Bombardment of Cherbourg - Knowledge (XXG)

1978:, Naval Commander in Chief of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force, if the German gunners had not been hampered by faulty ammunition, "they might well have inflicted heavy damage to ... ...ships at the relatively close range ..." Prior to June 1944, the United States Navy's main experiences in the war had been in the Mediterranean and the Pacific. According to naval historian Samuel Morison, these experiences had resulted in an assumption that the modern fire control systems on U.S. ships allowed them to close with and defeat coastal batteries at will. But in the Mediterranean the shore batteries had not been "well and resolutely" served, and Japanese coastal defense gunners had been inadequately trained. As a result of the Cherbourg operation, Morison concluded that, even with modern directors for naval gunnery, a casemated gun is "exceedingly difficult for a rapidly maneuvering warship to destroy with a direct hit, although a shower of salvos around the coast defense position will silence the guns temporarily." Deyo's after-action report recommended that long-range bombardment with plane spotting would be required to silence casemated batteries, stating that either good air spot or shore parties are required for effective naval bombardment, especially when strong currents add to the navigational problems of a task force under accurate shore battery fire. 1809: 1951:. According to these reports, the Allied naval fire curtain was one of their trump cards and in a crisis, it was more accurate and it could be sustained on target, fulfilling the role of a floating artillery arm. The reports also discuss the role of the smaller Allied vessels, remarking that they had firepower that should not be underestimated: "a torpedo boat ... had the firepower of a howitzer battery, a destroyer that of a battery of artillery." The reports go on to compare a cruiser to a regiment of artillery and state that battleships with 38 to 40 cm guns had no equal in land warfare, and could only be matched "by an unusual concentration of very heavy batteries". 258: 1621: 182: 194: 135: 1791: 1696:. The shell did not penetrate the armor but did explode, ripping up the deck of the bridge. The helmsman of the ship, a 21-year-old quartermaster, 3rd Class Christen Norman Christensen, was centered directly below the blast and was killed, the first and last combat fatality to occur on board. The captain, Charles Adams Baker, was outside the bridge when the ship was hit and escaped the blast unharmed. Soon after the order was given to abandon bridge and the surviving members made it down to the armored conning tower to continue the battle. 161: 1036:, but their advance had stalled and the Germans began to demolish the port's facilities. In response, the Allies renewed their efforts to capture the city, and by June 20 three infantry divisions under General "Lightning Joe" Collins had advanced within a mile of German lines defending Cherbourg. Two days later, the general assault began and on June 25, a large naval task force began a concentrated bombardment of the town to help neutralize the threat of German coastal artillery and to provide support to the assaulting infantry. 1893:

gunfire was effective in neutralizing the German batteries, disabling 22 of their 24 assigned targets, and during the bombardment there were long periods during which German gun positions fell silent. This was later attributed to the demoralizing effect that they had on the German gunners, rather than a destructive effect on the guns. The fire support provided by the task force's small ships proved to be more effective, and according to Allied reports after the bombardment this was the most effective aspect of the bombardment.

1902: 1133: 6071: 147: 1243: 1105: 1456: 1055:. Each ship was assigned a series of land-based targets. German shells were accurate out to 15,000 yd (14,000 m), and in some cases they were able to bracket the radically maneuvering ships. Several Allied ships were holed, but faulty ammunition hampered German efforts. In several encounters, after being hit the heavy ships were able to withdraw after Allied destroyers obscured them with smoke. 1914: 1609: 1231: 1255: 265: 1222:) was organized under the command of Rear Admiral Morton Deyo, USN. It was to suppress coastal batteries that the Germans might turn on advancing infantry, and support infantry calls for fire. The navy was additionally tasked to coordinate with the army air force bombers to interdict ammunition resupply and, as infantry closed, follow direction from spotter planes. 43: 1420: 2323:. It was manned by naval gunners. Supporting them nearby were six 88 mm (3 in), six heavy and six light antiaircraft guns. The battery was distinguished by long range, 40,000 yd (37,000 m), and the arc of train. The guns were sited to cover the westerly sea approaches to Cherbourg. They had an easterly limit of fire.) 1438: 1119: 1059:

providing close support to the assaulting Allied infantry. In contrast, while the force's heavy guns disabled 22 of 24 assigned navy targets, they were unable to destroy any of them and, consequently, infantry assaults were required to ensure that the guns could not be reactivated. When the city fell, the neutralized

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On June 29, as the final German resistance in Cherbourg was overcome, Collins wrote to Deyo, stating that during the "naval bombardment of the coastal batteries and the covering strong points around Cherbourg ... results were excellent, and did much to engage the enemy's fire while our troops stormed

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At 14:02 VII Corps replied to Deyo, "Thanks very much—we should be grateful if you would continue until 15:00." VII Corps was on the verge of breaking into Cherbourg's city streets. Fort des Flamand at the eastern end of the inner breakwater, had eight dual-purpose 88-mm guns holding up a regiment of

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Delays in spotter coverage was eliminated by maintaining a few aircraft loitering over the combat area. Reliefs were briefed in the air on the way to assigned sectors, allowing for battlefield developments during transit. Aircraft shortages required one plane to spot for two or more ships. "Army air

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Every firing ship was provided with an army artillery officer to maintain current information about the position of Allied troops, and to determine whether to fire at any given target at the time. The army liaison officer decided the safety of firing at each target, while the "ship itself controlled

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To clear the path to the shore for the task force, US Minesweeping Squadron 7 and the British 9th Minesweeping Flotilla were tasked with sweeping lanes ahead of them for mines. Channel “L” was extended beyond the extent used for D-Day landings along east and north coasts of Cherbourg to protect Task

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While reports taken from German prisoners speak of the terror they experienced from the bombardment, there is no evidence that naval gun fire caused great destruction to the German guns. As a result of the non-destruction of the guns, infantry had to be used to capture them. Nevertheless, the naval

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Air spotters operated in pairs, one as a spotter, one as an escort, each capable of both missions. Each pair could communicate with one another and with the same ships. Every bombarding ship was provided radio capability to communicate with all varieties of aircraft radios. The third method of fire

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the standard operating procedure for "shore fire control parties" (SFCP) called for nine per infantry division. A naval gunfire liaison officer was attached to each regimental fire control center. A naval gunfire officer was attached to each divisional headquarters in charge of all shore parties in

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was straddled by three rounds at her bow, swung starboard with full right rudder, and missed three shells over her stern. Maneuvering, she was straddled at intervals of twenty to thirty seconds by a newly uncovered battery just northeast of Battery Hamburg. The large battery itself was focusing on

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assessed Allied naval gun fire support as "flexible and well directed ... ...support of the land troops ... ranging from battleship to gun boat ... as quickly mobile, constantly available artillery, at points ... as defense against our attacks or as support for attacks." He added that they were

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twice, but she was able to rejoin. After two hours of dueling, all four German guns were temporarily neutralized. Air spot followed the operations at the landing beaches. Pairs of Spitfires, including pilots off the heavy ships, were to loiter 45 minutes over their target. Only half were able to

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Navy men had been assigned to army units as shore party spotters to direct all fire more than 2,000 yd (1,800 m) inland. The infantry support fires could then safely reach along roads far inland, blowing German tanks into "scrap". Pillboxes were "powdered" and gun emplacements "tossed

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As a result of pre-bombardment concerns by ground commanders, all planned long-range shots on seaward batteries were cancelled and it was decided that only call fires would be delivered. Inter-service negotiations made three batteries dedicated navy targets and added any batteries firing on the

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German batteries were unsuccessful engaging ships of the task force, in that ships holed and bracketed with near misses were not sunk; the maneuvering ships were able to maintain positions in mineswept lanes for the most part, and countermeasures included use of smoke, jamming German radar and

