1435:
1739:
595:
70:
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1066:). This may have been out of a desire to make it appear even more prominent and monumental, as well as to perhaps accommodate larger ceremonies. In any case, he demolished it (either entirely or in part) and rebuilt it yet again in 1333, and it is this incarnation of the Great Iwan which survived up until the 19th century (when it was destroyed during Muhammad Ali's constructions). It was frequently cited by chroniclers as the most impressive structure in Cairo, more monumental than almost any of the Mamluk mosques. It served as the sultan's public and ceremonial throne room and continued to be used (albeit less consistently) by Mamluk sultans after him.
890:, another son of Qalawun, who was sultan three times over a period of nearly fifty years between 1293 and 1341. It was most likely under his reign that the borders of the Southern Enclosure expanded to their current outline, in order to accommodate the new palaces and structures he built. He is responsible for several major works in the Citadel, though unfortunately most of them fell into ruin during the Ottoman period and were finally demolished by Muhammad Ali in the 19th century. In addition to his official palaces and his semi-public monuments in the Southern Enclosure, al-Nasir reserved the southeastern corner of the enclosure (the location of the
1044:
1707:
976:(vaulted chambers open on one side) facing each other and a central dome in the middle. The larger iwan, on the northwestern side, gave access to the outside loggia with views of the city, while the southeastern one gave access to the private passage to the Great Iwan. This also served as the throne room of the palace complex. From here one could access three "inner palaces" with the same layout but located on different levels, with the last two reached by stairs. These palace sections were lined up in a row and all faced in the same direction, apparently so that every
363:, a setting that made it difficult to attack. The efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century. During this long period, the layout and structure of the Citadel was repeatedly altered and adapted to suit the designs of new rulers and new regimes, which makes it difficult to reconstitute its original plan or even its plan in subsequent periods. There have been three major construction periods leading to the Citadel's current form: 12th-century
614:
554:(making the original enclosure slightly bigger than the existing Northern Enclosure today). The carved image of a double-headed eagle, found near the top of one of the towers of the western walls (near the Police Museum), is a curious feature which is popularly attributed to Salah ad-Din's reign. It was probably located elsewhere originally and then moved here at some point when the walls were rebuilt in Muhammad Ali's time. The eagle's heads are missing today, but their original appearance was noted by chroniclers.
1399:) in the Northern Enclosure, erasing the old functional division between the two sections of the Citadel. He also built or rebuilt some of the walls. Notably, he rebuilt the Bab al-Qulla gate and the surrounding wall which separated the Northern and Southern enclosures from each other, giving it its current look. The gate's form today once again emulates the appearance of Bab al-Futuh but introduces some Turkish elements. In 1825 he also built the gate known as Bab al-Jadid (the "New Gate") at the point where a new
1269:
1514:. This system consisted of a number of water wheels on the Nile which raised water to the top of an hexagonal tower (built by his predecessor al-Ashraf Khalil), from which the water was then transported along a series of raised aqueducts to the base of the Citadel. From the foot of the Citadel, the water was then carried up to the palaces via another system of waterwheels. However, since this water supply could not be guaranteed in the event of a siege, Saladin's well was still an essential water source.
639:(1218–1238). Al-'Adil had already supervised some of the construction under Saladin, while al-Kamil in turn probably worked on the Citadel during al-'Adil's reign when the latter gave him the viceroyship of Egypt in 1200 (a prelude to becoming sultan later). The rounded towers in the outer walls of the Northern Enclosure date from Saladin's initial construction while the large rectangular towers date to al-Adil's reign. The two large round towers in the far northeastern corner of the enclosure, known as
935:
408:
2943:
1326:
1075:
1090:, also situated in the Southern Enclosure. This was built in 1318 on the site of an earlier Ayyubid main mosque which he demolished in order to serve as the new grand mosque of the Citadel. Al-Nasir renovated his mosque again in 1335. Some of its huge columns were also re-used from Pharaonic-era buildings, much like the columns of the Great Iwan. While its structure is well preserved, most of its rich marble paneling decoration was stripped away and shipped to Istanbul by the
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Iwan (see below) by a private passage or corridor which led to the sultan's entrance in the back wall of the Iwan. The walls of the palace itself formed a part of the new outer boundary of the
Citadel's enclosure: it was located on an escarpment overlooking the city below, and the escarpment, along with the foundation walls of the palace, acted as the effective outer wall of the Citadel at its western corner. Because of this, al-Nasir was able to build a
1484:). The stairs could be covered with earth to make it into a ramp for oxen to travel down to its bottom. The lower part of the well was another shaft descending to the level of underground water seeping in from the Nile. At the bottom of the upper section, two oxen turned a waterwheel that brought the water up from the bottom of the well, while another waterwheel at the top of the well, also powered by oxen, brought the water up the rest of the way.
1387:, Muhammad Ali's second son who died in 1816. However, it also represents Muhammad Ali's efforts to erase symbols of the Mamluk legacy that he sought to replace. Many of the former Mamluk structures, including the Great Iwan and the Ablaq Palace of al-Nasir Muhammad, were demolished in 1825 to make way for his new mosque and its renovated surroundings. Muhammad Ali himself was eventually buried in the mosque. His mosque also replaced the nearby
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846:. (During excavations the mosaics were removed for study and restoration.) The hall also had a central octagonal fountain of marble and the floor was paved with marble mosaics arranged in geometric patterns. It was one of the few structures in this area which al-Nasir Muhammad did not destroy but instead re-used for various purposes, and in the Burji Mamluk period it seems to have replaced the
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1220:(or Azap) corps. Each section had its own mosque and facilities. In between them was a virtual no-man's-land where some of the former grand Mamluk buildings stood abandoned or under-used. This included the Great Iwan of al-Nasir Muhammad, whose large dome collapsed in 1521 and was never rebuilt. The Ablaq Palace was used more productively as a manufacturing center for weaving the
1126:, which was completed in 1360. It was over 50 metres tall and, in addition to a main hall covered by a dome, it also had a tower with an apartment for the sultan which was decorated with ivory and ebony. Other private apartments also had domes, while paintings and portraits decorated the walls. Both Isma'il and Hasan were sons of al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan Hasan also built
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likely the closest to their original forms. Also from
Saladin's time is the so-called Yusuf's Well, a deep underground well accessed through a spiral staircase which provided water for the fortress. The original southwestern section of Saladin's enclosure has disappeared but is likely to have extended around this well and around the current site of
771:("the Dome of al-Zahir"), a monumental and richly decorated hall with a central dome which acted as an audience hall or throne hall. It may have been a new structure or an addition to an existing Ayyubid structure, and it was probably the predecessor of al-Nasir Muhammad's "Great Iwan". Baybars also built the Tower of the Lions (
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1434:
775:), a round tower which featured a stone-carved frieze of lions (Baybars' emblem) along its upper parts. The tower was obscured by later construction but its remains, including the lion carvings, were rediscovered in the late 20th century and are now visible on the northwestern side of the Police Museum.
