjectural, with much room for disagreement. This accounts for the tautological definition: it represents an effort to be accurate while sidestepping any and all ongoing disputes regarding ancient Anglo-Saxon law and custom.
113:
However, the exact nature of these unwritten ancient customs is not clearly understood, and might include several different types of land tenure, such as kinship holdings intended to remain within the kinship, or holdings of the king to be granted as rewards for service, or holdings of the people as
101:
By ancient law and custom, folkland was the only means of holding land in Anglo-Saxon
England, and referred to land held by a single person as the representative of a kinship group. Land could be permanently transferred outside of the kinship group, or "alienated", but only with the agreement of the
136:
nor its clergy could be fitted into the existing laws of land tenure, Anglo-Saxon law added the granting of charters as a means of supporting them. It had been intended as a permanent grant of land for landowners building religious establishments, with the stipulation that the holder must perform
273:
As there are only three explicit references to folkland in surviving documents, few plausible definitions can be ruled out, so long as they satisfy the criterion of historical consistency. The tautological definition sidesteps the controversy: it is agreed that all land that is not bookland is
213:
The laws regarding land tenure continued to evolve after the conquest, and there was no return to pre-Norman law and custom. Thus, the distinction between folkland and bookland is of historical interest, but without a substantive modern impact. However, the legacy of the pre-Norman Anglo-Saxon
69:
land law. The concept of bookland arose in the seventh century and referred to land that could be 'alienated' (i.e., disposed of) at will. It evolved to resemble ownership in the modern sense. Folkland was land held under ancient, unwritten folk-law or custom and by that custom it could not be
204:
control. The King's tenants in chief held their land in return for provision of men at arms to the King. However, the changes in the nature of tenure were not absolute. Military service had been a duty of landholders before 1066 and some Anglo-Saxon law and custom continued to apply after the
253:
While the idea of folkland as the common land of the folk was effectively put to rest for some, others persisted in their beliefs. Vinogradoff's own assertion did not go unchallenged, even by those who agreed with the thrust of his argument. Some, such as
226:
The exact meaning of the term folkland has been the subject of considerable controversy. However, the definition of bookland has suffered from less uncertainty, as its inception is within recorded history, with numerous examples available in the records.
180:
As Anglo-Saxon law evolved, the religious requirement atrophied and was finally discarded, so that bookland resembled full ownership in the modern sense, in that the owner could grant it in his lifetime, in the same manner as he had received it, by
70:
alienated (i.e., removed) from the kin of the holder, except under special circumstances. No such claim by the kin could be made on bookland. The definition of those ancient folk-laws and customs, and the definition of the word
164:
in 731, regarding the vast tracts of land acquired by "pretended monks" whose licentious interests were anything but
Christian. To begin with, church land under bookright was exempt from taxation and immune from the
269:
is employed to indicate that a subject who displeased the king was likely to have his folkland removed. Bookland, by contrast, provided the holder more definite powers of bequest removed from royal influence.
209:
does not mention folkland or bookland, but the form of tenure in
January 1066 (TRE) is frequently given. Although a variety of wording is used. Ann Williams equates land held "freely" (libere) with bookland.
438:. A lengthy list of respected historians and jurists is provided, and others are mentioned in the course of the article, including internationals. Allen's view had attracted very wide support.
214:
kingdoms is certainly of interest to those of Anglo-Saxon heritage, and to scholars attempting to construct histories and attempting to provide a full legal provenance for modern
English law.
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141:. Though there is evidence that this was not the first charter to be written in Anglo-Saxon England, the earliest surviving genuine charter, in favour of the abbot and monastery at
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The desirability of possessing unencumbered "bookland" in preference to "folkland" must have been immediately apparent to the laity, as
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678:
561:
Baxter, Steven; Blair, John (2005), "A Model of Land Tenure and Royal
Patronage in Late Anglo-Saxon England", in Lewis, C. P. (ed.),
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125:, and thereafter could be conveyed from anyone to anyone else at will. This was its only practical distinction from "folkland".
