129:
142:
372:
733:
Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Pons, Joan; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J. (December 2018). "Molecular resolution to a morphological controversy: The case of North
American fossil muskoxen Bootherium and Symbos".
416:
was physically adapted to a range of less frigid climates, and appears to have been the only species of muskox to have evolved in and remain restricted to the North
American continent (the Arctic muskox's range is
840:
437:
were situated high on the skull, with a downward curve and were fused along the midline of the skull, unlike tundra muskoxen whose horns are separated by a medial groove.
660:
1090:
1260:
1255:
1209:
1103:
785:
Campos, Paula F.; Sher, Andrei; Mead, Jim I.; Tikhonov, Alexei; Buckley, Michael; Collins, Matthew; Willerslev, Eske; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (1 August 2010).
1290:
1270:
1183:
1077:
517:
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were estimated to weigh around 423.5 kg (934 lb). Other differences were a thicker skull and considerably longer snout. The horns of
1021:
551:
1285:
1000:
1275:
128:
1265:
787:"Clarification of the taxonomic relationship of the extant and extinct ovibovids, Ovibos, Praeovibos, Euceratherium and Bootherium"
390:), from which it diverged around 3 million years ago. It is also closely related to the contemporaneous extinct genus
1250:
1170:
1064:
932:"NEW RECORDS OF HARLAN'S MUSKOX (Bootherium bombifrons) AND AN ASSOCIATED FAUNA FROM THE LATE PLEISTOCENE OF INDIANA"
1214:
1108:
141:
791:
382:
was formerly thought to be a separate genus, but is now known to be synonymous. Its closest living relative is the
496:. The species went into decline, and eventual extinction, approximately 11,000 years ago, at the end of the last
968:
Abraczinskas, L. M. "Pleistocene proboscidean sites in
Michigan: New records and an update on published sites".
418:
1022:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080407140851/http://www.ansp.org/museum/jefferson/otherFossils/bootherium.php
1032:
627:"Autochthonous North American Musk Oxen Bootherium, Symbos, and Gidleya (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae)"
1175:
1069:
521:
1222:
1129:
654:
452:
species in North
America during the Pleistocene era. Fossils have been documented from as far north as
267:
931:
891:
786:
800:
743:
591:
571:) from Near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta: Dating Evidence for Redeposition in Late Pleistocene Alluvium
854:"New paleoecological and paleoethological information on the extinct helmeted muskoxen from Alaska"
548:
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892:"SHORELINES AND VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF PLEISTOCENE LAKE BONNEVILLE, UTAH, IDAHO, AND NEVADA"
804:
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79:
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was significantly taller and leaner than muskoxen found today in Arctic regions.
1196:
1016:
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326:
193:
54:
41:
1161:
908:
582:
Martin, Paul S. (1999). "War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West".
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84:
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676:"Mitogenome of the extinct helmeted musk ox, Bootherium bombifrons"
465:
370:
322:
544:
542:
540:
461:
1030:
1145:
1039:
930:Richards, R. L.; McDonald, J. N. (1 January 1991).
412:-adapted muskoxen, with their long, shaggy coats,
993:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
625:McDonald, Jerry N.; Ray, Ray, Clayton E. (1989).
518:"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History"
318:(Greek: "ox" (boos), "beast" (therion)) is an
1017:http://nature.ca/notebooks/english/helmet.htm
936:Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
890:Milligan, Mark; McDonald, H. Gregory (2017).
8:
991:McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997).
841:Paleobiology Database: Bootherium bombifrons
659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1027:
976:(4). Utah Geological Association: 443β490.
127:
31:
907:
709:
691:
631:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
674:West, Abagael Rosemary (January 2016).
509:
448:was one of the most widely distributed
421:, and includes the northern reaches of
652:
736:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1261:Pleistocene mammals of North America
1256:Prehistoric mammals of North America
830:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
25:
896:Geology of the Intermountain West
534:McKenna & Bell, 1997, p. 442.
333:which contains a single species,
604:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97417.x
140:
1291:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera
1271:Pleistocene species extinctions
813:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.006
549:The Academy of Natural Sciences
40:Temporal range: middle to late
325:genus from the middle to late
1:
1281:Fossil taxa described in 1852
995:. Columbia University Press.
693:10.1080/23802359.2016.1250136
27:Extinct genus of bovid mammal
1286:Taxa named by Richard Harlan
756:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.008
425:as well as North America).
1307:
1276:Taxa named by Joseph Leidy
792:Quaternary Science Reviews
909:10.31711/giw.v4.pp181-214
858:Annales Zoologici Fennici
852:Guthrie, R. Dale (1991).