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mosque is still similar to how it looked in the 1300s though many repairs have been made and only some of its original decoration has been restored. The parts of the building relying on plastered walls have been reinforced. There have also been attempts to restore the light-blue color of the ceiling.
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masonry that marked its exterior. It may have been partly inspired by the palace of the same name that Sultan
Baybars had built in Damascus in 1264 and in which al-Nasir resided when he visited that city. The palace was used for regular receptions and private ceremonies. It was connected to the Great
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which eliminated the remaining Mamluk class that still formed the country's elites. One of the most pivotal events of this coup took place in the
Citadel. Muhammad Ali invited the Mamluk leaders to a celebration banquet in the Citadel, and as they were leaving and passing along the road leading from
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would have once supported the upper levels of the palace. More recently, Nasser Rabbat argued that a much more likely site is the partly ruined terrace just below the mosque's southwestern corner (inaccessible but partly visible to visitors today), which shelters a vast space of vaulted halls. These
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had a similar view of the city from its northwestern iwan. From these inner palaces the Sultan could also access the buildings of his harem (where his wives and concubines lived) in the southeastern part of the
Citadel. According to historical chronicles, the palace complex was richly decorated with
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tower which he built nearby and which was later torn down by
Qalawun. The gate itself was rebuilt again by al-Nasir Muhammad in 1320. The gate was intended to control access to the newly delimited Southern Enclosure which Baybars then developed into a more elaborate and more exclusive royal complex.
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each built or rebuilt the audience hall (throne hall), the main mosque, the palaces, or other structures. Unlike the earlier
Ayyubid buildings, the Mamluk buildings were increasingly designed to be visible from afar and to dominate the city's skyline. Many of these structures have not survived, with
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established a similar hippodrome in the 9th century. This work established the overall plan of the
Citadel area for centuries to come: the northern part of the citadel was devoted to military functions, the southern part to the sultan's private residence and the state administration, and outside, at
526:
to the bank of the Nile." The
Citadel would be the centerpiece of the wall. While the Citadel was initially completed in 1183–1184, the wall Saladin had envisioned was still under construction in 1238, long after his death. It does not appear to have ever been fully completed after this, though long
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The museum (also sometimes referred to as the Prison Museum) is just north of the gate known as Bab al-'Alam, on a terrace commanding sweeping views of the city below. It is housed in the
Citadel's former prison and contains exhibits on topics such as famous political assassinations and displays of
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Another obvious change that Muhammad Ali enacted pertained to the uses of the Citadel's northern and southern enclosures: during the Mamluk period the Southern Enclosure was the royal residential area and the Northern Enclosure was mostly military, but Muhammad Ali built his Harem Palace (which now
1280:
The lower, western enclosure which can be seen today below the Mosque of Muhammad Ali was historically the area which housed the stables of the Citadel. It's not clear when walls were first built around it, though they were likely already enclosed in Mamluk times. This enclosure was occupied by the
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mosques and is one of the few structures in Cairo closely resembling the "classical" Ottoman style of the 16th century. It is located in the Northern Enclosure, just northeast of the Harim Palace (Military Museum). It was built on the ruins of the earlier Mosque of Sidi Sariyya built by Abu-Mansur
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captured in Saladin's victories against the Crusaders. The initial fortress built in Saladin's time consisted essentially of what is today's Northern Enclosure, although not all elements of the Northern Enclosure's current walls are original. The southeast and northeast sections of these walls are
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so-called because Saladin's birth name, Yūsif, is the Arabic equivalent of Joseph. His chief eunuch and confidant, Qaraqush, who oversaw construction of the Citadel, was also responsible for digging the well. The well is considered a masterpiece of medieval engineering and still exists today. Its
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More significantly, al-Kamil built or completed the palaces in the southern section of the Citadel, and became the first ruler to actually move there in 1206. In addition to the palaces, a number of other structures were built, including a mosque, a royal library, and a "hall of justice". In 1213
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is located today). The Northern Enclosure was historically reserved for military garrisons, while the Southern Enclosure was developed as the residence of the sultan. There is also a lower, western enclosure which was historically the site of the royal stables of the Mamluks. However, these
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which brought water from the Nile to the Citadel. His predecessor, al-Ashraf, is responsible for building an octagonal water intake tower on the shores of the Nile, from which water was raised and transferred along the aqueduct, but al-Nasir completed the project. This improvement of the
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shaft was divided into two sections, almost all of which is cut out of the rock itself. The upper part has a wider shaft which is surrounded by a long spiral staircase, separated from the main shaft only by a thin wall of rock. For this reason, the well is also known as the Spiral Well (
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near the center of Cairo commands a strategic position overlooking the city and dominating its skyline. When it was constructed it was among the most impressive and ambitious military fortification projects of its time. It is now a preserved historic site, including mosques and museums.
1454:. In 1983, the Egyptian government opened a large part of the Citadel to the public and initiated refurbishment programs to convert some of its old buildings into museums, though the military retains a presence. It is now a major tourist site for both Egyptians and foreigners alike.
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862:" seems to have been used from then on for this particular type of building). This new throne hall differed from previous incarnations in one notable respect: it was painted with pictures of al-Ashraf's amirs (commanders), each with their rank inscribed above his head.
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just northwest of the Citadel, off Rumayla Square, in the 1350s and early 1360s (and still standing today). It was so large and tall that in later years it was reportedly used by rebels as a platform from which to bombard the Citadel on more than one occasion.
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and dated to 1310. It was also on this gate that a foundation inscription was discovered which dates the completion of the Citadel to 1183–1184. Nonetheless, construction of one kind or another almost certainly continued under Saladin's Ayyubid successors.
439:("plaza" or "square"). For centuries this was maintained as a training ground (especially for horsemanship) and as a military parade ground. Its outline is still visible in the layout of the roads (mainly Salah ad-Din Street) on this side of the Citadel.
