394:
352:. This new type was then joined by 5,000-ton light cruisers, analogous to the older second-class cruisers. The wide gap between the massive battlecruiser of perhaps 20,000 tons and 305 mm (12-inch) guns and the small light cruiser of up to 5,000 tons and 100 mm (4-in) or 155 mm (6-inch) guns naturally left room for an intermediate type. The first such design was the British 'Atlantic cruiser' proposal of 1912, which proposed a long-range cruiser of about 8,000 tons displacement with 190 mm (7.5-inch) guns. This was a response to a rumour that Germany was building cruisers to attack merchant shipping in the Atlantic with 170mm guns. The German raiders proved to be fictional and the 'Atlantic cruisers' were never built. However, in 1915 the requirement for long-range trade-protection cruisers resurfaced and resulted in the
466:
442:
development of several very impressive heavy cruiser classes. British and
American building was more influenced by the desire to be able to match the Japanese ships while keeping enough cruisers for their other global responsibilities. With battleships heavily regulated by the Washington Treaty, and aircraft carriers not yet mature, the cruiser question became the focus of naval affairs. The British, with a strained economy and global commitments, favoured unlimited cruiser tonnage but strict limits on the individual ships. The Americans favoured the opposite: strictly limited numbers of powerful cruisers. Disagreements between the British and Americans wrecked the 1927 conference on naval affairs.
434:
vessels designed specifically to hunt down large cruisers. To avert these challenges, representatives of the United States, Great
Britain, Japan, France and Italy set limits on the tonnage and firepower of cruisers to 10,000 tons in standard displacement and 8 inches for maximum main gun caliber. These limits were in the interests of the U.S. and Britain especially. Planners in the U.S. Navy had spent two years prior to the start of negotiations designing 10,000 ton, 8-inch cruisers and were convinced that smaller vessels would not be worthwhile. Britain had just built its
371:
the armoured cruiser had been, and were not built or designed to serve in that capacity. With their main armament of 203 mm (8-inch) guns, smaller than the typical 9.2-or-10-inch (230 or 250 mm) guns of later armoured cruisers, their intended targets were other cruisers and smaller vessels. Further reasons for the difference were the advances in technology and naval design, both of which the heavy cruiser was able to take advantage. Heavy cruisers, like all contemporary ships, were typically powered by oil-fired
902:
591:, which was declared as a 10,000 ton light cruiser with fifteen 6.1-inch guns. In practice, they displaced over 12,000 tons, had what was effectively a heavy cruiser hull design, and it was always intended to replace her turrets to give a final armament of ten 203 mm guns, making something of a nonsense of the light and heavy cruiser classifications. The waters were muddied further when the US Navy ceased laying down keels for new heavy cruisers in 1934 and used their new hull design for the
886:
868:
556:
that on 6-inch-gunned cruisers and was inadequate to protect their vitals from enemy 8-inch shells. Also, their unusual main battery layout and heavy tripod fore-masts made these ships top-heavy and prone to excessive rolling. This combined with low freeboard forward made them inferior sea boats compared to later designs. Rework in the shipyards modified the hull and superstructure in the 1930s to eliminate the rolling. The two vessels in this class,
260:
646:
300:. Their essential role had not changed since the age of sail—to serve on long-range missions, patrol for enemy warships and raid and defend commerce. Armoured cruisers had proved less versatile than needed to do this adequately. In a race to outsize and outgun one another, they had grown to around 15,000 tons and up to 9.2 and 10 inches (230 and 250 mm) in main gun calibre—very close to the
25:
933:
328:
they were much larger, faster and better-armed than armoured cruisers, able to outpace them, stay out of range of their weapons and destroy them with relative impunity. Because they carried the heavy guns normally ascribed to battleships, they could also theoretically hold their place in a battle line more readily than armoured cruisers and serve as the "battleship-cruiser" for which
446:
122:
584:
IJN placed less priority on purpose-built light cruisers, most of their existing types dating back to the 1920s (the five World War I-era light cruisers that the IJN commissioned were less well-armed than light cruisers of the US and Royal Navies), which were largely relegated to leading destroyer squadrons. The solution the
Japanese adopted was to build the
275:
201:, an intermediate ship type between this and the light cruiser was found to be needed—one larger and more powerful than the light cruisers of a potential enemy but not as large and expensive as the battlecruiser so as to be built in sufficient numbers to protect merchant ships and serve in a number of combat theatres.
