545:, or Bd, a parasitic chytrid fungus which causes a fungal infection of the skin, known as chytridiomycosis, inhibiting the frog from maintaining osmotic balance. Frogs exposed to Bd do not develop immunity, and can suffer from repeat infections. A 2010 study ran by M. McFadden indicated a large record of chytridiomycosis within the released population of captive-bred frogs. Within the study, 610 two- to four-month-old captive-bred Booroolong frogs were released in a 1.5km section of a creek and then monitored intermittently over the course of two years. Following observation, 105 frogs were re-captured with only 29 surviving to reach sexual maturity and participate in breeding behaviours. Another naturally-occurring threat that diminishes the Booroolong frog population is the increased frequency of bushfires. These bushfires create increased water temperatures as well as sedimentary runoff which fills in rock crevices and reduces areas of refuge in areas even 80km downstream. While these threats have all been individually rated as a 3 (low impact) on the IUCN impact scale, their combined destruction is responsible for the large reduction in population.
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human habitat intervention, such as by minimising inappropriate usage of heavy machinery, ensuring quality road construction, and designating protection zones which encircle breeding sites. Prevention of access to waterways by lifestock is also an important conservation measure. In an effort to develop a better response to bushfires, plans include ensuring the protection of unburnt areas adjacent to areas impacted by the fire, as well as conducting surveys to establish a baseline of population response. To manage the impacts of invasive species, there are set-movements towards trout-stocking restriction/eradication as well as using fencing around the
Booroolong frogs' habitats or other preventative measures. In efforts to minimise the spread of Bd, the recovery plan encourages a further investigation into the frogs' Bd resistance. The identified resistance mechanics would then have the potential to be utilised in selective breeding efforts, creating and releasing Bd-resistant frogs. Additionally, protocols to prevent against the spread of Bd such as improved disease identification and adoption of enhanced hygiene practices would be set into place.
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environment such as mining/quarrying practices, dams, and other water management techniques. Although many of these techniques are now out of practice, they have resulted in consequences that are still ongoing today, such as changes to the stream's flow, as well as the introduction of new fish species which exert predatory pressure on the
Booroolong tadpoles. Indirect consequences also often stem from these human interventions, including forest and water pollution as well as climate change-created droughts. Since the Booroolong frog is reliant on flowing-water to breed, their populations are exceptionally liable to droughts. In addition to human-created threats, the Booroolong frog is facing environmental threats such as invasive diseases. Introduced species of tree such as the
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their daytime sheltering sites to call in more exposed areas alongside the stream, but then often retire back to their original sheltering site. An average of about 1,300 eggs are laid in a single adherent clump, attached to or under rocks, within rock pools, or in still sections of streams. Hatching occurs from four to seven days after laying. Tadpoles from northern areas that have completed metamorphosis, or metamorphs, average about 15 mm (0.59 inches), while those in the south measure about 22 mm (0.87 inches). When in captivity, metamorphosis occurs after 75 days, and metamorph frogs closely resemble the adult.
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the iris are more shaded. The mouth is located on the ventral surface with reasonably-spaced nostril cavities. The tadpoles' dorsal side is of a dark rusty-brown colour and is patterned with shaded mottling that advances along the tail. There is a dark-brown coloured band across the lower dorsal surface, and the sides present as the same rusty-brown colour but with a metallic copper sheen. In opposition, the ventral surface presents with a golden sheen albeit some darker splotches. The tail itself is of thick muscle that narrows as it approaches the rounded tip, and the tadpoles have a non-arched ventral fin.
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colour with dark reticulations and lighter-coloured speckles, while its ventral surface is light or cream-coloured with a higher level of granularity. Male frogs exhibit dark specks on the throat. The frog is typically slightly warty in appearance, with grey-coloured flanks. The posterior of the thighs are dark-brown and patterned with yellow and black reticulations. A faint dark stripe runs from the nostril, through the eye, and encircles the darkly-coloured
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they can also be found in grassland and temperate forest streams, including waterfalls. The permanent flow of water is a necessity for the survival of the species, and ephemeral streams are uninhabitable. Generally, Booroolong frogs greatly prefer headwater streams with a variety of rock sizes, aquatic rock crevices and islands, pools, and rock/gravel rapids. They also prefer areas with a greater level of exposure to sunlight.
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345:(ESUs). While current data on genetic and morphological features of the two populations suggests that they fall under the description of a singular species, more research is being conducted so as to evaluate the degree of divergence and whether or not this warrants a classification of two separate subspecies.
