617:
699:
683:, carried out the deed himself. Kadłubek wrote his account nearly 100 years after Gallus Anonymus and a century and a half after the actual affair. His account as well as artistic tradition holds that this took place during the celebration of Mass. Though the bishop had privately and then publicly warned the king to repent of adultery and other vices, Bolesław chose a course of action more characteristic of his nickname, "the Bold". Kadłubek categorically condemns the murder of Stanislaus as savage and unjust; meanwhile, Gallus Anonymus passes negative judgement on both the bishop, on account of his treason, and on Bolesław, for his shameful conduct in administering the punishment.
131:
480:
25:
544:
In 1071 Bolesław II attacked
Bohemia again. As he refused any attempt at arbitration by King Henry IV, the question was settled by an armistice between the two belligerents; however, Bolesław II, ignoring the treaty, renewed his attack in 1072 and refused to pay the tributes for Silesia to the Holy
690:, who also owed his crown to the deposed king. However, according to Gallus Anonymus, Bolesław II's atrocious conduct towards his Hungarian hosts caused his premature death in 1081 or 1082 at the hands of an assassin, probably by poisoning. He was about 40 years old.
607:
in 1077 included also the imperial recognition of Bolesław II's royal title. Bolesław's new authority, along with his pride, however, caused the Polish magnates to rebel, as they feared the monarchy had started to grow too powerful.
335:
390:. Bolesław II was also the first Polish monarch to produce his own coinage in quantity great enough to replace the foreign coins prevalent in the country during the reigns of the first Piast kings. He established royal mints in
648:. In 1079, however, the conflict with the Polish nobles culminated into open revolt and Bolesław was deposed and banished from the country. The circumstances that led to the King's banishment hinge on the person of Bishop
616:
460:
in the west; he aimed to have Poland eventually bordering only allied countries. This is said to be the main reason behind his numerous foreign interventions: in 1060–1063 he intervened in
494:
In
Hungary, Bolesław II pursued the policy of cooperation with the anti-Imperial faction, which allowed him to gain political independence from the Empire but put him in conflict with the
398:
and reformed the coinage, which brought considerable revenue into the royal coffers. All these efforts had an enormous influence on the economic and cultural development of the country.
495:
748:
in 1499). His burial place actually remains unknown. Another popular hypothesis about the fate of his remains claims that in 1086 they were transferred to the
Benedictine abbey of
698:
456:
His father had left him a stabilised country; Bolesław II continued his foreign policy on surrounding his realm with allied kingdoms in order to prevail against the extensive
971:
580:
soon thereafter); the Polish king seized the occasion to launch an invasion against Henry IV's vassal, Vratislaus II of
Bohemia, alongside an ally from Grand Prince
783:(in 1895), refuted the Kievan origin and name of Bolesław II's wife and expounded the theory that his wife was the queen named Agnes whose obituary is recorded in
552:
Due to his involvement in
Hungarian, Bohemian and Kievan affairs, Bolesław II neglected Poland's interests on the Baltic coast. Therefore, in either 1060 or 1066,
667:
From historical records it appears that Bishop
Stanislaus was involved with the barons' opposition movement, plotting to remove the King and to place his brother
453:
became
Governors of the remaining provinces. However Mieszko died relatively early, in 1065, at which point his lands came under the authority of Bolesław II.
1068:
867:
1269:
42:
653:
727:
1638:
834:
461:
367:
238:
1653:
1404:
1399:
409:("the Generous" in English, "Szczodry" in Polish) as he founded many churches and monasteries throughout Poland. The nickname "the Bold" (
89:
518:
and was forced to retreat. In the end, relations with
Vratislaus II were settled to a certain extent when the latter married Princess
371:
61:
226:
530:
108:
1568:
1309:
738:
596:
1490:
1061:
68:
1593:
927:
794:
Bolesław's reluctance to marry, being still single at 25, has led his critics to accuse him of homosexuality, most notably by
741:, the tomb was opened and indeed revealed male bones and the remains of a Polish knight's armor dating from the 11th century.
