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522:. Since this species is primarily attached to violet that grows in wild grasslands, modern agricultural practices which have caused most of Europe's grasslands to become fragmented or destroyed for farmland have a severe effect on the butterfly. Without native violets to host their larvae, this species is facing decline across Europe. This species also struggles with breeding across habitat fragments as it must lay eggs exclusively on violets in order to have any viable offspring. However, adults seem to be quite flexible in their movement patterns, with one study stating that only 45% of released
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497:(a “warm leathery tone”) and males in South Dakota (a “chestnut brown” color), indicating potential genetic differences between the two populations, which are separated by unsuitable habitat and by a distance of 2000 miles (3218.688 km). However, due to the age of the study, more work is needed to confirm that local adaptation is indeed taking place in North American populations of small pearl-bordered fritillaries instead of individual plasticity.
67:
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401:, which provides shade for the appropriate violet species. The caterpillars overwinter by hibernating, and then reemerge in the spring to finish growth and pupate. However, recent studies have shown that times of laying, hatching, and reemerging vary by temperature, and all life cycle stages appear to be strongly linked to the timing of the seasons. This effect is a suspected form of
853:
553:
struggles with sibling mating, as shown when almost no viable offspring came from sibling mating. This could be detrimental to a population that already has reduced individual genetic diversity, as sibling mating will become more common as fragmentation chips away at short distance migration and gene
475:
that were introduced in the UK for sport hunting (in quantities of almost 40 million birds according to a study done on ground birds' impact on local wildlife). However, no major decline was detected from the introduced predators alone, as there was no significance between reduced adult emergence and
537:
A study in
Germany found that over 40 years (1971–2011), populations of adults dropped rapidly on agricultural land, while dropping slightly less severely in native grasslands (although still decreasing by almost 83%). The article stated that fragmented habitat protection does a poor job of securing
529:
Another study found that this species has another characteristic which makes it vulnerable to extinction: it is not only a dietary specialist, also migrates only small distances. This creates problems for the species, since fragmentation most strongly affects animals that migrate short distances and
261:
but has black chevrons on the edge of its wings, a large central black dot on each wing, and white pearls on the underside. Males tend to be smaller than females, with a wingspan of 35 to 41 mm. Females are 38 to 44 mm in length. Though the small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the
278:
Haw.) (67g). Forewing above and beneath very similar to tliat of the preceding . Hindwing beneath with the median band distinct but not broad, the costal spot of the band, the large tooth above the apex of the cell and the one below the cell-end being vividly silvery like the marginal lunules; the
513:
There appears to be no place (at least in Europe) that is not suffering from at least light population degradation. Many studies in the UK (where population loss is most severe) and several studies from other areas of Europe state that the small pearl-bordered fritillary is rapidly declining in
488:
A study using North
American populations found that sibling mating events of this species almost always result in unviable offspring. Even hybrids that were crossed with individuals from parent populations often had unviable offspring. This indicates that this species requires non-kin mating to
504:
are quite plastic in their response to temperature variation, and will adjust much of their life cycle in response to temperature changes such as an earlier warming that comes with an early spring. The same study also analyzed among and between population data, and suggested that these animals
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are fragmented or lost all together in favor of farmland. Because of this, the small pearl-bordered fritillary has seen a serious drop in population across Europe, in some places as much as 80%. Factors including limited habitat range, low dispersal rate, and strong food specialization also
534:. While long distance migratory species are often unaffected and sedentary species are often able to better use the fragments they are in, short distance migrators like the small pearl-bordered fritillary are unable to properly disperse and are hit hardest from environmental damage.
645:
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broad interspace between the median band and the marginal lunules is leatheryellow and bears below the apex and above the anal angle two large dark cinnamon clouds; obsolescent silvery selenia bands extend from the costal and abdominal margins towards the centre of the wing.
249:
contribute to population loss. Despite modern conservation efforts, the number of small pearl-bordered fritillaries is still declining. The North
American populations appear to be affected in the same way, at least in the continental United States.
353:
is widespread across upland and western
Britain, but is not found in central, eastern England or Ireland. Its range appears to be stable through much of Europe but declines have been reported in at least nine countries, including England.
