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74:. It became necessary to send ground forces to an area to determine whether the damage was effective, or to overfly the target again. Either situation was difficult to accomplish safely. Starting with this conflict, specialized equipment has been used specifically for BDA type missions. Originally these were aircraft which were converted fighters or bombers (which in the
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BDA relies on humans to interpret and analyze the data collected from various sources. Despite improvements in the data capture techniques limitations were exposed following the 1991 Gulf War in the assessment process when the data supplied by on-board cameras was not analysed correctly. This flawed
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300:, the British military misled the media into exaggerating the real casualty numbers from less than 50 killed to a range of 400–900 killed and wounded. This misinformation is believed to have contributed to the weak resistance faced by the British during the subsequent assault on
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analysis resulted in incorrect or incomplete information being given to local commanders on the extent of the damage caused. In particular the analysis did not reliably identify whether a target had been damaged (but remained militarily viable) or was no longer a threat.
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and additional damage is also assessed in this process. Estimates will be made of the degree to which the military value of the target has been degraded in respect of its intended mission. Finally the overall impact on the enemy's capability will be assessed.
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has developed (as of 2002) a system whereby a BDA "sensor" is towed a third of a kilometer behind the munition. This system is supposed to be capable of near real-time BDA by directly observing the interaction of the munition with the target.
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Bomb damage assessment has a number of objectives. The assessment will attempt to determine if the munition functioned properly and according to its design. An estimate will be made of the extent of physical damage (through munitions blast,
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Information on bomb damage is highly valuable to the enemy and military intelligence and censors will endeavour to conceal, exaggerate or underplay the extent of damage depending on the circumstances. Following the
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a joint team from the allied nations (including
Britain, the United States and Australia) assessed the damage caused to almost 400 sites across the country to determine the effectiveness of weapon strikes.
54:, forces on the ground near the target, satellite imagery and follow-up visits to the target. Preventing information on battle damage reaching the enemy is a key objective of
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As the field has advanced and the quantity of available data has increased, statistical techniques have been introduced to improve the speed and quality of data analysis.
98:. During the Viet Nam War, U.S. special operations and regular ground components often performed on-the-ground BDAs in operational areas where U.S. forces had a presence.
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Largely, this group sought to create a standard lexicon of terminology for describing BDA, and to develop an outlook for the future of BDA.
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After the end of hostilities in the 1991 Gulf War, the Battle Damage
Assessment Working Group (BDAWG) was formed at the behest of MTIC, the
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BDA was used during the two Gulf Wars, both during the conflict and retrospectively. In the opening days of the air campaign of the
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forces (SOF) have taken part in BDA, both through physical presence, and conducting overflies with equipment such as the
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it was used to assess the damage to key Iraqi installations including its nuclear reactors. At the conclusion of the
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Orr, M. & Spohn, R. H. (July 1967). "A Multivariate
Statistical Model for Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment".
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US Navy officer from the
Combined Weapons Effectiveness Assessment Team (CWEAT) examines the effectiveness of a
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90:. From the 1950s onwards satellites became available, as well as high altitude surveillance planes such as the
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special techniques may be required due to the extensive damage caused and difficulty in approaching the site.
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237:, and/or fire damage effects) to the target. This assessment is based upon observed or interpreted damage.
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BDA may be performed using information released accidentally by the enemy. In World War II,
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Lee
Feinstein (March 1991). "Iraqi Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Facilities Attacked".
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50:. Assessment is performed using many techniques including footage from in-weapon cameras,
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Originally, BDA was required due to the disconnected nature of aerial bombardment during
46:, most typically a bomb or air launched missile. It is part of the larger discipline of
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Greg
Wilsbacher (Fall 2010). "Al Brick: The Forgotten Newsreel Man at Pearl Harbour".
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including details on the number of damaged warships and shore installations.
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The Moving Image: The
Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists
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Eliot A. Cohen (January–February 1994). "The
Mystique of U.S. Air Power".
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408:"Cultural pursuit inspires Fellowship: Assessing bomb damage in Iraq"
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510:
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Oliver S. Reading (January 1944). "Science —Study Of
Invariables".
42:, is the practice of assessing damage inflicted on a target from a
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Media
Diplomacy: The Foreign Office in the Mass Communications Age
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transmitted a report on the damage caused by the Japanese raid on
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15:
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David L. Boren (January 1992). "The Winds of Change at the CIA".
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includes two teams dedicated to both target designation and BDA.
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to map, in three dimensions, the condition of a target.
539:. Frank Cass and Company Limited. p. 145.
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363:Andrew Brookes (3 May 2007). "Bombs Away?".
184:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
252:Military Targeting Intelligence Committee.
257:Possible future techniques involve using
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
20:BDA Photo of a military cable station in
465:(1). Council on Foreign Relations: 113.
375:Royal Institute of International Affairs
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572:Intelligence services of World War II
278:Limitations of bomb damage assessment
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182:adding citations to reliable sources
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66:History of bomb damage assessment
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222:Joint Direct Attack Munition
82:designation). Photographic
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112:In more recent conflicts,
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394:Arms Control Association
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86:was used extensively in
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