763:, the private and domestic area of the sultan and his family, while another part became the site of more monumental structures whose functions were more public, ceremonial, or administrative. Among the structures he built here was one called the
1203:
During this period the Citadel was neglected and many Mamluk structures fell into ruin, although some of the Citadel walls were rebuilt or extended in the 16th–17th centuries. Due to rivalries between different military corps in the
522:(the nearby former capital), and is recorded as saying: "With a wall I will make the two into a unique whole, so that one army may defend them both; and I believe it is good to encircle them with a single wall from the bank of the
805:(soldiers of slave origin) who resided in the various towers of the Citadel, which earned them the name "Burji" Mamluks (Mamluks of the Tower). It was these cohorts of mamluks who would eventually dominate the sultanate during the
458:). This was used as a horse market (due to its adjacency to the royal stables), but also as an official square for royal and religious ceremonies. It is occupied today by a large roundabout next to which are the massive mosques of
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1566:
767:("the Hall of Gold"), which he seems to have used as his private reception hall and which may have been located in the area of the present Police Museum. Another important structure he built in the area is referred to as the
834:), above which was a small frieze of marble mosaics with mother-of-pearl and other marble reliefs, and above all this were panels of glass mosaics with scenes of trees and palaces which are reminiscent of the mosaics of the
534:, with overseeing the construction of the new fortifications. Most of the structure was built with limestone quarried from the surrounding Muqattam Hills; however, Qaraqush also quarried a number of minor pyramids at
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to it.) The rest of the area is presently occupied by various 19th-century buildings, including storehouses and old factories. The lower enclosure was accessed from the west through the monumental gate called
1317:("Gate of the Mountain") which was built by the Ottoman governor Yakan Pasha in 1785 when he rearranged the area to build a new palace. Yakan also rebuilt a small stretch of the adjoining wall south of here.
1502:, Saladin's well was insufficient to produce enough water for the Citadel's growing population and for al-Nasir's envisioned construction projects. To increase the volume of water, al-Nasir renovated an
283:(Saladin) and further developed by subsequent Egyptian rulers. It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th century until the construction of
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518:, which had walled citadels that acted as the seat of power and which Saladin was familiar with. Saladin also set out to build a wall, around 20 kilometres long, that would surround both Cairo and
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in 1874. Despite its elaborate defenses, the Citadel never ended up being subjected to a true siege, though it was implicated on various occasions in the political conflicts within Cairo or Egypt.
830:(Gate of the Flag), across the terrace from the current Police Museum. The remains indicate that the walls of the hall were decorated with multi-coloured marble paneling along the lower walls (a
1237:
Some notable structures were still created during this period. The huge round tower near the visitor entrance today, standing at the corner of the Southern and Northern Enclosures, was built by
1138:
Mamluk period saw little construction in the Citadel by comparison with the earlier Mamluk period. The private harem courtyard in the southeastern corner of the Southern Enclosure, known as the
311:
demolished many of the older buildings and built new palaces and monuments all across the site, giving it much of its present form. In the 20th century it was used as a military garrison by the
1391:
as the Citadel's official main mosque. Muhammad Ali's mosque, with its large dome and tall pencil-like Ottoman minarets, is one of the most prominent monuments on Cairo's skyline to this day.
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functional distinctions were largely erased in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha, who overhauled the entire site and constructed buildings of various functions throughout the Citadel.
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in the Northern Enclosure, built by the Ottoman governor in 1528 for use by the Janissaries. It is one of the few mosques in Cairo that represents something close to the classical
938:
View from the terrace south of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali: on the left, the corner structure partially exposes the ruins of what may be the lower levels of the former Ablaq Palace.
1558:. Today it is cut off from the Citadel and stands stranded between two highways (Salah Salem road and Kobri al-Ebageah) which pass right next to the Citadel on its eastern side.
1160:. He also restored or reconfigured the Mamluk hippodrome at the southwestern foot of the Citadel, where he installed a vast pool which received water from the restored aqueduct.
1110:
Subsequent sultans continued to build or add to the palaces and administrative buildings inside the Citadel, though rarely with the same ambition as al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan
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188:
659:, a long open square or "hippodrome", to the west and south of the Citadel which was used for equestrian training and military parades. This was on the same site that
561:, has survived to the present day. It is located along the walls of the Northern Enclosure, nowadays between the Harem Palace (National Military Museum) and the newer
2260:
Abdulfattah, Iman R. and Mamdouh Mohamed Sakr (2012), "Glass Mosaics in a Royal Mamluk Hall: Context, Content, and Interpretation", in Doris Behrens-Abouseif (ed.),
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the southwestern foot of the Citadel, was the parade ground which remained for centuries. Al-Kamil was likely also responsible for building or completing the first
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supporting the main palace above. If this is correct, then a part of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali today would likely overlap with the former location of the palace.
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1724:
district of Cairo. In November 1949 the museum was moved to the Harem Palace at the Cairo citadel. It has been renovated several times since, in 1982 and 1993.
1720:. The museum was established in 1937 at the old building of the Egyptian Ministry of War in downtown Cairo. It was later moved to a temporary location in the
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961:(hippodrome) at the foot of the Citadel below, as well as a private door and staircase which gave him direct access between the palace and the hippodrome.
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2605:
1208:, the Citadel was divided into three areas to house three different elements of the Ottoman garrison: the Northern Enclosure housed the barracks of the
720:, the Citadel was continuously developed and the Southern Enclosure in particular was expanded and became the site of important monumental structures.
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This lesser-known mosque is situated right behind the main western gate, Bab al-'Azab. Both are named after the Ottoman military regiments known as
1253:("Tower of the Muqattam Hills"). The round tower at the other corner of the two enclosures (between Bab al-Qulla and Bab al-Wastani), known now as
2656:
1555:
577:) which led up to it from the path that connected the Citadel to the city below. Like other gateways in Ayyubid military architecture, it had a
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For many years up to the late 20th century, the Citadel was closed to the public and used as a military garrison and base; at first by the
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stripped the monumental Mamluk buildings of their precious materials, especially their marble panels and decoration, and shipped them to
1144:, became increasingly used to build new reception halls and other structures with slightly more public functions. The late Burji sultans
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1769:. Muhammad Ali's official divan or audience hall, where the pasha received guests, contains a 1,000 kg chandelier sent to him by
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Lastly, al-Nasir's other most notable contribution, and the only major structure of his reign still preserved at the Citadel, was the
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Inaugurated in 1983, it houses a collection of unique Royal Carriages attributed to different historical periods, from the reign of
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To the west and southwest of the Citadel was a long open field frequently referred to as the "hippodrome" by historians or as the
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1156:. Al-Ghuri also restored many other structures in and around the Citadel, including a major restoration/reconstruction of the
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Qasta, an amir in the Fatimid era (predating the Citadel). Qasta's tomb, dated to 1140 CE, still exists in the mosque today.
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Bab al-'Azab, the northwestern entrance. Although built in 1754 during the Ottoman era, it emulates the Fatimid-era gate of
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Its remains were excavated in the late 20th century and are still visible today, just west of the present-day gate called
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mosque or religious structure. Although not publicly accessible, it can be spotted by its pointed Ottoman-style minaret.