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At 09:40, Group 1 made landfall, about 15 mi (24 km) north of Cherbourg. Leading minesweepers cleared approach channels for both battle groups with Group 2's column steaming parallel several miles to the east. They arrived into the seaward fire support areas without being fired on or

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After the action, Allied reports agreed that the most effective aspect of the bombardment was the fire that was provided by the small ships. Under the direction of army spotters, these ships were able to engage point targets up to 2,000 yd (1,800 m) inland, which proved invaluable in

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naval forces engaged in a series of duels with coastal batteries and provided close support to infantry as they fought to gain control of the city. The bombardment was initially scheduled to last just two hours but it was later extended by an hour to support army units attempting to break into

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The German report said that Allied troops had a "particular advantage" from ship formations that provided the mobility to concentrate artillery on any point on the battlefield, and then change their placement to whatever the fighting required. The Anglo-American naval forces made "...the best

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turned from Battery Hamburg and joined in the attack on targets on the west side of Cherbourg that might have turned landward on advancing infantry. For over twenty minutes she was repeatedly straddled, including two that holed her superstructure and another that missed as close as 25 ft

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of the IX Army Air Force flew from southern England for naval combat air patrol, fighter-bomber strikes and on-call close support of the infantry. Collins, commanding VII Corps, arranged for shore fire control parties to join infantry units as they approached German fortified objectives.

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Force 129 closing in for bombardment. The minesweepers repeatedly came under fire from shore batteries during their operations. During the bombardment, as the batteries were silenced, minesweepers cleared channels towards the harbor seaward from the 10 fathom line. Overhead, General

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possible use of this opportunity". A single coastal battery could come repeatedly under "...quite extraordinary superior fire-power". A multiple type formation of warships would concentrate fire at batteries when they were the focal point of combat, creating an "umbrella of fire (

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into Cherbourg from the rear." After an inspection of the port defenses, an army liaison officer reported that the guns that had been targeted could not be reactivated, and those that could have been turned landward were still pointed out to sea when the city had fallen.

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spotters began returning fire on the German batteries firing on the minesweepers. In just thirty minutes, every minesweeper had been straddled with battery fire, though none were hit. Deyo recalled them, and they would lay-to out of range for the rest of the action.

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At 13:20, ten minutes before the agreed-to ending of the bombardment, Deyo, seeing that the mission was not accomplished, signaled VII Corps, "Do you wish more gunfire? Several enemy batteries still active." The Querqueville Battery had come to life again and taken

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batteries—fifteen were 150 mm (6 in) or greater, and three were 280 mm (11 in). There were many 75 and 88 mm (3.0 and 3.5 in) guns, some of which could be trained inland towards advancing infantry. To support the ground assault,

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was hit at her bridge, knocking out her radar, and so sailed out to sea through a smoke screen blind. Minesweepers and the three damaged destroyers were recalled, the destroyers firing their five-inch (127 mm) guns as harassing fire until out of range.

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was radically steering to dodge near-misses and straddles when one of the German 280 mm shells struck the hull and lodged alongside a sailor's bunk, but it, too, was a dud. At 13:35, one of the large caliber guns in Battery Hamburg was knocked out by

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The task force was divided into two divisions: Battle Group 1 and Battle Group 2. Battle Group 1, under Deyo's command, was assigned to bombard Cherbourg, the inner harbor forts, and the area west towards the Atlantic. Group 1 consisted of the battleship

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recorded for his war diary, that one of the contributing causes to Cherbourg's fall was a "naval bombardment of a hitherto unequalled fierceness." German reports of the effect of naval bombardment were broadcast over the German telegraph service in the

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answered the fire on Fort De l'Est on one of the harbor breakwaters, but by the time the target was silenced, a well camouflaged battery began walking fire closer to the ship operating from a range of 15,000 yd (14,000 m).

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made for Cherbourg to follow the E-boats, but they were sunk or disabled. By June 14, the Germans were attempting to deny the Allies use of Cherbourg's major port facility by blocking, mining and demolishing its harbor. The violent

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silenced the battery again. Later, as the task force withdrew, the battery opened fire again. More than its endurance, the task force upper decks noted its long day of near-misses. The battery near Gruchy came to life again. HMS

1160:. Hitler believed that the Allied invasion would fail without Cherbourg, and ordered it be made impregnable, awarding it "fortress" status. The American ground forces would lose over 2,800 dead and 13,500 wounded conquering it. 1175:

began putting together a naval bombardment plan on June 15. While planning went forward, a late June storm raged in the English Channel, scattering Deyo's task force out to open sea and into British ports; they reassembled in

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was holed with a ricochet dud from another battery that landed in her aft diesel room. She returned fire on the disclosed battery without air or shore spotting. All minesweepers were splashed with near misses. The destroyer

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American troops had overrun two smaller targets, and spotters described them as "surrounded by dead Germans". The strong currents off Normandy slowed the battleships behind minesweepers drifting off course in the current.

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ships. The ships were to have spotter planes over Cherbourg targets. During ship approaches from 09:40 until 12:00 they were to fire only if fired on. Infantry fire-coordination was provided in the air and on the ground.

1210:(VII Corps) expedited communications between different services and commands. The navy-only operation with a three-hour bombardment was shortened to ninety minutes. The targets were limited to those chosen by the army. 1674:

At 12:20, Group 1 destroyers laid smoke to protect the heavy ships in Fire Support Area 3, then closed nearer to the shore to gain more effective fire on the Querqueville Battery. German fire concentrated on HMS

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Subsequently minesweepers of the two U.S. YMS squadrons, the 167th BYMS, and 206th MMS Flotillas assisted in clearing the anchorages and berths. Cherbourg port was free of mines and was receiving ships by 19

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control involved a combination of air to ground to sea communication. "Army air observation" planes spotted for a control party on the ground. They relayed the information to the ships taking fire missions.

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At 10:34 Group 2 headed west-south-west toward Fire Support Area 3 north of Cherbourg, with Minesweeper Squadron 7 leading screened by three destroyers while two destroyers stayed back with the battleships.

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Each shore party had a table of organization of one army officer, one naval officer and twelve enlisted. Each SFCP had a table of equipment calling for a jeep, an M.14 half-track, and both FM and AM radio

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Cherbourg's city streets. After the bombardment, German resistance lasted until June 29, when the port was captured by the Allies. Afterwards, the task of clearing the port for use lasted several weeks.

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The German Battery Hamburg, located six miles inland, had four 279 mm (11 in) guns, well separated, protected by steel shields similar to naval gun turrets, and reinforced concrete

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An hour later, following Collins' new deadline of 15:00, Deyo ordered cease fire and began withdrawing from the bombardment area. Group 2 headed back to Portland, England, at 15:01. Flagship

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effective counter battery fires. Nevertheless, U.S. naval doctrine was modified after the operation. More attention was paid to the achievement of effective long range fire. According to

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established radio contact with its shore fire control party, closed range to 18,000 yd (16,000 m) and opened fire on Battery Hamburg with her antiquated fire control system.

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COMNAVEU (2006), pp. 469–473. The SFCP operation in the field was not without danger. Germans were able to locate radios in the medium frequency and take them under fire in seconds.

