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the money. Bolo then arranged a meeting with Sadik Pasha, counselor to Abbas Hilmi, at Rome for
February 1, 1915, and he thereupon proposed to Abbas' representative a plan for the establishment of a bank in Switzerland, which was in reality to be used for the dissemination of German propaganda. Bolo and Sadik Pasha went to Vienna to meet Abbas Hilmi, who refused to consider the scheme. Bolo thereupon made an alternative proposal to the effect that he purchase an interest in some of the leading newspapers of France, at the same time guaranteeing the publication of a number of articles favorable to the German cause.
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be paid in ten monthly instalments. A brief time after that Abbas Hilmi, accompanied by Chefik Pasha, arrived at the Hotel Savoy, Zurich, where Bolo and
Commandatore Cavallini already were installed. It is noteworthy that at the same time Bolo and his party were at the Hotel Savoy, Herr Erzberger, leader of the German party, was at the Hotel du Saint Gothard, and that Bolo introduced him to many of his friends. The next day at a conference at the Savoy, Bolo was said to have accepted Von Jagow's proposal of 10,000,000 marks monthly, to be paid through the ex-Khedive.
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75:". He changed occupations frequently. His first place of employment was a barber's shop where he worked as an assistant. After a few months, he became the owner of a small soap shop. His soap business eventually failed and so he decided to sell lobsters. The lobster sales were large, but expenses were greater than the income and the venture failed. He then left Marseille and became involved with a silk manufacturing company in
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233:, who purchased an established New York import/export firm, G. Amsinck & Co., to act as an intermediary for the financing of German espionage and sabotage in the US and launder the financial transactions. In 1915 von Bernstorff and Bolo had devised a scheme to destabilise the French war effort by corrupting the French press in order to force an early armistice with Germany. The Paris newspaper
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forgive and forget, but nations never, never! And so at the conclusion of their little interview Mr. Clemenceau escorted Bolo Pasha to the Forest of
Vincennes, and placing him with his back to a wall, compelled him to face the business end of twelve French rifles. Bolo Pasha will never betray another nation. I want to tell you Americans that that is the only way to treat a traitor!
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This was a carefree time in Bolo's life, but Hilmi had foreseen trouble. Hilmi thought he was about to be deposed, and he knew his country's history: a deposed
Khedive would not be admired. Hilmi decided to use his friend Bolo to help him save as much as possible of his fortune. Newspaper articles of
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This Bolo Pasha, who had had his way with everybody and in almost every situation, had met a strong man at last! Bolo Pasha was one of those gentlemen who began life by betraying women; he ended it by betraying nations. There is a great difference between betraying women and betraying nations! Women
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The evidence, which included photographic reproductions of many telltale checks, letters, and telegrams, revealed the fact that Count
Bernstorff, then German Ambassador at Washington, had eagerly fallen in with Bolo's proposition to betray France by corrupting the press in favor of a premature peace
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The story has it that on March 21, 1915, the former
Egyptian ruler received the first instalment through the Dresden Bank and sent it to an agent in Italy to be paid to Bolo. The French spy refused to accept the money in that way and arrangements were thereupon made to have the money deposited in a
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Abbas Hilmi is said to have favored the last proposition, and after a conference with Count Monts, the former German
Ambassador to Rome, dispatched Sadik Pasha to Berlin to propose the project to Foreign Minister von Jagow. Von Jagow is said to have agreed and offered to provide 10,000,000 marks to
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In
November, 1914, in an effort to prevent the permanent sequestration of the ex-Khedive's property in Egypt, Bolo sent an Italian friend to Constantinople, where Abbas then was, with two letters. One was to the effect that Abbas owed Bolo $ 10,000,000, and the other was a promise by Bolo to refund
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Bolo's next sojourn was in Paris where he quickly became "a man about town". He was easy-going and intelligent and became a frequent guest in the "convivial circles" of Paris. He married a woman who was older and much richer than he was; she died and left her fortune to him, and he went to Egypt.
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The banking firm Muller, Schall and
Company acted for the pair and used G. Amsinck & Co. as a front to facilitate the transfer of $ 1,700,000 to fund the subterfuge. Amsinck and Co. had also arranged payments to the men who attempted to sabotage the
368:, whom Bolo had mentioned in his letter to the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916, was summoned as a witness. The senator testified that "he never suspected for a moment that there was any hidden motive in the deal for the bonds of the newspaper."
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Second—Establish on your books a credit of $ 5,000, good until the 31st of May, In favor of Jules Bois, Biltmore Hotel, this amount to be utilized by him at the debit of my account according to his needs, and the unused balance to be returned to me.
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Gentlemen: You will receive from Messrs. Amsinck & Co. deposits for the credit of my account with you, which deposits will reach the aggregate amount of about $ 1,700,000, which I wish you to utilize in the following manner:
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Do not condemn Bolo Pasha to satisfy public opinion. Do not condemn him to satisfy public passion. Please do not permit yourselves to be the cause of a miscarriage of justice that will be bitterly regretted in after
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failed to collect enough evidence to convict him of treason, but he was eventually convicted with the help of evidence collected by the New York
Attorney General. He was executed by firing squad on April 17, 1918.
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visiting Cairo as they were eager to meet with him. Bolo and Hilmi liked each other from the first meeting. They met frequently, and at one of those meetings, Bolo was presented with the title of
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in 1916. Von Papen was expelled from the US in December 1915 after various unexplained sabotage incidents and explosions. G. Amsinck & Co.'s involvement was finally exposed when the
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194:. He spent almost a month there, leaving on March 17, 1916. During the time he spent in New York, Bolo tried to avoid being seen in the company of German agents, but he traveled to
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149:. Gradually Bolo became an intimate friend of Hilmi, and as such he was present at some unusual court ceremonies, some of which he planned himself. One was a reception for a
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Abbas Hilmi was summoned as a witness, but he failed to arrive in Paris. However, Bolo's second wife was a strong witness on his behalf, as was his brother. Senator
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wrote that he "circumnavigated the globe, engaged in various curious occupations, participated in many shady schemes." The French secret police and
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311:, New York City, the sum of $ 170,068.03, to be placed to the credit of the account with them of Senator Charles Humbert, Paris.