612:
In the mid-1930s, Britain, France and Italy ceased building heavy cruisers. It was felt that, in a likely cruiser engagement, a larger number of 155 mm (6-inch) guns would be preferable to a smaller number of 203 mm (8-inch). While the 8-inch gun would inflict more damage when it hit, more
547:
were the US Navy's first "treaty cruisers" designed in line with
Washington Naval Treaty restrictions. Their main battery consisted of ten 8 in (200 mm) guns, in two twin turrets on the main deck, and two triple turrets two decks above, making it one of the two US Navy ship classes (besides
370:
The difference between these ships and ones that would follow with the heavy cruiser were almost as pronounced as that between the armoured cruiser and the battlecruiser. One reason for this difference was the intended mission of these ships. They were not intended to serve as a junior battleship, as
583:
The Treaty satisfied
Britain and America. However, it deeply offended Japan, as this severely limited the numbers of heavy cruisers that the Imperial Japanese Navy could have, as they considered heavy cruisers as key warships in a line of battle with their 8-inch guns and heavy torpedo armament. The
616:
The 1936 London Naval Treaty, principally negotiated between
Britain and the United States but never ratified, would have abolished the heavy cruiser entirely by restricting new construction to 8,000 tons and 155 mm (6.1-inch) guns. This suited Britain's needs very well, but was largely a dead
327:
and her two sister ships were designed specifically to fulfil these requirements. In a sense they were an extension of the armoured cruiser as a fast, heavily armed scout, commerce protector and cruiser-destroyer, reflected in the term originally ascribed to them, "large armoured cruiser". However,
433:
greater than 8 inches (203 mm). There was the concern that a subsequent race in building larger, more powerful cruisers might subvert the usefulness of the prohibition on capital ship construction and encourage navies to squander their now-limited permissible tonnage for capital ships on fast
375:
engines and were capable of far faster speeds than armoured cruisers had ever been (propelled by coal-fired reciprocating steam engines of their era). Nonetheless, heavy cruisers often had a larger number of main guns (some armoured cruisers had a mixed instead of uniform complement of main guns),
555:
battleships) to have different-sized turrets for main armament (Subsequent US cruisers would mount nine 8" guns in three triple turrets 2 fore 1 aft). Their thin armour on the belt (varying from 2.5 to 4 inches (64 to 102 mm) in thickness) and deck 1.75 inches (44 mm) was no better than
332:
had argued after
Tsushima. All these factors made battlecruisers attractive fighting units, although Britain, Germany and Japan would be the only powers to build them. They also meant that the armoured cruiser as it had been known was now outmoded. No more were built after 1910 and by the end of
860:
of heavy cruisers during the war. While earlier heavy cruisers were noted for their powerful torpedo armament (especially
Japanese heavy cruisers), later ships built by the USN concentrated mainly on anti-aircraft armament, as their main role was escorting aircraft carriers and troop transports
598:
cruiser of light cruiser. This type followed in the steps of Mogami by taking what was effectively a heavy cruiser hull and fitting light cruiser guns to it, and while the US Navy never fitted 8-inch guns to their "light" cruisers, the hull design was used as the basis for future heavy cruiser
491:, however, grew during its construction as the naval general staff prevailed on the designers to increase the weapons load. As well as a breach of the Treaty, this was a poor decision from the design point of view and the ships had to be reconstructed in the 1930s to reduce weight. The German
312:
Tactics and technology were gearing towards naval encounters held over increasingly longer ranges, which demanded an armament of primarily large calibre guns. The demand for speed with which to outflank a potential enemy and fulfil its traditional role as scout for the fleet demanded a speed
441:
Despite these intentions and set limitations, a number of new, powerful cruiser classes emerged from these nations, which sparked off something of a cruiser arms-race. The
Japanese navy had a doctrine of building more powerful ships in every class than its likely opponents, which led to the
1004:-class cruisers lacked the sophisticated underwater protection system of true capital ships, making them vulnerable to shells and torpedoes that hit under the waterline. They also had proportionately less weight in armour at 28.4% of displacement, in contrast to the British battlecruiser
204:
With their intended targets being other cruisers and smaller vessels, the role of the heavy cruiser differed fundamentally from that of the armoured cruiser. Also, the heavy cruiser was designed to take advantage of advances in naval technology and design. Typically powered by oil-fired
348:, had hoped to replace practically all forms of cruisers with battlecruisers, they proved to be too costly to build in large numbers. At the same time, the third class cruiser (of about 3,000 tons) started to carry thin steel armour on the outside of its hull and became known as a
313:
preferably 30 percent faster than battleships. Thirty percent was the ratio by which frigates had been faster than ships of the line in the days of sail. If a battleship sailed at 20 knots, this would mean that an armoured cruiser would have to steam at least 26 or 27 knots.