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was sealed off by Allied infantry, but the German line was stabilized and the American advance stalled. Cherbourg held a garrison of 40,000 with a new commander (as of June 23),

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continued through the afternoon firing at Battery Hamburg and another nearby battery. When they strayed back into the arc of fire, Battery Hamburg's three remaining guns made

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was distributing its fire among targeted strong points directed by shore fire control, when flak hit its two Spitfires and they were forced to retire. In the first hour,

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s salvos did no damage, so as Group 2 steamed into the battery's arc of fire, the German guns were able to fire. The minesweepers were all bracketed. The destroyer

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To support the Allied advance over the Cotentin Peninsula and their planned assault on the German fortifications, on June 25, 1944, a bombarding force (CTF 129,

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as the primary invasion, they sought to limit the lodgment while they prepared a counter-offensive. To preserve naval assets, the Cherbourg-based German

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receiving any calls for fire. As noon passed at eight bells, the task force plodded towards the in-shore fire support areas at the minesweepers’ five-

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advance, after some progress, was stalled by entrenched German resistance. The proposed naval bombardment was complicated, because the advance of the

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continued firing as she maneuvered out to sea, at 25,000 yd (23,000 m) and again out a further mile and a half with accuracy (25,414 m).

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reach the area, the others were driven off by flak, turned away with engine trouble, or could not navigate to the target assignment. Soon after,

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raged until June 22. Logistic movement ashore was temporarily crippled, and the Allies desperately needed Cherbourg's port in their possession.

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s long-range bombardment, postponing his open-firing until noon at shore request or in self-defense, and Group 2 was to join Group 1 by noon.

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Combined Task Force, CTF 122 was dissolved and command of U.S.N. OVERLORD Forces reverted to Commander, 12th Fleet as of 0001, 10 July 1944.

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took another call for fire. The targets were 75 mm field guns in casemates, on the dock at the entrance to Cherbourg's naval arsenal.

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began firing, but large-caliber rounds from Battery Hamburg began to drop around her at 14,250 yd (13,030 m). She retired, then

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returned fire. The batteries in and around Cherbourg seemed able to fire accurately at any ship within 15,000 yd (14,000 m)

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skyhigh". German shore batteries were in turn laying well placed fire, churning the seas with near misses bracketing Deyo's ships.

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skillfully directed by air and ground spotters, and that the Allied naval gunnery had a high rapid-fire capacity at range.

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came to her aid, scoring a direct hit bringing flames. With her deck covered with splinters and splashes from near misses,

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Morison (2002), p. 200; destroyers listed in Rosco (1953), pp. 361–362; minesweepers are found at COMNAVEU (2006), p. 444.

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later wrote, "the final assault was materially assisted by heavy and accurate naval gunfire." Von Schlieben reported to

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in Group 1 was to use its main battery to silence what was described as "the most powerful German strongpoint on the

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At 12:12, the first call for fire came in from VII Corps shore fire control parties. Following their corrections,

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took out the fortified target in 25 minutes. They continued with targets of opportunity for about three hours.

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guns, which the Germans could have turned inland towards advancing Allied troops, were still aimed out to sea.

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was tasked with providing fighter cover. Additional aircraft provided antisubmarine and combat air patrols.

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took a dud in her port bow by the anchor. The damage control party pried it loose and tossed it overboard.

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to begin firing on Target 2, Battery Hamburg. Deyo's flash message surprised Bryant cancelling

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The task force was divided into two groups, each consisting of a variety of warships including

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was struck by a German 280 mm (11 in) shell which hit the top of the ship's armored

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German fortifications were temporarily neutralized by heavy guns of battleships and cruisers

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that further resistance had been useless due in part to "heavy fire from the sea", while

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The volume of fire was notable and of consequence. The Allied Supreme Commander, General

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Operation Neptune: The Inside Story of Naval Operations for the Normandy Landings 1944

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Group 2 now began firing generally at Battery Hamburg, which was obscured by smoke.

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could not connect with her shore party and so stayed in line with the minesweepers.

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The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Offensive. Part II 1st June 1944 – 14th August 1945

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Army air controlled gunnery blew "tanks into scrap" and "pillboxes were powdered"

1449:, minesweepers leading Group 1 took first German coastal fires, "straddling" them 7298: 7142: 7116: 5714: 5700: 5362: 4038: 3859: 3844: 3198: 2048: 1551: 1455: 1351: 1309: 1172: 1052: 546: 519: 186: 1913: 7308: 7136: 7130: 7110: 5069: 4822: 4801: 3694: 3027: 2955: 2160: 2080: 2059: 1529: 1398: 1330: 1323: 1196:

had brought them to within a mile of the city. An army liaison officer aboard

1080: 1040: 1009: 556: 551: 524: 211: 98: 85: 5332: 4737: 4534: 4345: 4143: 4098: 3115: 2672: 2354: 1614:

Naval guns dueled casemated artillery while supporting infantry of VII Corps

1608: 1048: 226: 76: 3619: 1581:

At 09:55, Bryant's Group 2 entered Fire Support Area 2. Spotter planes for

1230: 2772: 2443:

COMNAVEU (2006), chronology: p. 224; ships assigned to task force: p. 444.

1254: 1118: 1012:

attacked German fortifications in and near the city, firing in support of

42: 7408:

Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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the fire". The SFCP observed the fall of shot and corrected fire with a

1163:

The Germans had emplaced coastal guns in and around Cherbourg in twenty

2647:

Morison (2002), p. 200; destroyers listed in Rosco (1953), pp. 361–362.

1940: 1907:

Closing VII Corps required air and ground control of naval fire support

1419: 1076: 1044: 1437: 6358: 6347: 6155: 4213: 2382:

was equipped with second-hand pieces and parts for fire control from

1558:

began falling among the deployed minesweeper flotillas. Four British

297: 286: 1431:, destroyers on anti-sub screen had air cover from IX Army Air Force 1354:, inland from Cape Levi, 6 mi (9.7 km) east of Cherbourg. 1856:

the 4th Division. Shore fire control called for naval support, and

1745:

under fire, straddling the destroyer four times in twenty minutes.

1589:

were on target, ready to open fire, and operation plans called for

4401: 1562:

began making a smoke screen for the approaching minesweepers. HMS

2764: 2692:

Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002) . "Cherbourg June–September 1944".

6841: 6106: 6102: 2815: 2811: 313: 2717:

Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII

2606: 2604: 2602: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2643: 2641: 2472: 2470: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2661:

Commander, U.S. Naval Forces in Europe (COMNAVEU) (2006) .

1719:

and her air spot silenced it with 54 rounds. The destroyer

1715:

identified coastal battery fire nearby the town of Gruchy.

2763:. History of the Second World War. Vol. III. London: 7413:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United States

47:

A heavy German coast artillery shell falls between USS

3473:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2460: 2458: 1848:

a target, and a nearby 105 mm battery acquired

1820:– small ships gave "most effective" infantry support 7276: 7240: 7189: 7152: 7095: 7030: 6880: 6814: 6784: 6723: 6667: 6612: 6501: 6492: 6469: 6443: 6403: 6372: 6331: 6295: 6266: 6229: 6220: 6195: 6142: 5834: 5562: 5403: 5228: 4987: 4839: 4777: 4681: 4672: 4553: 4279: 4189: 4037: 3740: 3731: 3489: 3314: 3167: 2929: 2922: 1180:, Dorset. On the Cotentin Peninsula, the U.S. Army 2740:United States Destroyer Operations in World War II 2737: 2714: 264: 7403:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany 2353:observation" posts were light aircraft such as 23: 7398:Naval battles of World War II involving France 1092:storm that thrashed apart the artificial port 6853: 6118: 2827: 1831:In Group 2, making westward to join Group 1, 325: 8: 6868:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, 2000:-class cruiser, Adm. Deyo flag, commanding, 1467:, minesweepers cleared lanes for battleship 1028:When the Allies secured a bridgehead in the 7160:American logistics in the Normandy campaign 2664:The Invasion of Normandy: Operation NEPTUNE 1666:minesweepers and destroyers. The destroyer 1071:Once German commanders assessed the Allied 7357:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 7165:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 6860: 6846: 6838: 6498: 6226: 6192: 6125: 6111: 6103: 4678: 3737: 2926: 2834: 2820: 2812: 332: 318: 310: 41: 20: 2592: 2590: 2404: 2303: 2108:Task Force 129, Group Two (incomplete) 1987:Task Force 129, Group One (incomplete) 1802:gave accurate on-call fires at 15 miles 1140:Gen. "Lightning Joe" Collins, VII Corps 6900:American airborne landings in Normandy 4659:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 2784:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 2389:. The gyro-compasses handed down from 5530:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 4962:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 4608:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4564:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 3669:Rape during the occupation of Germany 2121:-class battleship, Adm. Bryant flag, 1864:was able to silence the target fort. 7: 7423:Naval bombing operations and battles 4652:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 3684:Rape during the liberation of France 2744:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 1138:Gen. Omar Bradley, First Army (left) 1000:took place on June 25, 1944, during 55:while they duel with Battery Hamburg 6953:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express 4878:German invasion of the Netherlands 3158:Weather events during World War II 2695:The Invasion of France and Germany 2253:, Hunt-class destroyer, Type III, 1376:, and five destroyers. These were 14: 5509:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 2679:from the original on July 9, 2011 456:Caen canal and Orne river bridges 16:1944 naval operation off Normandy 7393:History of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin 6929:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges 6069: 2411:Morison (2002), pp. 175, 195–198 1912: 1900: 1807: 1789: 1619: 1607: 1454: 1436: 1418: 1253: 1248:Map of Cherbourg, port and forts 1241: 1229: 1131: 1117: 1103: 263: 256: 192: 180: 159: 145: 133: 7347:People of Western Europe speech 7268:Military cemeteries in Normandy 1016:units that were engaged in the 394:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum 7342:June 6, 1944, order of the day 5756:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 3466:Territorial changes of Germany 3374:Indonesian National Revolution 2521:COMNAVEU (2006), pp. 224, 469. 2260:, Hunt-class destroyer Type IV 1753:dodged behind a smoke screen. 1: 5156:Japanese invasion of Thailand 5107:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4871:German invasion of Luxembourg 3252:Mediterranean and Middle East 2626:COMNAVEU (2006), pp. 474–476. 2494:COMNAVEU (2006), pp. 444–445. 1765:fired for half an hour, then 1473:, dispersed by casemated guns 1260:Aerial view of Cherbourg port 7101: 7097: 5063:Invasion of the Soviet Union 4752:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 4070:Independent State of Croatia 2759:Roskill, Stephen W. (1961). 2610:Morison (2002), pp. 210–211. 2584:Morison (2002), pp. 205–210. 2557:Morison (2002), pp. 200–205. 1736:Extension of the bombardment 1498:of the British Royal Navy's 7177:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) 6187:Naval regions and districts 6047:End of World War II in Asia 5887:Western invasion of Germany 5394:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 5371:Second Battle of El Alamein 4941:Hundred Regiments Offensive 4913:Battle of the Mediterranean 4766:Italian invasion of Albania 2940:Air warfare of World War II 2721:. London: Faber and Faber. 2476:Morison (2002), pp. 198–200 2434:Morison (2002), pp. 195–198 7439: 5973:Naval bombardment of Japan 5341:First Battle of El Alamein 5260:Battle of Christmas Island 5205:Japanese invasion of Burma 4969:Italian invasion of Greece 4885:German invasion of Belgium 4857:German invasion of Denmark 4830:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 4699:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2963:Comparative military ranks 2452:Rosco (1953), pp. 361–362. 2093:Group 1 lead minesweeper, 1560:Fairmile C motor gun boats 1158:Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben 199:Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben 7314:Allied forces in Normandy 6062: 5894:Bratislava–Brno offensive 5825:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 5449:Allied invasion of Sicily 5309:Aleutian Islands campaign 5281:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 5219:Greek famine of 1941–1944 5114:Second Battle of Changsha 5019:German invasion of Greece 4864:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 3206:North and Central Pacific 2849: 2713:Rankin, Nicholas (2011). 401:Combined Bomber Offensive 353: 251: 204: 173: 126: 59: 40: 28: 5486:Allied invasion of Italy 5463:Solomon Islands campaign 5212:Third Battle of Changsha 4809:First Battle of Changsha 4715:Second Sino-Japanese War 3655:German military brothels 3521:United States war crimes 2780:Schofield, B.B. (2008). 2736:Rosco, Theodore (1953). 2635:Schofield (2008), p. 95. 1236:Cherbourg port from land 998:bombardment of Cherbourg 245:German "fortress" status 24:Bombardment of Cherbourg 6494:Battles and engagements 5908:Second Guangxi campaign 5763:Philippines (1944–1945) 5267:Battle of the Coral Sea 5170:Fall of the Philippines 4816:Battle of South Guangxi 4722:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 4128:Italian Social Republic 2807:Utah beach to Cherbourg 2566:Morison (2002), p. 207. 2503:Morison (2002), p. 198. 1949:German Military Journal 1208:"Lightning Joe" Collins 1083:. Four destroyers from 277:Cherbourg-Octeville, a 247:elements of 4 divisions 7294:D-Day naval deceptions 6827:Awards and decorations 5493:Armistice of Cassibile 5295:Battle of Dutch Harbor 5246:Battle of the Java Sea 5149:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5049:Syria–Lebanon campaign 5042:Battle of South Shanxi 5012:Invasion of Yugoslavia 4795:Battle of the Atlantic 4409:Korean Liberation Army 4122:(until September 1943) 4079:(until September 1944) 4057:(until September 1944) 2464:Morison (2002), p. 206 2420:Rankin (2001), p. 315. 2217:Anti-submarine screen 2034:-class light cruiser, 1308:, and six destroyers: 1004:, when ships from the 863:Air and Sea operations 656:Anglo-Canadian Sector 535:Anglo-Canadian Sector 174:Commanders and leaders 29:Part of World War II, 6822:Uniforms and insignia 6461:Patrol boat flotillas 6456:Minesweeper flotillas 5657:Second Battle of Guam 5553:Bengal famine of 1943 5523:Second Battle of Kiev 5479:Battle of the Dnieper 5184:Battle of Wake Island 5056:East African campaign 4998:Battle of South Henan 4643:atrocities by Germans 4416:Korean Volunteer Army 3397:Occupation of Germany 3151:Music in World War II 2596:Rosco (1953), p. 362. 