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in 1857. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public today. The architect was Yusuf Bushnak from
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1257:("Middle Tower"), may also date from this time. The first mosque built in the Citadel after the Mamluk period was the
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attacks and to provide a secure center of government for his new regime (only a few years after he had dismantled the
1357:
the upper Citadel to Bab al-Azab, regiments of his Albanian gunmen opened fire from above and massacred all of them.
3292:
1542:. Because of its dome, the building has the look of a mausoleum but it is actually a structure covering access to a
754:, the gate and wall which today separates the Southern and Northern Enclosures of the Citadel. It was named after a
3247:
3070:
3045:
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1824:(Ablaq Palace) of al-Nasir Muhammad, but Nasser Rabbat argued against this interpretation and identified it as the
1022:
1706:
1475:
To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built an 85-metre-deep (280 ft) well known as the Well of Joseph (or
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which was built by Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697. (It is possible that Ahmad Katkhuda merely renovated an existing early
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period, as the royal mosque of the Citadel where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers, today this
1149:
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which ran along the top of Saladin's city walls to the southwest and brought water from the Nile to the Citadel.
581:. Today, the inside of the gate's dome-vault is covered in plaster with painted inscriptions belonging to Sultan
1062:(throne hall) of his brother al-Ashraf in 1311, and replaced it with his own structure known as the Great Iwan (
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in 1814. The palace was designed and constructed by artisans contracted from a variety of countries, including
1681:
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1298:, which was built by Radwan Katkhuda al-Julfi in 1754, probably on the site of an earlier Mamluk gate known as
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1673:(or Azaps) who were housed in this part of the Citadel during the Ottoman period. The mosque was built by the
1411:) ("Middle Gate") where the same road continues into the Southern Enclosure (just north of the Bab al-Qulla).
1238:
1181:
1043:
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of France. The palace also contains the throne of Muhammad Ali Pasha that was a gift from the King of Italy.
946:; sometimes translated as the "Striped Palace"), built in 1313–1314. Its name derived from the red-and-black
675:(r. 1240–1249) subsequently moved away from the Citadel again and built himself a new fortified enclosure on
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3191:
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1216:(governor) and his own troops, and another lower western enclosure, which contained the stables, housed the
27:
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al-Kamil also established a horse market on what became Rumayla Square (the square between the Citadel and
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gate. It was originally the main gate of the Citadel, but today it is obscured by later constructions from
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Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697, but it has been argued that it incorporates, or was a renovation of, an earlier
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in the north of Cairo, but its interior facade was later remodeled into a neo-Gothic style during the
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on the side of the palace from which he could freely observe the activities in the stables and in the
687:, who ruled from 1250 to 1517, did the Citadel finally become the permanent residence of the sultans.
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View of the Citadel from the southeast. The present-day visitor entrance is up the hill on the right.
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1114:(a son of al-Nasir who reigned from 1342 to 1345) built a richly decorated palace or hall known as
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Al-Harithy, Howyda N. (1996). "The Complex of Sultan Hasan in Cairo: Reading between the Lines".
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1307:
647:("Tower of Iron") are towers from Saladin's time which al-Kamil subsequently reinforced in 1207.
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1200–1218), Saladin's brother and later successor, and was probably finished under the reign of
334:) which was "the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century."
2276:
A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of al-Nasir Muhammad Ibn Qalawun (1310-1341)
1074:
299:-era construction begun by Saladin in 1176, the Citadel underwent major development during the
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1608:, in the courtyard of the mosque. His body was transferred here from Hawsh al-Basha in 1857.
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922:
infrastructure allowed him in turn to embark on more ambitious projects within the Citadel.
911:
813:
729:
709:
684:
484:
442:
At the northern end of this hippodrome was another square or plaza known as Rumayla Square (
20:
3227:
3186:
3010:
2903:
2888:
2812:
2762:
2752:
2734:
2708:
2688:
1522:
This small domed building just outside the Citadel to the east was built in 1495–96 by an
1361:
546:
248:
801:. More significantly in the long run, Qalawun was the first to create elite regiments of
1836:. For more info on al-Nasir Muhammad's palace, see relevant sub-section in this article.
1325:
3015:
2893:
2680:
1605:
1547:
1423:
1189:
1177:
1152:
built palaces in this part of the Citadel, on the site of what is now the 19th-century
1119:
1091:
966:
854:
or domed throne hall of his father Qalawun and replaced it with his own structure, the
835:
818:
672:
396:
388:
342:
75:
1592:
The mosque was built between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of
1578:
There are four main mosques in the Citadel today, some of which are open to visitors:
346:
View of the Citadel near the visitor entrance today. The minarets of the 14th-century
3400:
3331:
3242:
2969:
2883:
2665:
2577:
1717:
1623:
1574:. The domes and minarets of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali are visible in the background.
1419:
1286:
1135:
806:
717:
680:
578:
331:
316:
284:
205:
52:
1546:. It has an inscription that memorializes the victory of Sultan Qaytbay's army over
1051:, as seen in the early 19th century (missing its dome), before it was demolished by
906:. He also commissioned new palaces outside the Citadel but nearby for his favourite
793:
which served as the palace of the sultan's vice-regent. He also demolished Baybars'
3020:
2787:
2729:
2703:
2693:
1443:
1379:, which he built between 1828 and 1848, perched on the summit of the citadel. This
1303:
1273:
1242:
1002:
392:
1344:
origin who was appointed by the Ottoman sultan in 1805 to restore order after the
910:, and his projects encouraged the development of areas near the Citadel, such as
750:
1260–1277) was the first one to split the Citadel into two areas by building the
3366:
2713:
2341:
Kahil, Abdallah (2006). "The Architect/s of the Sultan Ḥasan Complex in Cairo".
2248:
Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.
1384:
1209:
1168:
870:
700:
676:
1795:, in addition to other collection of unique antiques related to the carriages.
1008:
The location where the palace once stood has not been identified beyond doubt.
1762:
1048:
1038:
543:
2620:
2607:
1414:
The Citadel eventually ceased to act as the residence of Egypt's ruler after
850:
as the palace of the vice-regent. Al-Ashraf also, once again, demolished the
542:
in order to obtain further materials. He also made use of labour provided by
1766:
1627:
1341:
1313:
The present-dat visitor entrance goes through the small western gate called
899:
789:
1279–1290) either built or significantly renovated a structure known as the
660:
625:
1403:
road entered the Citadel from the north. Around the same time he built the
624:
Construction of the Ayyubid Citadel appears to have continued under Sultan
1369:
3356:
1597:
1527:
1507:
1400:
1197:
1021:
halls would likely have been the lower levels of the palace, acting as a
843:
636:
599:
511:
503:
360:
288:
2246:
The Citadel of Cairo, 1176-1341: reconstructing architecture from texts.