549:. However, the species seems to fare well as adults in a variety of artificial and natural habitats, with the same study showing slightly larger numbers of the species in farmland than in wild habitat in 1971. Another big issue is that
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The larvae of this species hatch in the late summer to early fall. They feed exclusively on violets and are active mostly at night. In drier areas, dog violets are used while in wetter areas the species feeds on bog violets
1042:
Callegari, Sarah E; Bonham, Emma; Hoodless, Andrew N; Sage, Rufus B; Holloway, Graham J (2014). "Impact of game bird release on the Adonis blue butterfly
Polyommatus bellargus (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae) on chalk grassland".
713:
Filz, Katharina J; Engler, Jan O; Stoffels, Johannes; Weitzel, Matthias; Schmitt, Thomas (2012). "Missing the target? A critical view on butterfly conservation efforts on calcareous grasslands in south-western
Germany".
462:
This species is well known to migrate short distances during its reproductive stage, but does not appear to make any long distance migrations that cross over unsuitable habitats such as farmland and urban areas.
1088:
Swanson, Daniel R. (2013). "A review of the ambush bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae) of
Michigan: identification and additional considerations for two common eastern species".
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quickly capitalize on early warming and late cooling regardless of location (in the US at least), and seem to also know when to wait longer or shorter before beginning reproduction.
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biodiversity and protecting many species that are in peril, as it does not account for many species that cannot seek extra fragmented breeding sites. Many species, including
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survive, which may help with decreasing inbreeding events. Certain larvae did better in their home environments and struggled in foreign environments, indicating potential
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specimens were able to be found and recaptured. This indicates that farmland itself appears to more strongly damage reproduction rates instead of general adult survival.
883:
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This species is found across Europe and North
America in grassland environments where native violets grow. It occurs in damp, grassy habitats, woodland clearings and
908:
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768:
Roy, David B; Oliver, Tom H; Botham, Marc S; Beckmann, Bjorn; Brereton, Tom; Dennis, Roger L. H; Harrower, Colin; Phillimore, Albert B; Thomas, Jeremy A (2015).
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These drastic changes stem from the continued expansion of agriculture over time that continued to damage and degrade the remaining native breeding habitat for
623:
1162:
935:
Dapporto, Leonardo; Dennis, Roger L.H (2013). "The generalist–specialist continuum: Testing predictions for distribution and trends in
British butterflies".
825:
Powers, Nicole M.; Larsen, Kirk J. (2014). "Butterflies (Lepidoptera) on hill prairies of
Allamakee County, Iowa: a comparison of the late 1980s with 2013".
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in its larval stage, and eggs hatch in the late summer to early autumn. Members of this species are prey for multiple types of birds and other insects.
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have been observed to fly in a brood once a year sometime in the summer. Adult small pearl-bordered fritillaries feed on the following plants:
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seen in many species of insects, especially ones in temperate climates that experience large temperature changes due to a change in seasons.
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pearl-bordered fritillary it is much brighter in color because the pearl-bordered fritillary emerges from its pupa earlier. Seitz - A.
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Figs 1 larva after 2nd moult, 1a larva after 3nd moult; 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e larva after 4th moult; 1f pupa side view; 1g pupa front view
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Adults mate and lay eggs in the spring on or in the near vicinity of violets. A common violet selected for oviposition is the
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Small birds appear to be major predators of both larval and adult stages, including introduced ground birds such as
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987:"Higher mobility of butterflies than moths connected to habitat suitability and body size in a release experiment"
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542:, fail to find good nesting sites as they cannot pass through the human habitat that divides suitable fragments.
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stages. This species prefers wet grassland habitats, where its larval food source, violets, are found. It
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770:"Similarities in butterfly emergence dates among populations suggest local adaptation to climate"
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1112:"Genetic and Phenotypic Differentiation and Geographic Distance in Four Species of Lepidoptera"
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417:, it is formed with its head down. This transformative stage lasts about two to three weeks.
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Kuussaari, Mikko; Saarinen, Matias; Korpela, Eeva-Liisa; Pöyry, Juha; Hyvönen, Terho (2014).