679:" meaning traitor. On 11 April 1079 Bolesław either ordered the death and dismemberment of the bishop or, according to Master
46:
546:
519:
75:
1495:
1444:
577:
488:
1284:
1054:
344:
57:
1583:
649:
621:
1394:
1379:
35:
1530:
1426:
1339:
1233:
1648:
1643:
1421:
569:
503:
469:
356:
305:
1344:
1289:
1259:
1249:
1094:
1038:
446:
173:
1558:
1459:
1374:
1217:
1176:
1085:
1077:
773:
588:
375:
348:
273:
744:
The legend, however, dates from centuries after the king's death (it was first mentioned by the chronicler
737:("Bolesław, King of Poland, murderer of Saint Stanislaus, Bishop of Kraków"). In 1960, at the direction of
1588:
1578:
1239:
1017:
687:
637:
515:
417:, although it was considered by historiography of the 19th and 20th centuries as a contemporary nickname.
352:
295:
163:
1314:
668:
1633:
1628:
1520:
1449:
1319:
1294:
1166:
769:
450:
761:
261:
82:
1563:
1500:
1482:
1414:
788:
680:
581:
541:, Bolesław's aunt, were overthrown. A Polish military campaign re-established them in power in Kiev.
526:
499:
465:
1538:
1515:
1510:
1349:
1324:
1299:
553:
525:
Meanwhile, in 1063, King Béla I of
Hungary died. Bolesław II could not defend the cause of his son
473:
938:
917:
Chronica seu originale regum et principum
Poloniae by Wincenty Kadlubek (between 1190 and 1208 CE)
733:
At the walls of Ossiach, there exists a tomb bearing the depiction of a horse and the inscription
545:
Roman Empire. Henry IV prepared for a campaign against Poland, but was hit by the outbreak of the
1553:
1467:
1334:
1278:
1254:
1227:
723:
641:
538:
534:
210:
1548:
1573:
1472:
1329:
830:
824:
745:
600:
568:
in 1073, Bolesław II saw in him a natural ally; he started to apply the Pope's reforms in the
507:
457:
268:
200:
861:
772:
by his first wife Kilikia, possibly a member of the House of Dithmarschen. They had one son,
726:, where he was received and did all kind of hard work until he finally was reconciled in the
425:
Following the death of his father Casimir in 1058, Bolesław II, as the eldest son, inherited
1354:
1304:
973:
Tych królów podejrzewano, że wolą mężczyzn. Mogli się oddawać rozkoszom pod jednym warunkiem
823:
André Vauchez; Richard Barrie Dobson; Michael Lapidge, eds. (2000). "Boleslas II the Bold".
629:
565:
928:
http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/04/07/the-bishop-hacked-to-death-by-his-own-king/
483:
Bolesław II (on the right) punishing the wives of his knights and nobles for their alleged
1384:
1369:
672:
604:
573:
402:
317:
644:
in Kiev. In 1078, while returning from the latter campaign, the Polish troops conquered
1543:
1359:
1122:
1024:
803:
795:
765:
657:
572:
and commenced negotiations to obtain the royal crown. He spurred the ongoing revolt in
426:
285:
180:
145:
1389:
576:, which had forced Henry IV to retreat from that region (he crushed the revolt at the
1622:
1505:
1436:
1204:
856:
780:
719:
703:
592:
430:
363:
249:
645:
130:
1194:
1161:
479:
671:
on the throne. Bolesław II unilaterally declared Stanislaus guilty of treason –
24:
476:. As a result, Béla, in 1061, with the support of Polish troops, gained power.
1143:
784:
661:
625:
395:
387:
1212:
1136:
1108:
603:
in the presence of a papal legate. King Henry's IV act of contrition at the
438:
591:
in the Holy Roman Empire, Bolesław II gained the royal crown of Poland: on
391:
1184:
1150:
1129:
636:
In 1077 Bolesław II's troops helped two pretenders to assume the throne:
484:
136:
957:
Grzech sodomski Bolesława Szczodrego w świetle "Roczników" Jana Długosza
1222:
1115:
977:
871:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
776:(1069 – 1089), who was brought up in the Hungarian court by Ladislaus.