835:
s were also originally planned as light cruisers, but launched after the treaty system broke down with 8-inch guns. At the start of hostilities there was thus a parity between the United States Navy and the
Imperial Japanese Navy with respect to heavy cruisers.
304:
of the day, although they were generally ascribed to be weaker than the battleship due to their lack of armour and not appreciably faster due to the limits of engine technology at the time. While Japanese armoured cruisers had distinguished themselves at the
510:. However, they were in effect a heavy cruiser being up gunned to 11-inch batteries at the cost of slower speed; their displacement was declared at 10,000 tons but was in practice considerably greater. The Italian Navy first built two
613:
6-inch guns could be carried, likely resulting in more shells on target, and a greater chance of scoring the first hit. This led to the construction of cruisers up to the 10,000-tons limit, with twelve to fifteen 155 mm guns.
1032:
s while having only slightly better anti-aircraft capabilities. Given low priority by the USN, only two members of the class were completed and they saw little service as World War II ended not long after their commissioning.
384:
turrets (saving tonnage and enabling the ship to fire all guns on one broadside), and benefited from the introduction of fire control in the 1920s and 1930s, meaning that the heavy cruiser was considerably more powerful.
1914:
994:
large cruisers, which were designed as "cruiser killers". They resembled contemporary battlecruisers or battleships in general appearance, as well as having main armament and displacement equal or greater than that of
564:, were originally classified as light cruisers due to their minimal armour until re-designated in July 1931 as heavy cruisers in accord with international practice of designating all cruisers with guns larger than 6".
580:– those with smaller-calibre guns. The limit of 10,000 tons displacement still applied to both. This was the point at which the split between "heavy" and "light" cruisers finally became official and widespread.
359:. Essentially enlarged light cruisers, being referred to in contemporary reference works as an "improved Birmingham" type after the 6-inch gunned 5,000-ton second-class light cruisers then entering service, the
188:
The heavy cruiser is part of a lineage of ship design from 1915 through the early 1950s, although the term "heavy cruiser" only came into formal use in 1930. The heavy cruiser's immediate precursors were the
213:
of the armoured cruiser, heavy cruisers were capable of far faster speeds and could cruise at high speed for much longer than could an armoured cruiser. They used uniform main guns, mounted in centre-line
483:
with four twin 8-inch gun turrets but with very minimal armour. The ships had fine sea-keeping qualities and a long range, but were virtually unprotected, and were easily damaged in combat. The Japanese
999:
of the First World War. However, they were actually upscaled heavy cruisers, as their machinery layout and the possession of a single rudder was based on cruisers rather than that of capital ships. The
479:
Even during the 1920s, the 10,000-ton limit was not always strictly observed, although British, French and American designers generally worked to the limit with precision. The British built 13 of the
296:
side armour, while lighter, cheaper, and faster second- and third-class cruisers tended to have only an armoured deck and protective coal bunkers, rather than armoured hulls; they were hence known as
425:
by Great Britain, and set very strict limits on the tonnage and firepower of future battleships and battlecruisers. It also set the definition of a capital ship as a warship of more than 10,000 tons
576:, which finally settled the arguments on cruisers which had raged in the 1920s. The treaty defined limits on both heavy cruisers – those with guns larger than 155 mm (6.1 inches) – and
1907:
885:
867:
1900:
1677:
161:
designed for long range and high speed, armed generally with naval guns of roughly 203 mm (8 inches) in calibre, whose design parameters were dictated by the
393:
1662:
1552:
316:
Armoured cruisers could not fulfil these criteria without being built much larger and taking on a different form than they had in the past. The result was the
288:
At the end of the 19th century, cruisers were classified as first, second or third class depending on their capabilities. First-class cruisers were typically
1806:
underwent a refit intended to restore her role as an armed heavy cruiser upon the outbreak of war. This refit was only partially completed however, and
1028:
s were ill-protected to stand up against the guns of true battleships and battlecruisers, and as carrier escorts they were much more expensive than the
1949:
1667:
1395:
465:
861:
instead of engaging in surface actions. Most Japanese heavy cruisers were sunk by aircraft or submarines, rather than in surface engagements.