2343:transmitter-receiver. 2226:, O-class destroyer, 1782:pulled out of range. 1506:Fire control measures 1481:Air and naval support 1268:Battle groups 1 and 2 895:Supporting operations 51:(background) and USS 7064:(Canada, Poland, US) 7017:(Canada, Poland, UK) 7011:(Canada, Poland, UK) 6654:Norway & Denmark 6203:Imperial German Navy 5943:Surrender of Germany 5421:Battle of West Hubei 5378:Guadalcanal campaign 5348:Battle of Stalingrad 5274:Battle of Madagascar 4048:Albania protectorate 3835:(formerly Swaziland) 3544:Wehrmacht war crimes 3360:Expulsion of Germans 3144:Art and World War II 3042:British contribution 2991:Governments in exile 2485:Rosco (1953), p. 361 2185:-class minesweeper, 2045:-class light cruiser 1961:Generalfeldmarschall 1933:Generalfeldmarschall 1928:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1496:Grumman TBF Avengers 1079:were transferred to 347:(Battle of Normandy) 274:class=notpageimage| 7325:Operation Bodyguard 7319:Liberation of Paris 6815:Uniforms and awards 6033:Potsdam Declaration 5922:Italy (Spring 1945) 5685:Liberation of Paris 5142:Siege of Sevastopol 4160:(until August 1944) 4063:Wang Jingwei regime 3885:from September 1943 3845:from September 1944 3783:from September 1944 3643:Romanian war crimes 3634:Persecution of Jews 3620:Croatian war crimes 3590:Japanese war crimes 3404:Occupation of Japan 3353:First Indochina War 3065:Military production 2977:Declarations of war 2278:Battle of Cherbourg 1728:dropped smoke, and 1214:Combined Task Force 1124:Gen. "Pete" Quesada 1073:assault at Normandy 1020:. In doing so, the 1018:Battle of Cherbourg 296:, in north-western 95: / 7383:Operation Overlord 7352:Rommel's asparagus 7336:Operation Jedburgh 7181:Operation Chastity 6196:Predecessor groups 6026:Surrender of Japan 5859:Battle of Iwo Jima 5708:Belgrade offensive 5121:Siege of Leningrad 5005:Battle of Shanggao 4934:British Somaliland 4899:Dunkirk evacuation 4850:Norwegian campaign 4788:Invasion of Poland 4615:Japanese prisoners 3583:Italian war crimes 3514:British war crimes 3429:Soviet occupations 3213:South-West Pacific 3100:Allied cooperation 3058:Military equipment 2293:Operation Overlord 2166:(desdiv pennant), 2159:-class destroyer, 2103:-class minesweeper 2058:-class destroyer, 1964:Gerd von Rundstedt 1360:Cotentin Peninsula 1149:Cotentin Peninsula 1034:Cotentin Peninsula 1006:United States Navy 690:Normandy massacres 579:Operation Chastity 343:Operation Overlord 283:Cotentin peninsula 35:Operation Overlord 7365: 7364: 7330:Operation Dragoon 7005:(UK 6th Airborne) 6835: 6834: 6810: 6809: 6484:Sea defense zones 6451:Surface flotillas 6439: 6438: 6411:Aircraft carriers 6216: 6215: 6100: 6099: 6058: 6057: 5901:Battle of Okinawa 5800:Burma (1944–1945) 5634:Mariana and Palau 5414:Tunisian campaign 5239:Fall of Singapore 5163:Fall of Hong Kong 4906:Battle of Britain 4759:Operation Himmler 4668: 4667: 4332:Dutch East Indies 3975:Southern Rhodesia 3727: 3726: 3627:Genocide of Serbs 3530:German war crimes 3507:Soviet war crimes 3500:Allied war crimes 3346:Division of Korea 3325:Chinese Civil War 3123:Strategic bombing 3035:Manhattan Project 2791:978-1-84415-662-7 2728:978-0-57125-062-2 2283:Normandy landings 2132:-class battleship 2022:-class battleship 1521:Normandy landings 1492:IX Army Air Force 1147:From June 18 the 1126:IX Army Air Force 1112:Bombardment Force 1030:Normandy landings 991: 990: 847:Mantes-Gassicourt 511:Normandy landings 308: 307: 122: 121: 31:Operation Neptune 7430: 7418:June 1944 events 7338:(France, UK, US) 7332:(France, UK, US) 7304:Hobart's Funnies 7258:Hillman Fortress 7170:Mulberry harbour 7103: 7099: 7096:Landing points ( 7074:Merville Battery 6943:(Deception plan) 6862: 6855: 6848: 6839: 6519:Bismarck sinking 6499: 6421:Commerce raiders 6390:U-boat flotillas 6227: 6193: 6167:Personnel Office 6162:Naval War Office 6127: 6120: 6113: 6104: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6076:World portal 6074: 6073: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5936:Prague offensive 5931: 5929:Battle of Berlin 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5873:Vienna offensive 5868: 5861: 5854: 5852:Battle of Manila 5847: 5827: 5818: 5809: 5802: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5726: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5636: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5593:Korsun–Cherkassy 5588: 5577: 5555: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5435:Bombing of Gorky 5430: 5423: 5416: 5396: 5389: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5302:Battle of Midway 5297: 5290: 5288:Battle of Gazala 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5198:Battle of Borneo 5193: 5191:Malayan campaign 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5135:Bombing of Gorky 5130: 5128:Battle of Moscow 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4980: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4892:Battle of France 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4745:Munich Agreement 4740: 4733: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4701: 4694: 4679: 4661: 4654: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4630:Soviet prisoners 4624: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4570:German prisoners 4566: 4546: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4106:French Indochina 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3953:from August 1944 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3836: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3738: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3679: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3597:Nanjing Massacre 3592: 3585: 3576: 3574:Nuremberg trials 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3307: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3178:Asia and Pacific 3160: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3109: 3107:Mulberry harbour 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2942: 2927: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2795: 2776: 2755: 2743: 2732: 2720: 2709: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2648: 2645: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2611: 2608: 2597: 2594: 2585: 2582: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2536: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2465: 2462: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2394: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2011:-class cruiser, 1916: 1904: 1811: 1793: 1648: 1623: 1611: 1599: 1458: 1440: 1422: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1178:Portland Harbour 1135: 1121: 1110:Adm. Morton Deyo 1107: 1008:and the British 622:La Haye-du-Puits 607:American Sector 515:American Sector 461:Merville Battery 441:Airborne assault 348: 344: 334: 327: 320: 311: 267: 266: 260: 197: 196: 185: 184: 169: 165: 163: 162: 151: 149: 148: 139: 137: 136: 110: 109: 107: 106: 105: 100: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 61: 60: 45: 21: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7272: 7236: 7217:Longues-sur-Mer 7185: 7148: 7091: 7080:Verrières Ridge 7026: 6919:(UK and Canada) 6876: 6866: 6836: 6831: 6806: 6780: 6719: 6663: 6608: 6599:Sydney-Kormoran 6488: 6465: 6435: 6399: 6368: 6327: 6291: 6262: 6212: 6191: 6177:Type commanders 6172:Fleet commander 6138: 6131: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6068: 6066: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5992: 5987:Atomic bombings 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5830: 5823: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5729: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5690: 5683: 5678:Eastern Romania 5676: 5671:Warsaw Uprising 5669: 5664:Tannenberg Line 5662: 5655: 5650:Western Ukraine 5648: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5580: 5571: 5558: 5551: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5442:Battle of Kursk 5440: 5433: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5253:St Nazaire Raid 5251: 5244: 