511:
442:
434:
379:
280:
362:
Bolesław II is considered to have been one of the most capable of the
1189:
1156:
1101:
1046:
799:
749:
860:
806:
but it cannot be ruled out that Bolesław might have been bisexual.
714:
to beg forgiveness from Pope Gregory, who imposed on him to wander
697:
615:
506:
by refusing to pay the annual homage for Silesia and spurring the
478:
383:
718:
as a mute repentant. On a summer evening in 1082, he reached the
510:
to revolt. In 1063, Bolesław II unsuccessfully besieged the then-
498:, an Imperial ally. Moreover, he escalated the conflict with the
768:(and supported by some sources), was a daughter of Grand Prince
711:
413:) was only given to Bolesław II for the first time in the later
1050:
735:
Rex Boleslaus Polonie occisor sancti Stanislai Epi Cracoviensis
564:
When Hildebrand of Sovana, an enemy of the German king, became
18:
943:
Agnes regina. W poszukiwaniu żony Bolesława Szczodrego
533:
Solomon on the Hungarian throne. In 1069 Grand Prince
587:
Thanks to his support of the papal cause during the
556:(Pomerelia) severed its ties to the Polish Kingdom.
1529:
1481:
1458:
1434:
1413:
1268:
1203:
1175:
1084:
959:. Vol. 61. Studia Historyczne. pp. 21–36.
802:"; this was motivated more likely by politics as a
764:(d. aft. 1089), who, according to the Chronicle of
529:against the German troops of Henry IV, who finally
324:; c. 1042 – 2/3 April 1081 or 1082), also known as
301:
291:
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267:
257:
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220:
216:
206:
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169:
159:
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144:
123:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
710:A popular legend holds that Bolesław proceeded to
16:Duke of Poland (1058–76); King of Poland (1076–79)
351:from 1076 to 1079. He was the eldest son of Duke
945:, "Roczniki Historyczne" LXXII, 2006, s. 95–104.
904:Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum
1062:
926:"The Bishop Hacked to Death by His own King"
8:
880:
878:
472:, who was backed by his brother-in-law King
468:in the inheritance conflict with his nephew
1609:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
1069:
1055:
1047:
986:
129:
120:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
815:
686:Bolesław found refuge at the court of
370:(consecrated in 1064) and founded the
366:rulers. In 1075 he re-established the
7:
913:
911:
898:
896:
894:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
970:Olga Steliga-Dykas (26 June 2022),
640:, another son of Béla I, and again
884:Poczet Krolow i Książat Polskich,
139:coin with Bolesław's effigy (left)
14:
702:Putative tomb of Bolesław at the
405:, during his reign he was called
760:Before 1069 Bolesław II married
23:
826:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
787:. She may have belonged to the
34:needs additional citations for
955:B. Bielaszka−Podgórny (2018).
739:Countess Karolina Lanckorońska
1:
756:Marriage, issue and sexuality
415:Chronicle of the Polish kings
1639:11th-century Polish monarchs
1594:Stanisław August Poniatowski
720:Benedictine Abbey at Ossiach
445:lands. His younger brothers
401:According to the chronicler
1654:People of Byzantine descent
1569:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
1310:Władysław III Spindleshanks
1670:
779:Modern historians, led by
1602:
1400:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
1279:Senior or Supreme Princes
1035:
1022:
1014:
989:
704:Ossiach Benedictine Abbey
489:National Museum of Kraków
128:
1395:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
570:Archbishopric of Gniezno
522:, Bolesław II's sister.