1939:
1657:
2510:
1944:
1682:
665:
Heavy cruisers were still being built, and they could be balanced designs when nations decided to skirt the restrictions imposed by the
2849:
1883:
1859:
1783:
1729:
1713:
108:
1639:
1120:
640:
2715:
1672:
1458:
1018:
891:
2021:
1452:
1434:
874:
46:
42:
89:
1509:
1491:
1389:
1377:
1211:
1012:
978:
61:
969:
s, they were considerably heavier and longer due to their new rapid-firing 203 mm (8-inch) guns. Additionally, two
2407:
1633:
1546:
1524:
847:
840:
603:
2690:
2536:
1603:
1597:
1334:
1111:
364:
1615:
1609:
68:
2737:
2119:
1500:
1446:
301:
35:
2632:
2301:
2177:
2076:
2066:
1621:
1531:
1371:
1328:
1315:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1062:
952:
701:
689:
618:
502:. They superficially resembled contemporary battleships due to their massive main gun turrets and unusually high
492:
243:
1061:) by the early 1950s. Some existing US heavy cruisers lasted well through the 1970s, with the last all-gun ship
792:
485:
456:
2710:
2700:
2627:
2270:
2128:
1559:
1440:
1360:
1321:
1105:
959:
75:
2882:
2500:
2306:
2016:
1645:
1518:
1482:
1402:
1341:
1239:
945:
912:
854:
680:
549:
538:
529:
450:
416:
412:
162:
142:
2495:
2382:
2346:
2341:
2167:
2071:
1473:
1416:
1347:
1252:
1236:
1198:
1183:
1090:
777:
695:
592:
264:
57:
2582:
2531:
2427:
2331:
2326:
2046:
1627:
1585:
1540:
1422:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1171:
901:
752:
743:
649:
469:
353:
321:
132:
1892:
1651:
850:
was supposed to limit their displacement to the 10,000 tons specified by the Washington Naval Treaty.
438:-class cruisers and wanted to ensure they would not fall prey to a much larger type of super-cruiser.
2877:
2808:
2412:
2361:
2104:
1986:
1410:
1260:
1224:
1177:
1165:
1076:
1069:
988:
922:
905:
804:
734:
585:
511:
499:
480:
426:
404:
2872:
2844:
2662:
2351:
2214:
2056:
1383:
1354:
1293:
1266:
1192:
1083:
1055:
1048:
798:
709:
666:
655:
625:
573:
397:
235:
166:
125:
2778:
2642:
2597:
2490:
2392:
2356:
2336:
2235:
2061:
1956:
1574:
1272:
1189:
816:
783:
761:
725:
518:
306:
169:
of 1930. Heavy cruisers were generally larger, more heavily-armed and more heavily-armoured than
309:
in 1905, the armoured cruiser as it was then known had reached the pinnacle of its development.
896:
after refit: reinforced anti-air armament, removal of sea plane, torpedo launchers and aft mast
2813:
2763:
2705:
2695:
2462:
2316:
2194:
2134:
1981:
1879:
1855:
1779:
1725:
1709:
1230:
1218:
1156:
297:
278:
223:
2798:
2732:
2685:
2667:
2617:
2447:
2311:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2152:
2008:
1966:
1961:
1701:
1464:
1245:
970:
329:
194:
182:
415:
of 1922 imposed a moratorium on new battleship construction, with the exception of the two
82:
2722:
2652:
2577:
2475:
2209:
2189:
2157:
2114:
2081:
2026:
1971:
1869:
1428:
1205:
1041:
289:
2592:
2587:
2572:
2442:
2204:
2041:
259:
238:
of the 1920s and continually upgraded through the 1950s. Late in the development cycle
174:
170:
2866:
2828:
2823:
2788:
2773:
2727:
2637:
2622:
2480:
2422:
2417:
2321:
2199:
2184:
2162:
2051:
2031:
1150:
944:
The US built the last heavy cruisers, which were finished shortly after the war. The
577:
507:
503:
372:
349:
317:
231:
206:
198:
190:
827:
Japan was only allowed 12 heavy cruisers by treaty, but had intentionally built the
524:, a much more balanced and better-protected design, plus an improved replica of the
185:
to serving as 'cruiser-killers,' i.e. hunting and destroying similarly-sized ships.