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Males make a quiet "quirk...quirk...quirk" purring call, which occurs for two to three seconds, from beside streams or on bedrock within streams beginning in August, or late winter, through to summer. The species has a high fecundity and a lengthy breeding period. To attract a mate, individuals leave
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The tadpoles develop into a streamlined, or elongated, shape and reach a length of 50mm (2 inches) preceding their complete metamorphosis, which occurs over an average period of 75 days in the summer. Similar to the metamorphised adults they have a rounded head with golden eyes, although the sides of
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The declining numbers of the species are due to a variety of threats, most of which are either direct or indirect consequences of human intervention. Direct consequences stem from agricultural practices such as wood/pulp plantations and livestock farming, as well as human manipulation of the natural
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The plans to prevent habitat disturbance involve using habitat modeling to identify essential population areas and ensure their protection while increasing breeding opportunities by maintaining the persistence of stream-flow. Many of the plans place a focus on reforming and setting limitations on
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This species is a stream-dwelling frog, occurring in rocky westerly flowing rivers and streams in highland areas on the Great
Dividing Range. These streams are characterised by their borders of grassy vegetation and slow-flowing water. Their habitat is normally associated with open woodlands, but
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Through adaptations to withstand riverine environments, tadpoles are capable of withstanding strong and fast river flows. Additionally, they are able to survive in a variety of water qualities and have been found in streams offsite of agriculturally-developed land. Generally, they feed on organic
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This frog is a medium-sized frog, with the females reaching about 55 mm (2.2 inches) of snout-to-vent length (SVL) and the males reaching about 40mm (1.6 inches) SVL. It has a rounded snout and a marginally wider head. Its smoothly-textured dorsal side is normally of grey, olive, or reddish-brown
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before ending at the shoulder; this stripe is pale and thin in contrast to the closely related stony creek frog and
Lesueur's frog, and can be used to distinguish between the species. The armpit is also pale yellow. It has brightly golden-coloured eyes with a dual-shaded iris. The finger and toe
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Generally, the plan involves close monitoring of the
Booroolong frogs, identification of threats, and adoption of captive breeding methods where possible. Following the expiry of the plan, however, there is no recommendation from the Committee to develop a new plan, as it was deemed to have no
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Generally the
Booroolong frogs are stagnant creatures, preferring not to leave the streams into the adjoining landscape. Within a breeding season, individual frogs typically move less than 50m. Booroolong frogs are at their most active during the night, although they can occasionally be found
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Declines in population have been the most prevalent within the
Northern Tableland region, with the majority of the subpopulations being extirpated entirely. This has caused the Northern population to approach complete regional extinction. Multiple surveys have also indicated that the Central
420:. A dramatic population reduction in the mid-1980s and 1990s made it so only a limited amount of the prior distribution range was occupied. Now, at the majority of the remaining sites, there is only a low population of the species present. Although some declines have occurred in the
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Tableland population has also faced a dramatic decline. The
Southern Tableland region now holds the majority of the subpopulations, most of which face the threat of local extinction, where they reside in 27 different streams. The introduction of fish, such as trout, and the
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The range of the
Booroolong frog covers multiple protected areas, and while there has been some development of a management plan, further research, existing population protection, and habitat rehabilitation is necessary to prevent a further decline and eventual extinction.
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positioned on rocks and basking in the sun beside the stream during the daytime, especially during the summer months. Individuals also enjoy sheltering within cave crevices, grass, or logs. This sheltering occurs with both juvenile and adult frogs within the winter months.
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global assessment, has a conservation status listed as
Critically Endangered. Its status was justified due to a continuous decline in habitat, both in quality and extent, as well as a critically fragmented distribution range and a low number of mature individuals.
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The Booroolong frog was distributed along eastern Australia, ranging from the Queensland border to the Victorian Border. This species was once abundant in streams above about 200 m (660 ft), until drastic declines began to occur in the mid-1980s in the
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in 2021. Each subpopulation, of which there are 28 spanning three regions (Northern, Central, and Southern Tablelands), is forced into isolation from other subpopulations by great areas of unsuitable habitat.
569:. The plan expired in 2022. It sets forth a multitude of conservation actions to prevent habitat loss and disturbance, respond to bushfires, and to prioritise the management of invasive species and disease.
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of New South Wales, they have not been so severe. As of 2021 in the Northern Tablelands, the Booroolong frog has disappeared almost entirely from high elevation streams and is only found in two streams near
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discs are relatively well developed and of moderate size, with the length of the second finger exceeding the length of the first. The toes are nearly fully webbed while the fingers lack any form of webbing.
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fungus are believed to be the main causes for decline. Additionally, the Booroolong frog has a short generation length as well as a significantly high annual adult mortality rate of over 90 percent.
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Due to genetic differences found within the Northern Tableland populations and the Central/Southern Tableland populations, some studies have indicated that the lineages should be considered separate
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709:"Litoria booroolongensis: Jean-Marc Hero, Graeme Gillespie, Frank Lemckert, Peter Robertson, Murray Littlejohn: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T41029A10390615"
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As of February 2023, the species was reported to exist only in the Southern and Central Tablelands of NSW. However, recent floods (2022) had boosted the population.
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Over the 40 years prior to 2023, it was estimated that numbers had been dropping until there were only around 5,000 frogs left in the wild.