5237: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5077: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5035:Anglo-Iraqi War 5033: 5026:Battle of Crete 5024: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4983: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4955:Eastern Romania 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4773: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4597: 4590: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4549: 4542: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4516:Western Ukraine 4514: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4460:Northeast China 4458: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4166:Slovak Republic 4164: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4137:Empire of Japan 4135: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4046: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4010: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3839: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3723: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3682: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3649:Sexual violence 3648: 3641: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3379: 3372: 3367:Greek Civil War 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3310: 3303: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3250: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3192:South-East Asia 3190: 3183: 3176: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3051:Military awards 3049: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2779: 2758: 2752: 2735: 2729: 2712: 2706: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2614: 2609: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2539: 2534: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2288:Operation Cobra 2273:Battle for Caen 2269: 2157:Allen M. Sumner 2141:(desron flag), 2086: 2054:(desron flag), 2023: 1984: 1944:Theodor Krancke 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1886: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1794: 1738: 1646: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1597: 1547: 1542: 1513:P-38 Lightnings 1508: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1423: 1404:(pennant), and 1280:, the cruisers 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1216: 1154:Generalleutnant 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1090:English Channel 1069: 994: 993: 992: 987: 974: 761:Verrières Ridge 683:Le Mesnil-Patry 606: 604:Ground campaign 514: 477:American Sector 444:British Sector 443: 349: 346: 342: 340: 338: 304: 303: 302: 301: 276: 270: 269: 268: 246: 244: 243:Battery Hamburg 242: 229: 224: 219: 214: 191: 179: 160: 158: 157: 146: 144: 143: 134: 132: 103: 101: 99:49.65°N 01.63°W 97: 94: 89: 86: 84: 82: 81: 80: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7436: 7434: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7388:1944 in France 7385: 7380: 7370: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7263:Pegasus Bridge 7260: 7255: 7250: 7248:Falaise pocket 7244: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7114: 7107: 7105: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7086:Villers-Bocage 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6897: 6896:(assault plan) 6891: 6890:(overall plan) 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6631: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6569:Pierres Noires 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6539:Horten Harbour 6536: 6534:Denmark Strait 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6395:U-boat regions 6392: 6387: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6299: 6297:Light cruisers 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6285:Admiral Hipper 6281: 6272: 6270: 6268:Heavy cruisers 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6148: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6006: 6003:South Sakhalin 5999: 5998: 5997: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5727: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5637: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5482: 5475: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5428:Battle of Attu 5424: 5417: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5390: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5177:Battle of Guam 5173: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5100:Battle of Kiev 5096: 5089: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4611: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599:United Kingdom 4595: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4567: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4003:British Empire 3996:United Kingdom 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3812:Czechoslovakia 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3709:Rape of Manila 3705: 3698: 3691: 3680: 3665: 3658: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3547: 3540: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3495: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3480:United Nations 3476: 3469: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3339:Decolonization 3335: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3285: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3031: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3012:United Kingdom 3008: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2858: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2801:External links 2799: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2777: 2756: 2750: 2733: 2727: 2710: 2704: 2689: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2637: 2628: 2612: 2598: 2586: 2568: 2559: 2537: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2422: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2372: 2363: 2345: 2335: 2325: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2173: 2133: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2046: 1983: 1982:Ships assigned 1980: 1976:Bertram Ramsay 1918: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1882: 1869:(7.6 m). 1840:, and she and 1813: 1806: 1805: 1796:Heavy cruiser 1795: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1737: 1734: 1625: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1546: 1545:Initial stages 1543: 1541: 1538: 1524:his division. 1507: 1504: 1488:"Pete" Quesada 1482: 1479: 1460: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1424: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1269: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1215: 1212: 1137: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1068: 1065: 989: 988: 986: 985: 973: 972: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 892: 891: 886: 884:Pierres Noires 881: 876: 871: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 812: 805: 804: 803: 791: 784: 777: 764: 763: 758: 751: 744: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 699: 698: 697: 687: 686: 685: 680: 678:Villers-Bocage 668: 663: 654: 653: 652: 651: 641: 640: 639: 629: 624: 619: 614: 612:Brécourt Manor 601: 600: 599: 598: 593: 583: 582: 581: 565: 564: 562:Port-en-Bessin 559: 554: 549: 544: 533: 532: 527: 522: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 473: 472: 465: 464: 463: 458: 438: 437: 432: 427: 420: 413: 411:Transport Plan 408: 403: 398: 397: 396: 391: 384: 377: 363: 354: 351: 350: 339: 337: 336: 329: 322: 314: 306: 305: 294:Lower Normandy 272: 271: 262: 261: 255: 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 235: 222:light cruisers 217:heavy cruisers 207: 206: 202: 201: 189: 176: 175: 171: 170: 155: 153:United Kingdom 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118:Allied victory 116: 112: 111: 75: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 38: 37: 26: 25: 19: 18: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7435: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Atlantic Wall 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190:Gun batteries 7188: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7124: 