2783:
2768:
2607:
2602:
2541:
2485:
2452:
2285:
2280:
2086:
1162:
1132:
1117:
1102:
996:
210:
672:
Heavy cruiser order of battle between Japan and the United States and its allies:
645:
1873:
2818:
2657:
2556:
2432:
2387:
2275:
2124:
2109:
1581:
1368:
341:
334:
178:
24:
932:
2803:
2612:
2546:
2096:
1996:
1923:
1147:
1037:
422:
293:
2677:
2551:
2366:
2260:
2240:
1819:
1683:
List of United States Navy cruisers § Heavy and light cruisers (CA, CL)
381:
215:
445:
121:
602:
The German navy also paid lip-service to the treaty limitations, with the
197:
of the years before 1905. When the armoured cruiser was supplanted by the
2793:
2526:
2397:
2036:
1991:
1005:
377:
219:
951:
consisted of seventeen ships, including three of the slightly different
274:
2747:
2647:
2505:
2402:
2265:
2144:
1927:
918:
617:
letter. The U.S. continued to build heavy cruisers, culminating in the
544:
430:
227:
158:
154:
138:
498:
was classified as armoured coast defence ships under the terms of the
173:
while being smaller, faster, and more lightly-armed and armoured than
2742:
2470:
2437:
1036:
Heavy cruisers fell out of use after the Second World War, with the
1311:, torpedoes, aftermath of the Battle of Savo Island, 10 August 1942
2230:
931:
900:
644:
464:
444:
392:
273:
258:
239:
1821:
Junyokan! Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Cruiser Force
873:
Example of heavy cruiser evolution during the Second World War:
1896:
517:
cruisers, which sacrificed protection for speed, and then four
181:. Heavy cruisers were assigned a variety of roles ranging from
1706:
The Command of the Ocean, A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
1487:, airstrike, Santa Cruz Harbour, Philippines, 25 November 1944
831:
s with the option to have their main battery changed. The two
18:
337:, the majority of them had been taken out of active service.
534:); all of them, however, surpassed the displacement limit.
1093:(US hull symbol CG), were laid up between 1975 and 1980.
1798:
A fourth Hawkins class heavy cruiser, the training ship
1478:, airstrike, Manila Harbour, Philippines 4 November 1944
965:
were the last heavy cruisers built: though based on the
572:
In 1930 the Washington Naval Treaty was extended by the
1852:
Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, 1905–1970
270:, armed with four 10-inch (250 mm) guns, ca. 1907
1678:
List of heavy cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy
367:
guns and had a displacement just under 10,000 tons.
2837:
2756:
2676:
2565:
2519:
2461:
2375:
2294:
2223:
2143:
2095:
2007:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1514:, scuttled in Kiel following airstrike, 3 May 1945
246:would also appear and rapidly gain in importance.
234:armaments. They also benefited from the superior
1407:, airstrike, La Maddalena harbour, 10 April 1943
936:The last remaining heavy cruiser worldwide, USS
193:designs of the 1900s and 1910s, rather than the
1875:U.S. Battleships, An Illustrated Design History
1878:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1778:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1663:List of battlecruisers of the Second World War
1908:
1600:prototype heavy cruiser main battery armament
8:
1724:Marriot, Leo. Treaty Cruisers location 124.
846:heavy cruisers of 14,000 tons, although the
226:were eliminated to make room for above deck
1573:The last heavy cruiser in existence is the
1915:
1901:
1893:
1810:was instead converted into a repair ship.
1443:and subsequent airstrike, 25 October 1944
230:, and ever-increasing and more effective
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1761:
1668:List of cruisers of the Second World War
1505:, airstrike in Swinemunde, 16 April 1945
120:
1694:
1396:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
863:
376:discarded the mounting of main guns in
145:limits for heavy cruisers were written.
1740:
1658:List of ships of the Second World War
676:United States (4 classes and 1 ship)
16:Type of medium to large-sized warship
7:
1654:United States heavy cruiser armament
1636:Later Italian heavy cruiser armament
1630:Early Italian heavy cruiser armament
987:The largest heavy cruisers were the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1618:Later French heavy cruiser armament
1612:Early French heavy cruiser armament
1564:, submarine torpedoes, 30 July 1945
363:-class cruisers each carried seven
14:
1834:Battleship Design and Development
721:British Commonwealth (5 classes)
344:, the man behind the building of
1854:. London: Macdonald and Jane's.
1640:20 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun
1040:decommissioning its last three (
884:
866:
641:List of cruisers of World War II
23:
1673:List of cruisers of World War I
1642:Japanese heavy cruiser armament
879:in original anti-surface layout
34:needs additional citations for
2022:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
1606:British heavy cruiser armament
1496:, airstrike Kiel, 9 April 1945
1089:, which had been converted to
811:*converted from light cruisers
1:
1940:Naval ship classes in service
1648:Soviet heavy cruiser armament
1624:German heavy cruiser armament
1212:Second Battle of the Java Sea
2408:Harbour defence motor launch
1774:Silverstone, Paul H (1965).