357:Maria Dobroniega of Kiev
306:Maria Dobroniega of Kiev
1375:Dukes of Greater Poland
868:Encyclopædia Britannica
589:investiture controversy
1579:Augustus II the Strong
1496:Władysław III of Varna
1380:Dukes of Little Poland
1285:Władysław II the Exile
1240:Casimir I the Restorer
1234:Bolesław the Forgotten
1018:Casimir I the Restorer
707:
638:Ladislaus I of Hungary
633:
491:
464:to aid his uncle King
368:Archdiocese of Gniezno
353:Casimir I the Restorer
347:from 1058 to 1076 and
321:
296:Casimir I the Restorer
236:2 or 3 April 1081/1082
164:Casimir I the Restorer
58:"Bolesław II the Bold"
1521:Sigismund II Augustus
1491:Władysław II Jagiełło
1468:Louis I the Hungarian
1450:Casimir III the Great
1345:Bolesław V the Chaste
1320:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
1290:Bolesław IV the Curly
1260:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1167:Piast the Wheelwright
991:Bolesław II the Bold
888:, Bielsko-Biała, 2005
862:"Boleslaus II."
770:Sviatoslav II of Kiev
701:
619:
578:Battle of Langensalza
482:
1564:John II Casimir Vasa
1483:Jagiellonian dynasty
1445:Władysław I Łokietek
1245:Bolesław II the Bold
1218:Bolesław I the Brave
728:Sacrament of Penance
632:, in southern Poland
612:Deposition and death
582:Vladimir II Monomakh
314:Bolesław II the Bold
124:Bolesław II the Bold
43:improve this article
1516:Sigismund I the Old
1460:Capet-Anjou dynasty
1350:Leszek II the Black
1340:Bolesław the Horned
1300:Casimir II the Just
1295:Mieszko III the Old
599:crowned him in the
595:of 1076 Archbishop
516:Hradec nad Moravicí
474:Henry IV of Germany
1554:Sigismund III Vasa
1405:Dukes of Pomerania
1335:Henry II the Pious
1250:Władysław I Herman
1228:Mieszko II Lambert
1078:Monarchs of Poland
1039:Władysław I Herman
708:
634:
535:Iziaslav I of Kiev
492:
322:Bolesław II Śmiały
262:Wyszesława of Kiev
239:Kingdom of Hungary
211:Mieszko II Lambert
174:Władysław I Herman
1616:
1615:
1574:John III Sobieski
1559:Władysław IV Vasa
1531:Elective monarchy
1415:Přemyslid dynasty
1330:Henry the Bearded
1045:
1044:
1036:Succeeded by
1030:
1009:2 or 3 April 1081
836:978-1-57958-282-1
789:Přemyslid dynasty
746:Maciej Miechowita
681:Wincenty Kadłubek
660:the king for his
622:Bishop Stanislaus
601:Gniezno Cathedral
508:Bohemian nobility
458:Holy Roman Empire
374:. He established
311:
310:
227:Kingdom of Poland
201:Gniezno Cathedral
198:26 December 1076
119:
118:
111:
93:
1661:
1390:Dukes of Kuyavia
1385:Dukes of Masovia
1370:Dukes of Silesia
1355:Henryk IV Probus
1315:Władysław Odonic
1305:Leszek the White
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1028:
1015:Preceded by
1010:
1003:
987:
981:
980:
967:
961:
960:
952:
946:
936:
930:
924:
918:
915:
906:
902:Gallus Anonymus
900:
889:
882:
873:
872:
864:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
820:
798:for the "sin of
669:Władysław Herman
566:Pope Gregory VII
554:Gdańsk Pomerania
496:Duchy of Bohemia
447:Władysław Herman
372:Diocese of Płock
342:
341:
340:
338:
133:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1649:Dukes of Poland
1644:Kings of Poland
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1598:
1549:Stephen Báthory
1539:Henry of Valois
1525:
1477:
1454:
1430:
1409:
1271:
1264:
1199:
1171:
1080:
1075:
1041:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
985:
984:
969:
968:
964:
954:
953:
949:
937:
933:
925:
921:
916:
909:
901:
892:
883:
876:
855:
854:
850:
841:
839:
837:
822:
821:
817:
812:
758:
696:
675:uses the word "
673:Gallus Anonymus
614:
605:Walk to Canossa
562:
547:Saxon rebellion
433:as well as the
423:
403:Gallus Anonymus
378:monasteries in
336:
334:
333:
332:
253:
237:
225:
199:
140:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:Anna Jagiellon
1541:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:Wenceslaus III
1424:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1177:Proto-historic
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1029:King from 1076
1025:Duke of Poland
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:
993:
990:
983:
982:
962:
947:
931:
919:
907:
890:
874:
859:, ed. (1911).