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173:. These immunities were removed from church land by the end of the 8th century, perhaps in response to the situation of which
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258:, gave partial or cautious support, while others rejected the assertion and offered their own definitions.
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Ignoring any prior conjectures, the idea that folkland was land owned by the entire folk was introduced by
169:, that is, the upkeep of bridges and fortifications on the land, and the provision of military service, or
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110:. Failing that, land could be transferred only within the kinship group, for example through inheritance.
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The concept of bookland entered Anglo-Saxon law in the seventh century via the influence of the late
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The Golden Days of the Early
English Church from the Arrival of Theodore to the Death of Bede
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a whole (the "folk") to be granted in their name by the king, or any combination of these.
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A more recent text dealing explicitly with these controversies is Eric John's 1960 work,
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folkland. Ros Faith describes folkland as "the counterpart or antithesis of bookland".
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758:(1893), "Folkland", in Gardiner, S. R.; Poole, Reginald L.; Winsor, Justin (eds.),
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565:, vol. XXVIII, Boydell & Brewer (published 2006), pp. 19–29,
541:(New ed.), New York: Burt Franklin (published 1849), pp. 125–55,
691:, vol. I (2nd ed.), Cambridge: University Press, pp. 60–62
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198:
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The nature of Anglo-Saxon land tenure was substantially changed by the
138:
655:
Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early
History of England
629:, vol. I, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, pp. ix–lxxxii
724:, vol. II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts
538:
Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal
Prerogative in England
236:
Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal
Prerogative in England
795:
741:
710:, vol. I, London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co, pp. 170–173
128:
The altering of the law to add this concept had its origins in the
65:
The distinction in meaning between these terms is a consequence of
18:
764:, vol. VIII, London: Longmans, Green, and Co, pp. 1–17
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170:
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103:
799:
581:
Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England
563:
Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2005
1531:
600:
A Hand-Book to the Land-Charters, and other Saxonic Documents
375:
The Making of England Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600-900
121:, and referred to land that was granted in perpetuity by a
535:(1830), "Tenure of Landed Property", in Thorp, B. (ed.),
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Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
708:
The Foundations of England (B.C. 55 – A.D. 1154)
688:
The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
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How Land was Held before and after the Norman conquest
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in 1066, as all land was then held by the King under
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Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)
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658:, Cambridge: University Press, pp. 244–58,
506:The English peasantry and the growth of lordship
784:, Cambridge: The Harvard Law Review Association
704:"Appendix to Chapter X: Folc-land and Boc-land"
603:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. xiii–cxi,
137:road and bridge upkeep and supply men for the
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50:. Land held without a charter was known as
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508:, Leicester University Press, p. 89,
46:and referred to land that was vested by a
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185:or book, and also dispose of it by will.
16:Type of land tenure under Anglo-Saxon law
479:
377:, British Museum Press, 1991, pp. 43-4.
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132:in the seventh century. As neither the
130:christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
579:Baxter, Stephen David (2008), "Land",
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326:
623:Howorth, Henry H. (1917), "Preface",
597:Earle, .John (1888), "Introduction",
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7:
781:Transfer of Land in Old English Law
652:(1897), "Book-land and Folk-land",
738:(1901), "The Anglo-Saxon System",
403:(in RWH Erskine and Ann Williams,
42:) was a type of land tenure under
14:
721:Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon
583:, Oxford University Press, USA,
27:from 736, establishing bookland
1:
761:The English Historical Review
243:The English Historical Review
702:Ramsay, James Henry (1898),
644:, Leicester University Press
642:Land Tenure in Early England
388:Land Tenure in Early England
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263:Land Tenure in Early England
1358:English language in England
1353:Innovations and discoveries
1077:Postwar Britain (1945–1979)
294:History of English land law
222:Controversies over folkland
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650:Maitland, Frederic William
405:The Story of Domesday Book
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189:The end of Anglo-Saxon law
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1113:Kingdom of East Anglia
1108:Kingdom of Northumbria
468:The Anglo-Saxon System
361:July 20, 2007, at the
356:Online text of charter
316:A Model of Land Tenure
241:In a short article in
81:A related concept was
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937:Settlement of Britain
151:King Hlothere of Kent
119:late Roman Vulgar Law
97:Historical background
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1471:Rugby Football Union
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685:(1899), "Bookland",
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998:English Renaissance
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640:John, Eric (1960),
407:, Phillimore, 2003)
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912:Roman Britain
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515:0-7185-0011-3
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480:Maitland 1897
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371:Backhouse, J.