1708:. Allen Lane, London, 2004.
1634:203 mm /53 Italian naval gun
1525:Battle of the Malacca Strait
848:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
222:. Casemate guns and a mixed
2691:Ballistic missile submarine
2537:Mine countermeasures vessel
1776:US Warships of World War II
1604:BL 8 inch Mk VIII naval gun
1598:BL 7.5 inch Mk VI naval gun
1335:Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
302:pre-dreadnought battleships
211:reciprocating steam engines
2899:
2738:Submarine aircraft carrier
2120:Pre-dreadnought battleship
1930:in 19th and 20th centuries
1850:Breyer, Siegfried (1973).
1427:, submarine attack in the
921:, she was rebuilt into an
638:
244:electronic countermeasures
2633:General stores issue ship
2302:Amphibious transport dock
2077:Merchant aircraft carrier
2067:Interdiction Assault Ship
1935:
1622:20.3 cm SK C/34 Naval gun
1283:, gunfire and torpedoes,
1197:, gunfire and torpedoes,
1127:Battle of the River Plate
1068:decommissioning in 1975.
1024:of 40%. Effectively, the
940:, as she appeared in 2008
380:in favour of centre-line
284:, lead ship of her class.
2711:Deep-submergence vehicle
2701:Cruise missile submarine
2628:Fast combat support ship
2271:Guided-missile destroyer
2129:Standard-type battleship
1616:203mm/55 Modèle 1931 gun
1610:203mm/50 Modèle 1924 gun
1569:Surviving heavy cruisers
1536:, submarine, 8 June 1945
1441:Battle of Surigao Strait
1439:, surface action in the
1361:Battle of Rennell Island
1322:Battle of Cape Esperance
839:The Germans built their
609:displacing 16,170 tons.
2307:Amphibious warfare ship
2017:Amphibious assault ship
1646:180mm Pattern 1931-1933
1523:, destroyer torpedoes,
1320:, gunfire and torpedo,
1091:guided missile cruisers
982:-class aircraft carrier
928:guided missile cruiser.
413:Washington Naval Treaty
163:Washington Naval Treaty
143:Washington Naval Treaty
2383:Armed boarding steamer
2347:Landing Ship Logistics
2342:Landing ship, infantry
2168:Guided missile cruiser
2072:Light aircraft carrier
1348:Battle of Tassafaronga
1199:Battle of Sunda Strait
1184:Battle of Cape Matapan
1142:Battle of Drøbak Sound
941:
929:
911:in 1963. Originally a
662:
476:
462:
429:or with armament of a
408:
285:
271:
146:
2583:Auxiliary repair dock
2532:Destroyer minesweeper
2428:Ocean boarding vessel
2332:Landing Craft Support
2327:Landing craft carrier
2047:Fighter catapult ship
1628:203 mm /50 Model 1924
1586:Quincy, Massachusetts
1300:Battle of Savo Island
1285:Battle of Savo Island
935:
904:
809:*, 10,000 t, 10 guns
648:
468:
448:
427:standard displacement
396:
277:
262:
124:
2809:Littoral combat ship
2362:Landing Ship Vehicle
2105:Coastal defence ship
1411:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1261:Guadalcanal Campaign
1112:Battle of Cape Palos
1017:and the U.S. Navy's
500:Treaty of Versailles
218:turrets rather than
43:improve this article
2663:Replenishment oiler
2566:Command and support
2352:Landing Ship Medium
2215:Unprotected cruiser
2057:Flight deck cruiser
1011:of 30%, the German
977:-derived hull, the
685:, 10,000 t, 10 guns
667:London Naval Treaty
574:London Naval Treaty
167:London Naval Treaty
2779:Breastwork monitor
2643:Joint support ship
2598:Combat stores ship
2393:Coastal motor boat
2357:Landing Ship, Tank
2337:Landing Ship Heavy
2236:Convoy rescue ship
2062:Helicopter carrier
1764:, pp. 109–10.