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Die GroĂźschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter
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884:"Mass planting of marsh violets key to saving rare UK butterfly, says National Trust"
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Caterpillars pupate between mid May and August. When the larvae forms the pupa, or
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Due to modern agriculture, most of the grassland habitats that sustain
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was identified as a prey, although predation rates were not studied.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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493:. There were also slight coloration changes between males in
850:, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)
397:. They prefer the damper areas. They also occur among
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The species is widespread across central and northern
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The small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the
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476:increased ground birds. In a study of ambush bugs,
341:and in the Midwestern United States in places like
514:numbers. This is likely from indirect harm due to
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329:. Specifically, it can be found in places like
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1184:distribution profile can be accessed through
8:
1168:Butterfly Conservation management Fact Sheet
530:are unable to cross the gaps made by human
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1163:Butterfly Conservation website description
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1045:European Journal of Wildlife Research
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1360:58c50ea9-9b6a-43b0-9b34-08322c3fe114
1630:Taxa named by Ignaz SchiffermĂĽller
1173:Bracken for butterflies fact-sheet
1129:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb00189.x
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846:in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1,
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35:Small pearl-bordered fritillary
199:small pearl-bordered fritillary
882:Kevany, Sophie (10 May 2024).
1:
1605:Butterflies described in 1775
716:Biodiversity and Conservation
484:Genetics and local adaptation
361:, but has also been found in
1620:Butterflies of North America
1090:The Great Lakes Entomologist
957:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.016
201:and in North America as the
1625:Taxa named by Michael Denis
365:slacks and coastal cliffs.
229:, and feeds exclusively on
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1235:Boloria (Clossiana) selene
1110:Oliver, Charles G (1972).
870:Silver-bordered Fritillary
688:Silver-bordered Fritillary
203:silver-bordered fritillary
1057:10.1007/s10344-014-0847-7
728:10.1007/s10531-012-0413-0
349:. In the United Kingdom,
259:pearl-bordered fritillary
197:, known in Europe as the
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62:Scientific classification
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39:
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827:Great Lakes Entomologist
937:Biological Conservation
872:, Butterflies of Canada
670:Butterfliesandmoths.org
1177:Butterfly Conservation
554:flow in this species.
1615:Butterflies of Europe
991:Ecology and Evolution
774:Global Change Biology
217:. It is found across
1355:Fauna Europaea (new)
909:"SPECIES FACT SHEET"
500:Another study found
27:Species of butterfly
1610:Butterflies of Asia
1003:2014EcoEv...4.3800K
949:2013BCons.157..229D
786:2015GCBio..21.3313R
532:habitat destruction
516:habitat destruction
675:2008-06-13 at the
630:B. s. atrocostalis
614:British Entomology
607:Illustration from
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1518:Open Tree of Life
1197:Taxon identifiers
1011:10.1002/ece3.1187
794:10.1111/gcb.12920
395:tufted hair-grass
391:purple moor-grass
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1182:NBN Gateway
609:John Curtis
571:Dorsal view
291:Dorsal side
266:Schiff. (=
239:overwinters
215:Nymphalidae
129:Nymphalidae
119:Lepidoptera
51:Wyre Forest
1594:Categories
1550:Q109585206
1458:ClossSelen
943:: 229–36.
657:References
632:, mating,
617:, Volume 5
369:Life cycle
268:euphrosyne
253:Appearance
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473:pheasants
467:Predators
415:chrysalis
272:euphrasia
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147:Species:
85:Kingdom:
79:Eukaryota
1544:Wikidata
1471:2.107166
1455:MaBENA:
1420:LepIndex
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1290:BugGuide
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999:Bibcode
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782:Bibcode
634:Ontario
447:Bugle (
443:Thistle
438:Bramble
399:bracken
347:Dakotas
331:Germany
233:in its
231:violets
207:species
205:, is a
185:, 1775)
140:Boloria
135:Genus:
115:Order:
109:Insecta
105:Class:
1497:191398
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1282:16999
1269:51558
1142:S2CID
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1061:S2CID
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740:INIST
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421:Adult
385:) or
374:Larva
327:Korea
179:Denis
1572:GBIF
1492:NCBI
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1443:MONA
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1407:ITIS
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1277:BOLD
1134:PMID
1025:PMID
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518:and
409:Pupa
363:dune
343:Iowa
323:Asia
225:and
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1175:by
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