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in a private dam, with this total area covering only 10 km (3.9 sq mi). In the Central Tablelands, it is found along the
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in New South Wales, Australia. It is a member of the Hylidae, or the "tree frog" family. The Booroolong frog is classified by the
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The Booroolong frog was assessed to meet the criteria for endangerment under the EPBC Act in five locations:
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Current distribution of the Booroolong frog (in black) compared to the historic distribution (in grey).
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Hero, Jean-Marc; Gillespie, Graeme; Lemckert, Frank; Robertson, Peter & Littlejohn, Murray (2004).
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An image of a Booroolong frog taken at its enclosure in the Taronga Zoo in Sydney, Australia
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by being predators of pest species, and serving as food for native bird and reptiles.
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catchment areas. In the southern tablelands, this species is still found along the
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Specifically, the species is suffering the most widespread decline as a result of
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806:"Booroolong frogs bounce back after habitat restoration and cleansing floods"
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Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
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Threatened Species Scientific Committee (19 October 2021).
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Naomi catchment, Hunter catchment, and Manning catchment
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Stream-dwelling frog native to New South Wales, Australia
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catchment areas. It was still present at one stream in
288:) is a species of stream-dwelling frog native to the
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Rocky, westerly flowing streams, like this one near
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565:in 2012, and it was then adopted under Australia's
473:The Booroolong frog plays an important part in the
636:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
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717:10.2305/iucn.uk.2004.rlts.t41029a10390615.en
1174:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
778:Conservation Advice Litoria booroolongensis
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398:, are prime habitat of the Booroolong frog.
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561:developed the national recovery plan for
1189:Critically endangered fauna of Australia
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784:. Australian Government. pp. 1–24.
604:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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632:"The frogs of eastern New South Wales"
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7:
673:. American Museum of Natural History
485:The Booroolong frog, as of its 2004
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804:Cole, Hamish (23 February 2023).
577:critical conservation advantage.
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630:Moore, John Alexander (1961).
542:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
343:evolutionary significant units
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1194:Amphibians of New South Wales
536:have also destroyed habitat.
298:Critically Endangered Species
1199:Amphibians described in 1961
862:www.conservationevidence.com
258:Dryopsophus booroolongensis
250:Rawlinsonia booroolongensis
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1184:Endemic fauna of Australia
858:"- Conservation Evidence"
661:Frost, Darrel R. (2020).
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85:Scientific classification
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665:Ranoidea booroolongensis
373:detritus such as algae.
194:Ranoidea booroolongensis
988:Litoria-booroolongensis
975:litoria-booroolongensis
949:Litoria_booroolongensis
936:Litoria_booroolongensis
922:Litoria booroolongensis
892:Litoria booroolongensis
597:Litoria booroolongensis
563:Litoria booroolongensis
285:Litoria booroolongensis
242:Litoria booroolongensis
176:R. booroolongensis
707:IUCN (30 April 2004).
516:Murrumbidgee catchment
513:Central West catchment
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70:Critically Endangered
811:ABC News (Australia)
559:NSW state government
290:Great Dividing Range
234:Hyla booroolongensis
611:: e.T41029A10390615
451:Yarrangobilly River
426:Southern Tablelands
414:Northern Tablelands
55:Conservation status
1179:Frogs of Australia
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422:Central Tablelands
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1123:Open Tree of Life
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1045:iNaturalist
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916:Wikispecies
642:: 153–385.
447:Tumut River
443:Turon River
304:Description
1168:Categories
867:6 December
842:6 December
677:29 January
615:29 January
581:References
435:Glen Innes
817:22 August
648:2246/1269
475:ecosystem
349:Behaviour
170:Species:
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
1063:11007162
995:BioLib:
907:Q1848426
901:Wikidata
567:EPBC Act
459:Victoria
431:Tamworth
368:Tadpoles
328:Tadpoles
321:tympanum
309:Physical
225:Synonyms
163:Ranoidea
148:Family:
132:Amphibia
122:Chordata
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
75:IUCN 3.1
1151:4802710
1037:2427817
549:Efforts
527:Threats
498:chytrid
469:Ecology
386:Habitat
354:General
337:Species
204:, 1961)
158:Genus:
152:Hylidae
138:Order:
128:Class:
73: (
1148:uBio:
1128:241185
1115:203606
1102:681224
1076:662867
1024:130084
998:133376
970:ARKive
833:"GISD"
534:willow
396:Oberon
359:Adults
314:Adults
1136:SPRAT
1089:41029
1058:IRMNG
1050:23584
1011:72KPG
782:(PDF)
296:as a
202:Moore
142:Anura
1141:1844
1097:NCBI
1084:IUCN
1071:ITIS
1032:GBIF
962:1223
869:2022
844:2022
819:2023
679:2020
617:2020
609:2004
557:The
441:and
424:and
294:IUCN
278:The
1019:EoL
1006:CoL
983:ASW
944:AFD
931:ADW
713:doi
644:hdl
640:121
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860:.
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790:^
725:^
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687:^
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449:,
300:.
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599:"
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282:(
200:(
77:)
20:)
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