1118:(the "little wonder") which was inaugurated in February 1344. Likewise,
319:
until being opened to the public in 1983. In 1976, it was proclaimed by
2296:
The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture
2137:
The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture
1830:
The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture
1543:
1539:
1503:
1360:
The Citadel is sometimes referred to as the "Citadel of Muhammad Ali" (
1302:(Gate of the Stables). The gate was modeled on the old Fatimid gate of
1290:
1193:
1145:
1095:
998:
740:
721:
499:
495:
368:
364:
296:
280:
139:
91:
1904:
1792:
1758:
1754:
1674:
1531:
1222:
1013:
990:
986:
954:
894:
today) for the palaces, private courtyard, and garden devoted to his
802:
539:
519:
515:
320:
1927:. trans. by Willard Wood. Harvard University Press. pp. 85–132.
1908:
502:) between 1176 and 1183 CE in order to protect Cairo from potential
303:
that followed, culminating with the construction projects of Sultan
215:
2384:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of its Architecture and its Culture
1820:
This site was originally identified by excavators as a part of the
1749:
Also known as Bijou Palace, is a palace and museum commissioned by
1631:
It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public.
1122:(another son of al-Nasir) built a lavish domed palace known as the
3376:
3326:
3310:
1737:
1705:
1644:
1604:
in that city. Muhammad Ali Pasha was buried in a tomb carved from
1565:
1551:
1461:
1433:
1352:
independent ruler of the country. He consolidated power through a
1337:
1324:
1267:
1231:
1227:
1213:
1167:
1073:
1042:
994:
948:
933:
895:
869:
760:
699:
612:
593:
492:
478:
406:
384:
341:
276:
272:
268:
60:
56:
2262:
The Arts of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria – Evolution and Impact
886:
The greatest builder of the Citadel during the Mamluk period was
487:
on the citadel walls. The eagle became the coat of arms of Egypt.
26:"Citadel of Saladin" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
2634:
2597:
1677:
1670:
1523:
1217:
972:
907:
859:
755:
573:("New Gate"). Its name was derived from the carved stone steps (
523:
415:
In general, the fortress complex is divided into two parts: the
3281:
2638:
510:). This also emulated a feature of many Syrian cities, such as
1418:(Muhammad Ali's son and successor) moved the court to the new
1192:
in 1517 and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. Sultan
1348:(1798–1801). However, he subsequently established himself as
1234:, which continued to come from Cairo until the 20th century.
942:
Among the most important constructions was the Ablaq Palace (
307:
in the 14th century. In the first half of the 19th century
1329:
A view of the Citadel and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, 1955
878:
that supplied water to the Citadel, largely built in the
759:
A part of the Southern Enclosure became reserved for the
287:
in the 19th century. Its location on a promontory of the
3041:
Madrasa of Amir Sunqur Sa'di (Mausoleum of Hasan Sadaqa)
470:
Ayyubid foundation and construction: 12th–13th centuries
383:. The Citadel stopped being the seat of government when
1526:
called Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar, a man originally from
964:
The interior layout of the palace consisted of a large
2075:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 78–85.
712:), on the terrace in front of the modern Police Museum
530:
Saladin charged his chief eunuch and close confidant,
917:
In 1312 al-Nasir also ordered the renovation of the
262:
3210:
3174:
2988:
2957:
2950:
2876:
2743:
2722:
2679:
2672:
229:
211:
201:
184:
176:
167:
160:
133:
115:
110:
102:
97:
87:
39:
1506:aqueduct system (probably originally completed by
822:(reception hall) in 1291–1292, referred to as the
797:and replaced it with his own domed structure, the
359:The Citadel was built on a promontory beneath the
1212:, the Southern Enclosure was used by the Ottoman
2045:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
1450:and afterward up to 1946, and since then by the
78:-era gate of Bab al-'Azab, and the 19th-century
3076:Mosque and Mausoleum of Amir Ahmad al-Mihmandar
2838:Madrasa-Mausoleum of as-Salih Najm ad-Din Ayyub
2453:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1873).
2043:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
1913:, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 21 July 2017
1289:mosque and added the present-day Ottoman-style
2478:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers
2073:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
3462:1170s establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate
3293:
2650:
1656:Built in 1528, it was first of the Citadel's
8:
2413:
2411:
1422:, located in the newly created districts of
970:(reception hall) courtyard with two unequal
42:
2555:
2553:
2264:(Bonn: Bonn University Press), pp. 203-222.
1692:The Citadel also contains several museums:
16:Medieval Islamic-era fortification in Egypt
3412:Buildings and structures completed in 1183
3300:
3286:
3278:
2954:
2858:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay
2676:
2657:
2643:
2635:
2323:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1470:
1016:at the foot of the walls northwest of the
683:who took power after him). Only under the
36:
3258:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street)
2980:Qasaba of Radwan Bey (Tentmakers' Street)
2914:Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay
2868:Mosque-Sabil of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar
2402:The Citadel of Cairo: A History and Guide
2386:. The American University in Cairo Press.
1986:. Geneva: The Aga Khan Trust for Culture.
981:marble floors, marble and gold paneling (
598:The two easternmost towers, fortified by
2313:. Vol. 2. Oxford. pp. 262–263.
902:), probably as Baybars had done, called
2497:Blue Guide Egypt - Second Edition, 1988
2377:
2375:
1849:
1813:
1518:The Cistern of Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar
679:(which also became the barracks of the
590:Construction under Saladin's successors
3121:Mosque of Qaytbay (at Qal'at al-Kabsh)
2848:Mosque of Amir Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar
2533:"Egypt Military Museum in the Citadel"
2419:"The Mosque of Muhammad Ali (history)"
2316:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
1200:for use in his own building projects.
1012:suggested that a set of massive stone
2511:. Arris Publishing Ltd. p. 237.
2442:(13th ed.). Lonely Planet. 2018.
2434:
2432:
2395:
2393:
2336:
2334:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2256:
2254:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2181:. Arris Publishing Ltd. p. 226.
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1832:, and Abdulfattah & Sakr (2012),
866:The reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad
474:
210:
200:
183:
175:
166:
7:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1834:Glass Mosaics in a Royal Mamluk Hall
1058:Al-Nasir demolished, yet again, the
2828:Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay
2803:Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay
1517:
1365:
1281:'Azaban soldiers, and contains the
1164:Ottoman period: 16th–18th centuries
997:that featured floral patterns, and
252:
43:
32:Castle of Saladin, Pharaoh's Island
19:For the castle in Taiz, Yemen, see
1471:Yusuf's Well (Salah ad-Din's Well)
1082:, with a typical Mamluk-era portal
985:), windows of coloured glass from
691:Mamluk period: 13th–16th centuries
14:
3437:Buildings and structures in Cairo
3197:Egyptian National Military Museum
3166:Tomb of Salar and Sangar-al-Gawli
2071:Behrens-Absouseif, Doris (1989).