857:Chisholm, Hugh
848:
835:
814:
813:
811:
808:
804:smear campaign
757:
754:
695:
694:Ossiach legend
692:
688:King Ladislaus
658:excommunicated
613:
610:
561:
560:King of Poland
558:
422:
421:Duke of Poland
419:
349:King of Poland
343:) was Duke of
309:
308:
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
283:
277:
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184:
183:
181:King of Poland
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176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
146:Duke of Poland
142:
141:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1595:
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1590:
1587:
1585:
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1580:
1577:
1575:
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1567:
1565:
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1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:John I Albert
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1437:Piast dynasty
1433:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Wenceslaus II
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:Fragmentation
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
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1205:Piast dynasty
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995:Piast Dynasty
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829:. Routledge.
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781:Oswald Balzer
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752:near Kraków.
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537:and his wife
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99:December 2015
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1634:1080s deaths
1629:1040s births
1606:
1589:Augustus III
1366:
1277:
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1232:
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840:. Retrieved
825:
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685:
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646:Red Ruthenia
635:
586:
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551:
543:
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424:
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410:
406:
400:
361:
329:
326:the Generous
325:
313:
312:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1584:Stanisław I
1360:Przemysł II
796:Jan Długosz
766:Jan Długosz
520:Świętosława
376:Benedictine
207:Predecessor
160:Predecessor
1623:Categories
1501:Casimir IV
1144:Leszko III
1033:1058–1079
842:2010-03-25
810:References
785:Zwiefalten
762:Wyszesława
730:and died.
706:in Austria
662:infidelity
656:, who had
650:Stanislaus
626:polychrome
439:Pomerelian
252:(disputed)
195:Coronation
69:newspapers
1511:Alexander
1435:Restored
1367:See also:
1213:Mieszko I
1195:Siemomysł
1162:Chościsko
1157:Popiel II
1137:Leszko II
1109:Krakus II
1086:Legendary
724:Carinthia
716:incognito
584:of Kiev.
549:in 1073.
531:installed
500:Přemyslid
190:1076–1079
170:Successor
155:1058–1076
1325:Konrad I
1255:Zbigniew
1185:Siemowit
1151:Popiel I
1130:Leszko I
1102:Krakus I
1002:ca. 1043
939:T. Jurek
677:traditor
642:Iziaslav
539:Gertruda
514:town of
512:Moravian
487:, 1504,
485:adultery
443:Silesian
435:Mazovian
330:Szczodry
1607:Italics
1473:Jadwiga
1223:Bezprym
1116:Lech II
978:onet.pl
774:Mieszko
597:Bogumił
470:Solomon
462:Hungary
451:Mieszko
427:Greater
396:Wrocław
388:Wrocław
380:Mogilno
281:Dynasty
274:Mieszko
224:c. 1042
83:scholar
1272:period
1190:Lestek
1095:Lech I
1005:
833:
800:sodomy
750:Tyniec
654:Kraków
574:Saxony
527:Géza I
466:Béla I
441:, and
411:Śmiały
407:largus
392:Kraków
345:Poland
337:Polish
318:Polish
302:Mother
292:Father
258:Spouse
245:Burial
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1123:Wanda
1007:Died:
1000:Born:
628:from
502:duke
384:Lubin
364:Piast
286:Piast
269:Issue
187:Reign
152:Reign
137:denar
90:JSTOR
76:books
886:Park
831:ISBN
712:Rome
449:and
429:and
394:and
386:and
355:and
233:Died
221:Born
62:news
722:in
652:of
45:by
1625::
976:,
941:,
910:^
893:^
877:^
865:.
791:.
664:.
437:,
382:,
359:.
320::
135:A
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
845:.
328:(
316:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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