1398:, 27 November 1942
1350:, 30 November 1942
1337:, 14 November 1942
1129:, 13 December 1939
1022:-class battleships
942:
930:
821:, 10,000 t, 8 guns
773:Japan (6 classes)
714:, 10,000 t, 9 guns
706:, 10,000 t, 9 guns
663:
477:
463:
409:
307:Battle of Tsushima
298:protected cruisers
286:
272:
147:
2860:
2859:
2764:Armed merchantman
2706:Cruiser submarine
2696:Coastal submarine
2463:Fast attack craft
2317:Dock landing ship
2195:Protected cruiser
2178:Pocket battleship
2135:Treaty battleship
2125:Super-dreadnought
2009:Aircraft carriers
1957:Operational zones
1652:8"/55 caliber gun
1467:, 25 October 1944
1431:, 23 October 1944
1363:, 30 January 1943
1324:, 12 October 1942
1231:Indian Ocean Raid
1157:Raid on Souda Bay
1122:Admiral Graf Spee
971:aircraft carriers
853:The US built the
788:, 7,000 t, 6 guns
757:, 9,800 t, 7 guns
739:, 10,000t, 8 guns
730:, 10,000t, 8 guns
407:"treaty cruiser".
389:Washington Treaty
365:190 mm (7.5-inch)
290:armoured cruisers
263:Armoured cruiser
195:armoured cruisers
141:around which the
119:
118:
111:
93:
2890:
2799:Floating battery
2733:Midget submarine
2686:Attack submarine
2668:Submarine tender
2618:Destroyer tender
2448:Submarine chaser
2312:Attack transport
2256:Escort destroyer
2251:Destroyer leader
2246:Destroyer escort
2153:Aircraft cruiser
1967:Green-water navy
1962:Brown-water navy
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1870:Friedman, Norman
1865:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:Breyer, pp. 48–9
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1716:
1702:Rodger, N. A. M.
1699:
1465:Battle off Samar
1246:Battle of Midway
973:were built on a
888:
870:
766:, 8,400t, 6 guns
748:, 9,925t, 8 guns
330:William Hovgaard
209:rather than the
183:commerce raiding
165:of 1922 and the
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2850:Sailing vessels
2833:
2752:
2723:Fleet submarine
2672:
2653:Net laying ship
2578:Ammunition ship
2561:
2515:
2457:
2371:
2290:
2219:
2210:Torpedo cruiser
2190:Merchant raider
2158:Armored cruiser
2139:
2115:Fast battleship
2091:
2082:Seaplane tender
2027:Balloon carrier
2003:
1987:Central battery
1972:Blue-water navy
1931:
1921:
1886:
1868:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1804:HMS Cavendish),
1797:
1793:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1594:
1571:
1553:Bombing of Kure
1429:Palawan Passage
1302:, 9 August 1942
1287:, 9 August 1942
1186:, 29 March 1941
1159:, 26 March 1941
1099:
897:
889:
880:
871:
643:
637:
570:
391:
257:
252:
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Heavy cruiser"
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2883:Heavy cruisers
2880:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:Auxiliary ship
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Amenities ship
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Steam gun boat
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Strike cruiser
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:Escort carrier
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:Gun placement
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1812:
1800:HMS Vindictive
1791:
1784:
1766:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1717:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1555:, 24 July 1945
1537:
1528:
1515:
1511:Admiral Hipper
1506:
1497:
1493:Admiral Scheer
1488:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1444:
1432:
1408:
1399:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1303:
1288:
1258:
1257:, 14 June 1942
1249:
1234:
1233:, 6 April 1942
1215:
1214:, 1 March 1942
1202:
1201:, 1 March 1942
1187:
1160:
1145:
1144:, 9 April 1940
1130:
1115:
1114:, 6 March 1938
1098:
1095:
1020:North Carolina
899:
898:
890:
883:
881:
872:
865:
842:Admiral Hipper
825:
824:
823:
822:
813:
789:
770:
769:
768:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
718:
717:
716:
715:
707:
686:
636:
633:
605:Admiral Hipper
578:light cruisers
569:
566:
562:Salt Lake City
390:
387:
256:
253:
251:
248:
207:steam turbines
175:battlecruisers
171:light cruisers
153:was a type of
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2895:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2829:Training ship
2827:
2825:
2824:River monitor
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Drone carrier
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Barracks ship
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:Miscellaneous
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Human torpedo
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Naval tugboat
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Hospital ship
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Dispatch boat
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Naval trawler
2421:
2419:
2418:Naval drifter
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Landing craft
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Scout cruiser
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Light cruiser
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:Heavy cruiser
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Battlecruiser
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Fleet carrier
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Battlecarrier
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1885:0-87021-715-1
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1861:0-356-04191-3
1857:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1785:0-87021-773-9
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:Friedman 1985
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1743:, p. 48.