1711:Egyptian National Military Museum
1702:Egyptian National Military Museum
411:Layout of the Cairo Citadel today
379:), and in the 19th century under
121:1176–1183 (original construction)
3385:
3309:
3031:Madrasa of Umm al-Sultan Sha'ban
2989:Mosques and religious structures
2941:
2745:Mosques and religious structures
2730:al-Muizz Street (Qasabah Street)
2156:. Scarecrow Press. p. 156.
2150:Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. (2013).
1622:Built in 1318, during the early
989:, Arabic inscriptions, colorful
68:
3141:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan
3081:Mosque of Amir Qijmas al-Ishaqi
3061:Mausoleum of Tarabay al-Sharifi
2863:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq
2382:Behren-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
2349:(2): 155–174 – via JSTOR.
2298:. E.J. Brill. pp. 207–213.
2278:. E.J. Brill. pp. 156–158.
1466:Cross-section of Saladin's well
1354:famous and violent coup in 1811
784:
745:
630:
475:Saladin's original construction
127:1805–1848 (major modifications)
124:1310–1341 (major modifications)
3116:Mosque of Qanibay al-Muhammadi
3096:Mosque of Khushqadam el-Ahmadi
3006:Amir Khayrbak Funerary Complex
2560:Johnston, Shirley (May 2006).
2509:A Traveller's History of Egypt
2179:A Traveller's History of Egypt
2153:Historical Dictionary of Egypt
1383:mosque was built in memory of
1249:) in 1525 and is known as the
1226:, the rich cloth covering the
350:can be seen in the background.
74:View of the Citadel, with the
1:
3452:Ayyubid architecture in Cairo
3066:Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu
3011:Aqsunqur Mosque (Blue Mosque)
2773:Mosque of Almalik al-Jukandar
491:The Citadel was begun by the
3457:Mamluk architecture in Egypt
3442:Tourist attractions in Cairo
3051:Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i
2833:Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad
2778:Madrasa of Tatar al-Hijaziya
2311:Muslim Architecture of Egypt
1430:20th century and present day
3086:Mosque of Aslam al-Silahdar
2853:Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad
2823:Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq
2562:Egyptian Palaces and Villas
2309:Creswell, K. A. C. (1959).
2041:Williams, Caroline (2018).
1716:The official museum of the
1389:Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad
1370:
1263:Ottoman architectural style
1188:Egypt was conquered by the
1080:Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad
483:19th-century sketch of the
423:is located today), and the
391:, moved to his newly built
295:In addition to the initial
263:
3478:
3071:Mosque of Amir al-Maridani
3046:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
3036:Madrasa of Uljay al-Yusufi
2808:Complex of Sultan al-Ghuri
2598:Qal'a (Citadel) at ArchNet
2461:. D. Appleton And Company.
2368:: 69–79 – via JSTOR.
2294:Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995).
1780:
1731:
1699:
1638:
1615:
1585:
1491:
1346:French occupation of Egypt
1321:Muhammad Ali: 19th-century
1128:his massive madrasa-mosque
1070:Al-Nasir Muhammad's Mosque
1036:
589:
552:al-Nasir Muhammad's mosque
170:UNESCO World Heritage Site
25:
18:
3447:Military history of Cairo
3432:Open-air museums in Egypt
3383:
3322:
3101:Mosque of Mahmud al-Kurdi
2939:
2813:Complex of Sultan Qalawun
2793:Church of the Virgin Mary
2274:Levanoni, Amalia (1995).
2135:Rabat, Nasser O. (1995).
1510:) and extended it with a
704:Excavated remains of the
696:Early Bahri Mamluk period
225:
221:
180:Cultural: (i)(v)(vi)
67:
50:
3427:History museums in Egypt
3136:Mosque of Ulmas al-Hajib
3126:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha
3056:Mausoleum of Amir Qawsun
2996:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
2929:Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay
2909:Sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda
2798:Complex of Amir Qurqumas
2709:Gates of Khan al-Khalili
2400:Lyster, William (1993).
1804:the murder weapon used.
1791:until the reign of King
1728:Al-Gawhara Palace Museum
1696:Egyptian Military museum
1635:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha
1618:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
1612:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
1572:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
1397:National Military Museum
1259:Mosque of Sulayman Pasha
1247:Suleiman the Magnificent
557:Only one original gate,
538:and even as far away as
421:National Military Museum
348:Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque
3263:Sabil-Kuttab of Qaytbay
3248:Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad
2843:Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab
1982:Rabbat, Nasser (1989).
1923:Raymond, Andre (2001).
1890:Raymond, André (1993).
1783:Carriage Museum (Egypt)
1176:, a tower built by the
1158:Citadel's Nile aqueduct
569:'s time, including the
44:قلعة صلاح الدين الأيوبي
3238:Cairo Citadel Aqueduct
3156:Sayyidah Zainab Mosque
3151:Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque
3106:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
3026:Madrasa of Sarghatmish
2783:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
2593:Cairo Citadel (Arabic)
2244:Rabat, Nasser (1991).
1746:
1713:
1653:
1600:and its model was the
1588:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
1582:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
1575:
1494:Cairo Citadel Aqueduct
1467:
1439:
1377:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
1330:
1277:
1185:
1083:
1069:
1055:
1018:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
939:
904:al-Qusur al-Jawwaniyya
883:
713:
643:("Tower of Sand") and
621:
610:
488:
429:Mosque of Muhammad Ali
412:
351:
271:-era fortification in
3223:Bayt al-Razzaz Palace
3202:Gayer-Anderson Museum
3131:Mosque of Taghribirdi
2899:Hammam of Sultan Inal
2818:Khanqah of Baybars II
2621:30.02944°N 31.26139°E
2472:Torky, Tarek (2019).
1741:
1709:
1650:Sulayman Pasha Mosque
1648:
1641:Sulayman Pasha Mosque
1569:
1465:
1437:
1371:Qalaʿat Muḥammad ʿAlī
1328:
1271:
1171:
1077:
1046:
937:
873:
703:
655:today), as well as a
653:Sultan Hasan's mosque
616:
597:
527:segments were built.
482:
454:) or Citadel Square (
410:
345:
3161:Sultaniyya Mausoleum
2564:. New York: Abrams.
2507:Ades, Harry (2007).