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23:A charter of
21:
1547:Saint George
1510:Coat of arms
1449:Rugby league
1402:Sunday Roast
1323:Demographics
1253:Independence
1070:Contemporary
1028:Georgian era
1013:Jacobean era
988:Tudor period
980:Early Modern
786:, retrieved
780:
766:, retrieved
760:
746:, retrieved
740:
726:, retrieved
720:
707:
693:, retrieved
687:
669:, retrieved
654:
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631:, retrieved
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599:
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552:, retrieved
537:
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234:in his 1830
229:
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166:
155:
153:in May 679.
127:
116:
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100:
82:
80:
71:
64:
51:
31:
30:
1466:Rugby union
1298:Anglophilia
1241:Middle Ages
1046:Regency era
1038:Late Modern
948:Middle Ages
907:Prehistoric
533:Allen, John
464:Stubbs 1901
367:Webster, L.
365:. See also
327:Baxter 2008
177:complains.
108:witanagemot
87:Old English
67:Anglo-Saxon
56:Old English
36:Old English
1607:Categories
1559:Tudor rose
1263:Parliament
788:2008-06-04
768:2008-06-06
748:2008-06-07
728:2008-06-09
695:2008-06-07
671:2008-06-04
633:2008-06-09
616:2008-06-09
554:2008-06-06
525:References
417:Allen 1830
289:Fee simple
232:John Allen
205:conquest.
1483:Wimbledon
1328:Education
1180:Districts
1163:Geography
1061:The Blitz
1018:Civil War
932:Heptarchy
861:Education
844:Overviews
386:E. John,
245:of 1893,
1587:Category
1532:Oak tree
1527:Heraldry
1432:Football
1385:Religion
1348:Identity
1333:Folklore
1258:Monarchy
1224:Politics
1195:Parishes
1175:Counties
876:Military
871:Maritime
851:Timeline
778:(1907),
482::244–58
466::74–132
452:Folkland
436:Folkland
419::135–36
373:(eds.),
359:Archived
278:See also
207:Domesday
143:Reculver
106:and the
83:loanland
72:folkland
60:folcland
52:folkland
32:Bookland
1578:Outline
1497:Symbols
1420:Cricket
1368:Museums
1318:Cuisine
1308:Castles
1277:Culture
1236:Economy
1205:Regions
1190:Islands
1185:Gardens
1132:Related
917:Lloegyr
900:Ancient
836:History
827:England
267:Beowulf
123:charter
91:lænland
48:charter
40:bĹŤcland
1592:Portal
1505:Anthem
1373:People
1200:Places
662:
587:
569:
545:
512:
450::1–17
390:(1960)
369:&
346:(1960)
202:feudal
199:Norman
134:Church
1515:Flags
1412:Sport
1210:Towns
434::1–2
329::145
300:Notes
145:, in
1378:list
1338:FĂŞte
660:ISBN
585:ISBN
567:ISBN
543:ISBN
510:ISBN
331:Land
314::19
175:Bede
171:fyrd
158:Bede
147:Kent
139:fyrd
104:king
1303:Art
605:hdl
183:bĹŤc
62:).
1609::
706:,
681:;
89::
58::
38::
819:e
812:t
805:v
607::
454:.
333:.
85:(
54:(
34:(
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