7123:Pointe du Hoc 7121: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7094: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6870:Western Front 6863: 6858: 6856: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Mediterranean 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6514:Bay of Biscay 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426:Landing craft 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Torpedo boats 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332:Smaller craft 6330: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6231:Capital ships 6228: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Flag officers 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010:Kuril Islands 6007: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777:Syrmian Front 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723:Market Garden 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5582:Monte Cassino 5579: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4948:Baltic states 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4592:United States 4589: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528:Quốc dân Đảng 4525: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228:Liechtenstein 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012:United States 4009: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3702:Comfort women 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: / 3685: 3681: 3678: 3675: / 3674: 3671: / 3670: 3666: 3663: 3662:Camp brothels 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551:The Holocaust 3548: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3537:forced labour 3534: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3390:Marshall Plan 3387: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3243:Eastern Front 3240: 3237: 3236:Western Front 3233: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3130:Puppet states 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3072:Naval history 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3019:United States 3016: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2751:0-87021-726-7 2747: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2690: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1915: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1694:conning tower 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1622: 1610: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1500:Fleet Air Arm 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1421: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1267: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1220:Twelfth Fleet 1213: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1203:representing 1202: 1201: 1195: 1194:4th divisions 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1134: 1120: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 971: 970: 966: 962: 960: 959: 955: 953: 952: 948: 946: 945: 941: 939: 938: 934: 932: 931: 927: 925: 924: 920: 918: 917: 913: 911: 910: 906: 904: 903: 899: 898: 897: 896: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 864: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 817: 813: 811: 810: 806: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 792: 790: 789: 785: 783: 782: 778: 776: 775: 771: 770: 769: 768: 762: 759: 757: 756: 752: 750: 749: 745: 743: 740: 738: 737: 733: 731: 730: 726: 724: 723: 719: 717: 716: 712: 710: 709: 705: 703: 700: 696: 695:Ardenne Abbey 693: 692: 691: 688: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 657: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 608: 605: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 584: 580: 577: 576: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 542: 538: 537: 536: 531: 530:Pointe du Hoc 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 513: 512: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 480: 479: 478: 471: 470: 466: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 447: 446: 445: 442: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425: 421: 419: 418: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 395: 392: 390: 389: 385: 383: 382: 378: 376: 375: 371: 370: 369: 368: 364: 362: 361:Atlantic Wall 359: 358: 357: 352: 345: 335: 330: 328: 323: 321: 316: 315: 312: 299: 295: 291: 288: 284: 280: 275: 259: 250: 240: 236: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 200: 195: 190: 188: 183: 178: 177: 172: 168: 156: 154: 142: 141:United States 131: 130: 125: 117: 114: 113: 108: 104:49.65; -01.63 78: 74: 71: 70: 67:June 25, 1944 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 22: 7378:Kriegsmarine 7241:Other places 7052:(UK, Canada) 6965: 6874:World War II 6791: 6705:Rösselsprung 6594:St. Lawrence 6574:Point Judith 6559:Nerva Island 6554:Ligurian Sea 6471:Shore Forces 6431:Sail barques 6416:Escort ships 6364:Patrol boats 6359:Attack boats 6344:Minesweepers 6320: 6312: 6305: 6284: 6276: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6208:Reichsmarine 6152:High Command 6144:Organization 6135:Kriegsmarine 6133: 6084:Bibliography 6067: 5880:Project Hula 5845:Vistula–Oder 5814: 5747: 5738: 5722: 5692: 5641: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5573: 5470: 5385: 5361: 5331: 5082: 4975: 4920:North Africa 4622:Soviet Union 4576:Soviet Union 4502:Soviet Union 4270:Vatican City 4180:Vichy France 4085:German Reich 3982:Soviet Union 3968:South Africa 3961:Sierra Leone 3914:Newfoundland 3733:Participants 3716:Marocchinate 3420: 3411: 3381: 3259:North Africa 3220:Indian Ocean 3079:Nazi plunder 2970:Cryptography 2843:World War II 2781: 2760: 2739: 2716: 2694: 2683:September 6, 2681:. Retrieved 2663: 2654:Bibliography 2631: 2562: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2448: 2439: 2416: 2407: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2348: 2338: 2328: 2315: 2306: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1937:Erwin Rommel 1931: 1925: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1798: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1569: 1563: 1556:Querqueville 1548: 1534: 1526: 1518: 1509: 1484: 1469: 1463: 1445: 1427: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1355: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1217: 1199: 1170:Rear Admiral 1162: 1152: 1146: 1070: 1057: 1053:minesweepers 1038: 1027: 1002:World War II 997: 995: 976: 975: 968: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 893: 889:Audierne Bay 878: 862: 861: 815: 808: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 765: 754: 747: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 671: 655: 648: 603: 602: 567: 566: 540: 534: 509: 508: 475: 474: 468: 449: 440: 439: 423: 417:Postage Able 416: 387: 380: 373: 366: 355: 127:Belligerents 52: 48: 7299:Dieppe Raid 7232:Mont Canisy 6802:La Rochelle 6715:Zitronnella 6579:River Plate 6509:Barents Sea 6479:Naval bases 6404:Other craft 6348:Auxiliaries 6277:Deutschland 6256:Deutschland 6240:Scharnhorst 5815:Bodenplatte 5701:Gothic Line 4927:West Africa 4474:Philippines 4453:Netherlands 4318:Czech lands 4256:Switzerland 4200:Afghanistan 4151:Philippines 4019:Puerto Rico 3935:Philippines 3921:New Zealand 3907:Netherlands 3860:Free France 3611:Prosecution 3412:Osoaviakhim 3282:West Africa 3266:East Africa 2913:Conferences 2032:Southampton 1998:New Orleans 1957:Feuerglocke 1761:joined in. 1540:Bombardment 1519:During the 1352:Fermanville 1173:Morton Deyo 1041:battleships 937:Houndsworth 857:La Rochelle 232:minesweeper 212:battleships 187:Morton Deyo 102: / 7372:Categories 7309:Rhino tank 7197:Amfreville 6881:Operations 6710:Wunderland 6668:Operations 6634:Baltic Sea 6564:North Cape 6529:Casablanca 6373:Submarines 6339:Destroyers 6313:Königsberg 5915:West Hunan 5748:Pointblank 5084:Silver Fox 5070:Summer War 4823:Winter War 4802:Phoney War 4583:Azerbaijan 4544:Yugoslavia 4439:Luxembourg 4281:Resistance 4028:Yugoslavia 3893:Luxembourg 3695:Sook Ching 3491:War crimes 3093:Technology 3086:Opposition 3028:Lend-Lease 3005:Australian 2998:Home front 2956:Blitzkrieg 2906:Casualties 2897:Commanders 2869:Operations 2705:0252070623 2400:References 2391:Tuscaloosa 2355:Piper Cubs 2257:Brissenden 2038:Enterprise 1993:Tuscaloosa 1878:Tuscaloosa 1874:Tuscaloosa 1814:Destroyer 1799:Tuscaloosa 1747:Tuscaloosa 1732:withdrew. 