2459:American Cyclopaedia
2440:Lonely Planet: Egypt
2177:Ades, Harry (2007).
1984:The Citadel of Cairo
1828:; see Rabat (1995),
1498:During the reign of
1078:The entrance of the
1001:ceilings painted in
840:Mausoleum of Baybars
532:Baha al-Din Qaraqush
498:ruler Salah al-Din (
444:Maydan/Midan Rumayla
264:Qalaʿat Salāḥ ad-Dīn
3372:Salah El-Din castle
3218:Amir Alin Aq Palace
3146:Sayeda Aisha Mosque
3091:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
2965:Salah al-Din Square
2757:Al-Azhar University
2617: /
1602:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
1538:ranks under Sultan
1512:new aqueduct system
1488:The Mamluk Aqueduct
1458:Water supply system
1375:). It contains the
1106:Later Mamluk period
824:Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya.
799:Qubba al-Mansuriyya
708:(Reception hall of
617:Chamber inside the
448:Salah al-Din Square
325:World Heritage Site
80:Muhammad Ali Mosque
3352:Citadel of Qaitbay
3337:An-Nekhel Fortress
3111:Mosque of Qani-Bay
2919:Wikala of al-Ghuri
2626:30.02944; 31.26139
1826:Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya
1751:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1747:
1714:
1665:Mosque of al-'Azab
1664:
1654:
1576:
1468:
1448:British occupation
1440:
1331:
1283:Mosque of al-'Azab
1278:
1186:
1124:Qa'a al-Baysariyya
1088:Mosque of al-Nasir
1084:
1060:Iwan al-Ashrafiyya
1056:
940:
926:The Ablaq Palace (
884:
856:Iwan al-Ashrafiyya
795:Qubba al-Zahiriyya
769:Qubba al-Zahiriyya
714:
706:Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya
622:
611:
489:
452:Midan Salah ad-Din
446:), today known as
425:Southern Enclosure
417:Northern Enclosure
413:
352:
313:British occupation
309:Muhammad Ali Pasha
245:Citadel of Saladin
212:Reference no.
152:Muhammad Ali Pasha
3394:
3393:
3362:El-Gendi Fortress
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3253:Palace of Yashbak
3182:Al-Gawhara Palace
2937:
2936:
2768:Al-Hussein Mosque
2518:978-1-905214-01-3
2404:. The Palm Press.
2188:978-1-905214-01-3
2163:978-0-8108-8025-2
1744:al-Gawhara Palace
1734:Al-Gawhara Palace
1570:Courtyard of the
1534:) who joined the
1500:al-Nasir Muhammad
1452:Egyptian military
1154:al-Gawhara Palace
1100:conquest of Egypt
1047:The ruins of the
892:al-Gawhara Palace
888:al-Nasir Muhammad
780:al-Mansur Qalawun
734:al-Nasir Muhammad
726:al-Mansur Qalawun
583:al-Nasir Muhammad
508:Fatimid Caliphate
377:al-Nasir Muhammad
323:as a part of the
305:al-Nasir Muhammad
261:
237:
236:
197:
146:An-Nasir Muhammad
30:in Syria nor the
28:Castle of Saladin
3469:
3417:Castles in Egypt
3389:
3342:Babylon Fortress
3316:Castles in Egypt
3314:
3313:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3001:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
2975:Al-Darb al-Ahmar
2955:
2945:
2924:Wikala of Qawsun
2677:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2580:
2575:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2421:. Archived from
2415:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2193:
2192:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2047:
2046:
2038:
1987:
1980:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1837:
1818:
1771:Louis Philippe I
1742:Exterior of the
1556:a battle in 1486
1373:
1367:
1251:Burj al-Muqattam
1174:Burj al-Muqattam
1112:al-Salih Isma'il
1064:al-Iwan al-Kabir
1031:al-Iwan al-Kabir
1029:The Great Iwan (
912:al-Darb al-Ahmar
814:al-Ashraf Khalil
788:
786:
749:
747:
737:few exceptions.
730:al-Ashraf Khalil
722:Al-Zahir Baybars
716:Under the early
710:al-Ashraf Khalil
634:
632:
547:prisoners of war
485:Eagle of Saladin
371:), 14th-century
315:and then by the
301:Mamluk Sultanate
267:) is a medieval
266:
256:
254:
241:Citadel of Cairo
191:
98:Site information
72:
63:
46:
45:
37:
21:Al-Qahira Castle
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3381:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3276:
3267:
3228:Bayt al-Sinnari
3206:
3192:Carriage Museum
3187:Amir Taz Palace
3170:
2984:
2946:
2933:
2904:Khan el-Khalili
2889:Bayt al-Suhaymi
2872:
2763:Al-Hakim Mosque
2753:Al-Azhar Mosque
2739:
2735:Bayn al-Qasrayn
2718:
2689:Bab al-Barqiyya
2668:
2663:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2576:Photographs by
2572:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2196:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2050:
2040:
2039:
1990:
1981:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1888:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1801:
1785:
1779:
1777:Carriage Museum
1736:
1730:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1667:
1643:
1637:
1620:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1564:
1520:
1496:
1490:
1473:
1460:
1432:
1416:Khedive Isma'il
1323:
1308:Khedival period
1255:Burj al-Wastani
1166:
1108:
1072:
1041:
1035:
995:mother-of-pearl
932:
868:
836:Ummayyad Mosque
783:
744:
698:
693:
661:Ahmad Ibn Tulun
629:
592:
559:Bab al-Mudarraj
477:
472:
405:
367:(starting with
357:
340:
253:قلعة صلاح الدين
172:
83:
51:
41:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Forts in Egypt
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Medieval Cairo
3399:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Juyushi Mosque
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Beshtak Palace
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2587:External links
2585:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2549:
2524:
2517:
2499:
2490:
2464:
2445:
2428:
2425:on 2006-02-07.