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Von Bernstorff masterminded an operation to organize German sabotage in the U.S. He was assisted by the Military Attaché Captain
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was considered to be "the Mecca of adventurers" at that time. A multicultural country appealed to this inquisitive Frenchman.
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a sum of about $ 524,000, to be debited to my account as such transfers are made by you at best rate and by small amounts.
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Fourth—You will hold, subject to my instructions, when all payments are complete, a balance of not less than $ 1,000,000.
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When asked why he never kept records of his money transfers, Bolo responded: "I am the master of money, not its slave!"
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When the French government appealed to the governor of New York asking for help in collecting evidence against Bolo,
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Salles' speech was to no avail. The court convicted Bolo and sentenced him to death. The conviction was based on
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and had advanced him the enormous sum of $ 1,683,500 to finance the plot. The State Department and Ambassador
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One of the most important pieces of evidence was the letter Bolo wrote to the New York City branch of the
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Annual report - The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York. 1918-1924
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Geneva bank, where Bolo represented it to be a part of the personal fortune of Abbas Hilmi.
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I am no traitor. I have asked to be judged, and I am willing to die, but not as a traitor!
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First—Immediately on receipt of the first amount on account of this sum pay to Messrs.
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on 6 April 1917 and the US severed diplomatic relations. This led to raids by the
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Bolo found himself suspected because of his frequent trips between Paris and
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Almost as soon as Bolo arrived in Egypt he sought a meeting with the ruler,
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Bolo Pacha: A Forgotten Story About Men & Women Who Made History in WWI
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In his last appeal to the court, Albert Salles, Bolo's attorney, said:
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Third—Transfer to the credit of my wife, Mme. Bolo, with agency T of
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Bolo was arrested in Paris on September 29, 1917, and held in
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Celebrated spies and famous mysteries of the great war (1919)
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People executed by the French military by firing squad
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Celebrated spies and famous mysteries of the great war
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The New York times current history. v.13 1917 Oct-Dec
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examined the evidence and attested its genuineness.
243:, was to be one of the papers to carry misleading '
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632:The Intelligence War in Latin America, 1914-1922
580:Brief biography of the founder, Gustav Amsinck:
125:Bolo accompanied Hilmi on various outings: to a
783:People convicted of spying for Imperial Germany
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387:Bolo Pasha was executed by firing squad at the
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71:, the younger brother of "an eloquent French
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788:People executed by the French Third Republic
178:. During March 1915, Bolo met with Hilmi in
793:People executed for treason against France
658:"Buys out control of G. Amsinck & Co"
615:Sabotage! The secret war against America
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190:On February 22, 1916, Bolo arrived in
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153:from one of the European countries.
122:. Paul Bolo thus became Bolo Pasha.
473:"Arrest Bolo Pasha as German Agent"
763:Civilians who were court-martialed
391:on the morning of April 17, 1918.
198:, for a secret meeting with Count
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461:. October 1917. pp. 282–283.
402:, addressed the American people:
157:the time preserve this history:
758:Civilians killed in World War I
679:. The Page Company. p. 31.
618:. New York: Harper. p. 10.
341:Bolo photographed at his trial
665:. 27 October 1917. p. 18.
200:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff
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566:. The Page Company. pp.
129:and on boat trips along the
114:, was as eager to meet with
91:Bolo was an adventurer, and
46:) was a Frenchman who was a
420:, nicknamed "House of Bolo"
145:, which is situated in the
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692:. Trafford On Demand Pub.
688:Westbrook, Shelby (2009).
635:. McFarland. p. 147.
587:Hamburger Persönlichkeiten
459:The New York Times Company
257:US declared war on Germany
110:. Hilmi, who spoke fluent
87:Travel to Egypt and beyond
16:French traitor (1867–1918)
221:(right) and his lawyer M
768:Criminals from Marseille
400:Prime Minister of France
730:Encyclopædia Britannica
382:circumstantial evidence
328:Yours truly, BOLO PASHA
186:Travel to United States
38:, (September 24, 1867,
778:Executed French people
733:(12th ed.). 1922.
629:Bisher, Jamie (2016).
560:George Barton (1919).
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143:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
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206:in Washington to the
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225:during Bolo's trial.
484:. 29 September 1917
418:Hotel Cecil, London
299:on March 14, 1916:
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34:, originally named
724:"Bolo, Paul"
481:The New York Times
396:Georges Clemenceau
349:. He was tried at
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52:The New York Times
42:– April 17, 1918,
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180:Switzerland
102:, the last
100:Abbas Hilmi
742:Categories
425:References
236:Le Journal
204:ambassador
63:Early life
40:Marseilles
32:Bolo Pasha
708:601050592
289:Jusserand
245:fake news
116:Europeans
69:Marseille
48:Levantine
44:Vincennes
36:Paul Bolo
612:(1942).
412:See also
217:Senator
141:and the
139:pyramids
104:Khedive
73:prelate
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398:, the
376:years.
274:, the
176:Geneva
137:, the
135:Sphinx
112:French
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476:(PDF)
120:Pasha
108:Sudan
93:Egypt
704:OCLC
694:ISBN
637:ISBN
595:2022
490:2011
247:'.
131:Nile
77:Lyon
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261:FBI
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