1709:Tuscaloosa 1683:, hitting 1681:Enterprise 1570:Enterprise 1530:clock code 1305:Enterprise 1284:Tuscaloosa 1200:Tuscaloosa 1094:Mulberry A 1081:Saint-Malo 1067:Background 1049:destroyers 1010:Royal Navy 983:Cemeteries 837:Saint-Malo 406:Pointblank 290:department 227:destroyers 7153:Logistics 7068:Cherbourg 7015:Tractable 6941:Fortitude 6917:Charnwood 6792:Cherbourg 6771:28 Jan 44 6766:26 Apr 44 6756:14 Feb 44 6746:13 May 42 6741:27 Mar 42 6643:Constanța 6639:Black Sea 6613:Campaigns 6584:Sept-Îles 6549:La Ciotat 6524:Caribbean 6444:Flotillas 5980:Manchuria 5866:Indochina 5642:Bagration 5093:Lithuania 4738:Anschluss 4535:Viet Minh 4432:Lithuania 4374:Hong Kong 4144:Manchukuo 4099:Azad Hind 3758:Australia 3558:Aftermath 3421:Paperclip 3316:Aftermath 3116:Total war 2984:Diplomacy 2947:In Europe 2386:Tennessee 2384:USS 2321:casemates 2255:HMS 2242:HMS 2237:Onslaught 2235:HMS 2228:HMS 2221:HMS 2208:USS 2201:USS 2196:Broadbill 2194:USS 2187:USS 2176:USS 2168:USS 2161:USS 2150:USS 2143:USS 2136:USS 2123:USS 2112:USS 2095:HMS 2088:HMS 2081:USS 2076:Hambleton 2074:USS 2067:USS 2060:USS 2049:USS 2036:HMS 2025:HMS 2013:USS 2009:Baltimore 2002:USS 1991:USS 1858:Hambleton 1817:Hambleton 1568:HMS 1462:USS 1444:HMS 1426:HMS 1406:USS 1399:USS 1392:USS 1385:USS 1378:USS 1371:USS 1364:USS 1345:USS 1338:USS 1331:USS 1324:USS 1319:Hambleton 1317:USS 1310:USS 1303:HMS 1296:HMS 1289:USS 1282:USS 1275:USS 1198:USS 1182:VII Corps 1165:casemated 1061:casemated 1014:U.S. Army 977:Aftermath 930:Bulbasket 879:Cherbourg 816:Tractable 729:Charnwood 644:Cherbourg 568:Logistics 374:Fortitude 367:Bodyguard 241:batteries 239:casemated 234:squadrons 77:Cherbourg 7321:(France) 7277:See also 7253:Hill 262 7227:Merville 7212:Houlgate 7207:Crisbecq 7202:Azeville 7139:(Canada) 7082:(Canada) 7062:Chambois 7056:Carentan 7044:Bréville 7023:(Canada) 7009:Totalize 6993:(Canada) 6969:(German) 6947:Goodwood 6911:Bluecoat 6907:(Canada) 6905:Atlantic 6888:Overlord 6776:9 Feb 45 6761:1 Nov 44 6751:6 Jun 42 6736:8 May 41 6731:4 Apr 41 6628:2nd H.T. 6624:1st H.T. 6620:Atlantic 6248:Bismarck 6091:Category 6040:document 5950:document 5807:Ardennes 5791:Budapest 5739:Crossbow 5617:Overlord 5456:Smolensk 4674:Timeline 4509:Slovakia 4495:Thailand 4346:Ethiopia 4311:Bulgaria 4235:Portugal 4173:Thailand 4055:Bulgaria 3833:Eswatini 3826:Ethiopia 3779:Bulgaria 3604:Unit 731 3565:Response 3382:Keelhaul 3332:Cold War 3305:Americas 3296:timeline 3289:Atlantic 3169:Theaters 2677:Archived 2673:31912945 2380:Arkansas 2267:See also 2250:Melbreak 2210:Pheasant 2203:Nuthatch 2170:Plunkett 2125:Arkansas 2119:New York 2090:Sidmouth 2069:Gherardi 1884:Outcomes 1850:Arkansas 1842:Arkansas 1759:Gherardi 1644:Arkansas 1636:Arkansas 1587:Arkansas 1575:Spitfire 1464:Pheasant 1408:Plunkett 1383:(flag), 1373:Arkansas 1347:Gherardi 1315:(flag), 1045:cruisers 951:Jedburgh 874:La Caine 827:Chambois 822:Hill 262 801:Hill 140 795:Totalize 788:Bluecoat 767:Breakout 755:Goodwood 748:Atlantic 742:2nd Odon 666:Bréville 632:Carentan 627:Saint-Lô 617:Graignes 591:Mulberry 574:American 424:Tarbrush 381:Zeppelin 205:Strength 79:, France 72:Location 53:Arkansas 7031:Battles 7021:Windsor 6997:Titanic 6979:Martlet 6973:Mallard 6966:Lüttich 6959:Jupiter 6894:Neptune 6797:Curaçao 6724:Actions 6700:Neuland 6690:Lofoten 6658:Hartmut 6502:Battles 6380:U-boats 6321:Leipzig 6017:Shumshu 5784:Hungary 5731:Estonia 5715:Lapland 5693:Dragoon 5626:Neptune 5608:Ichi-Go 5574:Tempest 5516:Changde 5471:Cottage 5363:Jubilee 5079:Finland 4977:Compass 4683:Prelude 4636:Finland 4522:Vietnam 4488:Romania 4360:Germany 4339:Estonia 4325:Denmark 4304:Belgium 4297:Austria 4290:Albania 4221:Ireland 4207:Andorra 4191:Neutral 4158:Romania 4092:Hungary 4077:Finland 3949:Romania 3841:Finland 3819:Denmark 3765:Belgium 3751:Algeria 3457:Romania 3443:Hungary 3199:Pacific 2923:General 2877:Leaders 2862:Battles 2855:Outline 2359:Austers 2145:O'Brien 2130:Wyoming 2056:Gleaves 2051:Ellyson 2043:Emerald 2027:Glasgow 1973:Admiral 1941:Admiral 1772:Glasgow 1755:Ellyson 1717:Glasgow 1713:Ellyson 1685:Glasgow 1677:Glasgow 1668:O'Brien 1564:Glasgow 1387:O'Brien 1312:Ellyson 1298:Glasgow 1205:General 1077:E-boats 965:Wallace 958:Dragoon 916:Titanic 909:Samwest 902:Dingson 832:Falaise 809:Lüttich 736:Jupiter 722:Windsor 708:Martlet 702:Douvres 637:Hill 30 586:British 499:Detroit 494:Chicago 469:Mallard 388:Titanic 356:Prelude 285:in the 281:on the 279:commune 167:Germany 87:49°39′N 6991:Spring 6785:Sieges 6680:Berlin 6675:Bastia 6604:Ushant 6589:Someri 6156:Plan Z 5994:Debate 5966:Taipei 5959:Borneo 5537:Tarawa 4731:Europe 4692:Africa 4481:Poland 4467:Norway 4446:Malaya 4425:Latvia 4367:Greece 4353:France 4249:Sweden 4214:Bhutan 3942:Poland 3928:Norway 3900:Mexico 3867:Greece 3853:France 3791:Canada 3772:Brazil 3742:Allies 3688:Serbia 3677:Poland 3450:Poland 3436:Baltic 3229:Europe 2931:Topics 2883:Allied 2788: 2773:236145 2771: 2748: 2725: 2702: 2671: 2223:Onslow 2163:Hobson 2152:Laffey 2138:Barton 2101:Bangor 2097:Bangor 2083:Emmons 2062:Rodman 2020:Nevada 2015:Nevada 2004:Quincy 1866:Nevada 1862:Quincy 1780:Rodman 1776:Rodman 1767:Nevada 1763:Quincy 1751:Murphy 1743:Murphy 1730:Emmons 1726:Rodman 1721:Emmons 1705:Quincy 1701:Nevada 1656:Laffey 1651:Barton 1595:Nevada 1591:Nevada 1446:Bangor 1428:Onslow 1401:Hobson 1394:Laffey 1380:Barton 1356:Nevada 1343:, and 1340:Murphy 1333:Emmons 1326:Rodman 1301:, and 1291:Quincy 1277:Nevada 1022:Allied 967:& 944:Loyton 923:Cooney 869:Ushant 781:Spring 541:Gambit 504:Elmira 489:Boston 484:Albany 435:Fabius 298:France 287:Manche 164: 150: 138: 115:Result 90:1°38′W 7289:D-Day 7222:Maisy 7175:Pluto 7143:Sword 7119:(US) 7117:Omaha 7038:Brest 7003:Tonga 6985:Perch 6935:Epsom 6923:Cobra 6695:Nauru 6384:types 6323:class 6315:class 6306:Emden 6287:class 6279:class 6258:class 6250:class 6242:class 6222:Ships 5770:Leyte 5600:Narva 5586:Anzio 5544:Makin 5502:Burma 5386:Torch 5355:Rzhev 5316:Kiska 4402:Korea 4388:Japan 4381:Italy 4263:Tibet 4242:Spain 4120:Italy 3881:Italy 3874:India 3798:China 3673:Japan 3273:Italy 3185:China 3137:Women 2333:July. 2299:Notes 2244:Oribi 2178:Swift 2114:Texas 1846:Texas 1838:Texas 1833:Texas 1690:Texas 1663:Texas 1647:' 1640:Texas 1598:' 1583:Texas 1573:with 1470:Texas 1366:Texas 1085:Brest 969:Hardy 852:Paris 842:Brest 774:Cobra 715:Epsom 672:Perch 649:Naval 596:Pluto 547:Sword 520:Omaha 450:Tonga 430:Tiger 49:Texas 7145:(UK) 7137:Juno 7133:(UK) 7131:Gold 7125:(US) 7113:(US) 7111:Utah 7088:(UK) 7076:(UK) 7070:(US) 7058:(US) 7050:Caen 7046:(UK) 7040:(US) 6999:(UK) 6987:(UK) 6981:(UK) 6975:(UK) 6961:(UK) 6955:(UK) 6949:(UK) 6937:(UK) 6931:(UK) 6925:(US) 6913:(UK) 6685:Juno 5836:1945 5564:1944 5405:1943 5333:Blue 5323:Attu 5230:1942 4989:1941 4841:1940 4779:1939 4708:Asia 4555:POWs 4395:Jews 4113:Iraq 4039:Axis 3989:Tuva 3805:Cuba 2890:Axis 2786:ISBN 2769:OCLC 2765:HMSO 2746:ISBN 2723:ISBN 2700:ISBN 2685:2014 2669:OCLC 2230:Offa 1959:)". 1774:and 1757:and 1703:and 1679:and 1585:and 1566:and 1552:knot 1192:and 1190:79th 1051:and 996:The 661:Caen 557:Gold 552:Juno 525:Utah 64:Date 6544:Ist 2357:or 2189:Auk 2183:Auk 1490:'s 1186:9th 292:of 237:20 225:11 7374:: 6872:, 5584:/ 2767:. 2675:. 2640:^ 2615:^ 2601:^ 2589:^ 2571:^ 2540:^ 2526:^ 2469:^ 2457:^ 2425:^ 2247:, 2240:, 2233:, 2206:, 2199:, 2192:, 2181:, 2155:, 2148:, 2128:, 2117:, 2079:, 2072:, 2065:, 2041:, 2030:, 2018:, 2007:, 1996:, 1411:. 1397:, 1390:, 1369:, 1336:, 1329:, 1322:, 1294:, 1287:, 1188:, 1047:, 1043:, 230:3 220:2 215:2 210:3 7104:) 7102:E 7100:→ 7098:W 6861:e 6854:t 6847:v 6660:) 6656:( 6645:) 6641:( 6630:) 6626:/ 6622:( 6386:) 6382:( 6350:) 6346:( 6158:) 6154:( 6126:e 6119:t 6112:v 5087:) 5081:( 3955:) 3951:( 3887:) 3883:( 3847:) 3843:( 3785:) 3781:( 2835:e 2828:t 2821:v 2794:. 2775:. 2754:. 2731:. 2708:. 2687:. 2361:. 333:e 326:t 319:v 300:. 33:–

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Index