2407:
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2371:
2352:
2330:
2301:
2281:
2266:
2250:
2194:
2187:
2169:
2162:
2142:
2078:
2048:
1988:
1930:
1915:
1897:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1789:Khedive Ismail
1781:Main article:
1778:
1775:
1732:Main article:
1729:
1726:
1700:Main article:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1666:
1663:
1652:(16th century)
1639:Main article:
1636:
1633:
1616:Main article:
1613:
1610:
1606:Carrara marble
1586:Main article:
1583:
1580:
1563:
1560:
1519:
1516:
1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1482:Bir al-Halazon
1472:
1469:
1459:
1456:
1431:
1428:
1424:downtown Cairo
1409:Bab al-Wustani
1405:Bab al-Wastani
1322:
1319:
1206:Ottoman forces
1190:Ottoman Empire
1165:
1162:
1107:
1104:
1071:
1068:
1037:Main article:
1034:
1027:
931:
924:
919:water aqueduct
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864:
697:
694:
692:
689:
666:water aqueduct
591:
588:
476:
473:
471:
468:
456:Midan al-Qal'a
404:
403:General layout
401:
397:downtown Cairo
389:Khedive Ismail
361:Muqattam Hills
356:
353:
339:
336:
328:Historic Cairo
289:Mokattam hills
235:
234:
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209:
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206:Historic Cairo
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47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3474:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Cairo Citadel
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Kumma (Nubia)
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Hosh al-Basha
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Cairo Citadel
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Saliba Street
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:Southern part
2949:
2944:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Al-Azhar Park
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:Northern part
2671:
2667:
2666:Islamic Cairo
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2578:Sherif Sonbol
2573:
2571:0-8109-5538-5
2567:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:Artibus Asiae
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2139:. E.J. Brill.
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:Decision Text
1906:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:Qasr al-Ablaq
1817:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1799:Police Museum
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:Egyptian Army
1712:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1658:Ottoman-style
1651:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:'Abdin Palace
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Ottoman-style
1378:
1374:
1372:
1366:قلعة محمد علي
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Bab al-Istabl
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Ibrahim Pasha
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1182:Ibrahim Pasha
1179:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
974:
969:
968:
962:
960:
956:
951:
950:
945:
944:Qasr al-Ablaq
936:
929:
928:Qasr al-Ablaq
925:
923:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
876:Nile aqueduct
872:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Dar al-Niyaba
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:Dar al-Niyaba
781:
776:
774:
773:Burj al Siba'
770:
766:
765:Dar al-Dhahab
762:
757:
753:
742:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Bahri Mamluks
711:
707:
702:
695:
690:
688:
686:
682:
681:Bahri Mamluks
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
658:
654:
648:
646:
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641:Burj al-Ramla
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619:Burj al-Ramla
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602:in 1207: the
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3021:Lulua Mosque
2958:Main streets
2788:Aqmar Mosque
2723:Main streets
2704:Bab al-Wazir
2694:Bab al-Futuh
2602:
2561:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:
2467:
2458:
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2423:the original
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1444:British Army
1441:
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1349:
1334:Muhammad Ali
1332:
1315:Bab al-Jabal
1314:
1312:
1304:Bab al-Futuh
1299:
1296:Bab al-'Azab
1295:
1287:Burji Mamluk
1279:
1274:Bab al-Futuh
1254:
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1243:Grand Vizier
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1187:
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1120:Sultan Hasan
1115:
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1053:Muhammad Ali
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1023:substructure
1007:
1003:lapis lazuli
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393:Abdin Palace
381:Muhammad Ali
358:
327:
294:
281:Salah ad-Din
244:
240:
238:
111:Site history
3367:Fort Julien
2714:Bab Zuweila
2699:Bāb al-Naşr
2624: /
2537:Ask-aladdin
2483:November 1,
1722:Garden City
1477:Bir Yusuf),
1446:during the
1426:, in 1874.
1395:houses the
1385:Tusun Pasha
1241:(the later
1210:Janissaries
1184:around 1525
1116:al-Duhaysha
898:(wives and
858:(the word "
677:Roda Island
427:(where the
419:(where the
395:in the new
279:, built by
161:In use
154:(1805–1848)
148:(1310–1341)
142:(1176–1183)
3401:Categories
2755:(see also
2612:31°15′41″E
2609:30°01′46″N
2474:"Aqueduct"
1844:References
1763:Bulgarians
1594:Said Pasha
1550:forces at
1098:after his
1049:Great Iwan
1039:Great Iwan
900:concubines
387:'s ruler,
185:Designated
2319:cite book
1894:. Fayard.
1767:Albanians
1628:hypostyle
1180:governor
544:Christian
464:al-Rifa'i
258:romanized
230:Materials
103:Condition
3357:El Gamil
2362:Muqarnas
1892:Le Caire
1598:Istanbul
1528:Erzincan
1508:al-Kamil
1401:carriage
1350:de facto
1342:Albanian
1198:Istanbul
1150:al-Ghuri
1010:Creswell
844:Damascus
816:built a
809:period.
673:al-Salih
637:al-Kamil
626:al-'Adil
606:and the
600:al-Kamil
512:Damascus
504:Crusader
355:Overview
177:Criteria
3175:Museums
2542:2 March
2455:"Cairo"
1688:Museums
1671:'Azaban
1562:Mosques
1548:Ottoman
1544:cistern
1540:Qaytbay
1504:Ayyubid
1291:minaret
1218:'Azaban
1194:Selim I
1178:Ottoman
1146:Qaytbay
1096:Selim I
1094:sultan
1092:Ottoman
1014:corbels
991:mosaics
812:Sultan
803:mamluks
787:
778:Sultan
748:
741:Baybars
685:Mamluks
671:Sultan
633:
500:Saladin
496:Ayyubid
493:Kurdish
375:(under
369:Saladin
365:Ayyubid
338:History
297:Ayyubid
269:Islamic
260::
202:Part of
194:session
140:Saladin
92:Citadel
76:Ottoman
3211:Others
2877:Others
2568:
2515:
2185:
2160:
1905:UNESCO
1793:Farouk
1755:Greeks
1682:Mamluk
1675:Mamluk
1536:Mamluk
1532:Turkey
1362:Arabic
1336:was a
1245:under
1223:Kiswah
1005:blue.
999:gilded
987:Cyprus
983:dadoes
959:maydan
955:loggia
882:period
880:Mamluk
657:maydan
575:darraj
540:Abusir
520:Fustat
516:Aleppo
437:Maydan
373:Mamluk
321:UNESCO
249:Arabic
216:89-002
106:Intact
3377:Tjaru
3327:Buhen
2681:Gates
1925:Cairo
1808:Notes
1759:Turks
1552:Adana
1338:pasha
1232:Mecca
1228:Kaaba
1214:pasha
1136:Burji
993:with
973:iwans
949:ablaq
908:amirs
896:harem
852:qubba
761:harem
385:Egypt
277:Egypt
273:Cairo
233:stone
192:(3rd
116:Built
61:Egypt
57:Cairo
2566:ISBN
2544:2013
2513:ISBN
2485:2019
2325:link
2183:ISBN
2158:ISBN
1765:and
1678:amir
1524:amir
1407:(or
1172:The
1148:and
1141:hosh
1134:The
978:qa'a
967:qa'a
874:The
860:iwan
838:and
832:dado
819:qa'a
756:keep
732:and
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524:Nile
514:and
462:and
239:The
189:1979
88:Type
1554:in
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243:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