302:
295:
273:
266:
137:Scientific classification
135:
126:
34:
1266:Pleistocene Artiodactyla
680:Mitochondrial DNA Part B
639:10.5479/si.00810266.66.1
339:. Vernacular names for
554:April 7, 2008, at the
376:
1223:Paleobiology Database
1147:Bootherium bombifrons
1130:Paleobiology Database
569:Bootherium bombifrons
374:
336:Bootherium bombifrons
280:Bootherium bombifrons
18:Bootherium bombifrons
970:Michigan Academician
584:Conservation Biology
524:on 20 November 2021.
361:bonnet-headed muskox
805:2010QSRv...29.2123C
748:2018MolPE.129...70B
596:1999ConBi..13...36M
1251:Prehistoric bovids
879:– via JSTOR.
377:
259:B. bombifrons
1238:
1237:
1117:Open Tree of Life
1033:Taxon identifiers
1002:978-0-231-11013-6
799:(17): 2123β2130.
567:Helmeted Muskox (
311:
310:
247:
47:0.781β0.012
16:(Redirected from
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942:(2β4): 211β228.
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520:. Archived from
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388:Ovibos moschatus
305:Symbos cavifrons
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404:Unlike today's
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357:helmeted muskox
353:woodland muskox
345:Harlan's muskox
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686:(1): 862β863.
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393:Euceratherium
389:
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268:Binomial name
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953:10 September
951:. Retrieved
939:
935:
925:
913:. Retrieved
899:
895:
885:
875:10 September
873:. Retrieved
861:
857:
847:
836:
824:. Retrieved
796:
790:
780:
739:
735:
728:
683:
679:
669:
655:cite journal
633:(66): 1β77.
630:
620:
590:(1): 36β45.
587:
583:
577:
568:
562:
530:
522:the original
512:
445:
444:
441:Distribution
434:
430:
426:
413:
403:
391:
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379:
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258:
257:
237:
236:
194:Artiodactyla
35:
29:
1197:iNaturalist
902:: 181β214.
419:circumpolar
400:Description
327:Pleistocene
210:Subfamily:
42:Pleistocene
1245:Categories
1041:Bootherium
985:References
826:25 January
494:New Jersey
458:California
446:Bootherium
435:Bootherium
431:Bootherium
427:Bootherium
414:Bootherium
341:Bootherium
315:Bootherium
238:Bootherium
36:Bootherium
1056:Q38720035
948:2380-7717
870:0003-455X
821:0277-3791
742:: 70β76.
702:2380-2359
647:0081-0266
252:Species:
224:Ovibovini
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
1162:Q1603113
1156:Wikidata
1050:Wikidata
915:July 23,
772:52041464
764:30121342
720:33473657
552:Archived
486:Virginia
482:Oklahoma
478:Michigan
470:Missouri
367:Taxonomy
343:include
297:Synonyms
214:Caprinae
200:Family:
184:Mammalia
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
1215:1922215
1189:4970749
1122:3615997
1109:1922214
1096:1255183
1083:3240336
801:Bibcode
744:Bibcode
711:7799672
612:8580899
592:Bibcode
498:Ice Age
474:Indiana
423:Eurasia
320:extinct
290:, 1825)
277:†
256:†
230:Genus:
220:Tribe:
204:Bovidae
190:Order:
180:Class:
116:↓
1202:201589
1176:899602
1070:899601
999:
946:
868:
819:
770:
762:
718:
708:
700:
645:
610:
454:Alaska
450:muskox
410:tundra
406:Arctic
384:muskox
380:Symbos
349:woodox
288:Harlan
246:, 1852
1228:44580
1135:42752
1091:IRMNG
768:S2CID
608:S2CID
504:Notes
466:Texas
375:Skull
359:, or
323:bovid
244:Leidy
1210:NCBI
1184:GBIF
1171:BOLD
1104:NCBI
1078:GBIF
1065:BOLD
997:ISBN
955:2024
944:ISSN
917:2024
877:2024
866:ISSN
828:2024
817:ISSN
760:PMID
716:PMID
698:ISSN
661:link
643:ISSN
492:and
462:Utah
408:and
55:Preκ
904:doi
809:doi
752:doi
740:129
706:PMC
688:doi
635:doi
600:doi
456:to
363:.
329:of
1247::
1225::
1212::
1199::
1186::
1173::
1158::
1132::
1119::
1106::
1093::
1080::
1067::
1052::
974:25
972:.
940:99
938:.
934:.
898:.
894:.
862:28
860:.
856:.
815:.
807:.
797:29
795:.
789:.
766:.
758:.
750:.
738:.
714:.
704:.
696:.
682:.
678:.
657:}}
653:{{
641:.
629:.
606:.
598:.
588:13
586:.
539:^
500:.
488:,
484:,
480:,
476:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
1005:.
957:.
919:.
906::
900:4
811::
803::
774:.
754::
746::
722:.
690::
684:1
663:)
649:.
637::
614:.
602::
594::
395:.
386:(
286:(
234:β
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:κ
20:)
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