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:9781783409761
1727:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:0-7139-9411-8
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1551:, airstrike,
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:, 16 May 1945
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:, airstrike,
1358:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:, torpedoes,
1345:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:, airstrike,
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:, 6 June 1942
1247:
1244:, airstrike,
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1003:
998:
997:capital ships
993:
991:
985:
983:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
939:
934:
927:
925:
920:
917:
915:
910:
909:
903:
895:
894:
887:
882:
878:
877:
869:
864:
862:
859:
857:
851:
849:
845:
843:
837:
834:
830:
820:
819:
814:
812:
808:
807:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
774:
772:
771:
765:
764:
759:
756:
755:
750:
747:
746:
741:
738:
737:
732:
729:
728:
723:
722:
720:
719:
713:
712:
708:
705:
704:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
684:
683:
678:
677:
675:
674:
673:
670:
668:
661:heavy cruiser
660:
658:
653:
652:
647:
642:
634:
632:
630:
629:
623:
621:
614:
610:
608:
606:
600:
597:
595:
590:
588:
581:
579:
575:
568:London Treaty
567:
565:
563:
559:
554:
552:
546:
543:
541:
535:
533:
532:
527:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
505:
504:conning tower
501:
497:
495:
490:
488:
482:
474:
473:
467:
461:
459:
454:
453:
447:
443:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
421:
419:
414:
406:
402:
401:
395:
388:
386:
383:
379:
374:
373:steam turbine
368:
366:
362:
358:
356:
351:
350:light cruiser
347:
343:
338:
336:
331:
326:
325:
319:
318:battlecruiser
314:
310:
308:
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232:anti-aircraft
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151:heavy cruiser
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2784:Capital ship
2769:Arsenal ship
2608:Crane vessel
2603:Command ship
2542:Mine planter
2520:Mine warfare
2486:Missile boat
2453:Torpedo boat
2413:Motor launch
2376:Patrol craft
2281:Radar picket
2172:
2087:Supercarrier
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1065:Newport News
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635:World War II
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481:County class
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405:County-class
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236:fire control
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2878:Naval ships
2819:Mother ship
2658:Repair ship
2557:Minesweeper
2433:Patrol boat
2388:Armed yacht
2110:Dreadnought
2097:Battleships
1924:Naval ships
1844:Works cited
1741:Breyer 1973
1582:museum ship
1369:French Navy
1343:Northampton
1226:Dorsetshire
1014:Scharnhorst
954:Oregon City
703:New Orleans
691:Northampton
620:New Orleans
494:Deutschland
423:battleships
382:superfiring
342:Lord Fisher
335:World War I
255:Development
216:superfiring
179:battleships
2873:Ship types
2867:Categories
2845:Ship types
2804:Guard ship
2678:Submarines
2613:Depot ship
2547:Minehunter
1832:Friedman,
1808:Vindictive
1802:(formerly
1689:References
1058:Devonshire
1051:Cumberland
1038:Royal Navy
961:Des Moines
639:See also:
398:HMAS
346:Invincible
324:Invincible
157:, a naval
69:newspapers
2552:Minelayer
2367:Troopship
2295:Transport
2261:Escorteur
2241:Destroyer
1982:Broadside
1950:auxiliary
1945:submarine
1836:, 166–173
1575:USS
1280:Vincennes
1084:USS
1077:USS
1070:USS
1063:USS
1056:HMS
1049:HMS
1042:HMS
1030:Baltimore
1006:HMS
975:Baltimore
967:Baltimore
947:Baltimore
914:Baltimore
906:USS
893:Tourville
856:Baltimore
682:Pensacola
626:USS
599:designs.
558:Pensacola
540:Pensacola
472:Pensacola
470:USS
378:casemates
340:Although
267:Tennessee
228:torpedoes
220:casemates
128:Frobisher
126:HMS
2794:Flagship
2527:Danlayer
2398:Corvette
2276:KaibĹŤkan
2145:Cruisers
2037:CAM ship
1992:Casemate
1928:warships
1872:(1985).
1592:See also
1580:, now a
1533:Ashigara
1330:Kinugasa
1317:Furutaka
1295:Canberra
1220:Cornwall
1107:Baleares
1079:Columbus
908:Columbus
876:Duquesne
779:Furutaka
697:Portland
594:Brooklyn
545:cruisers
400:Canberra
99:May 2012
2838:Related
2814:Monitor
2748:Wet sub
2593:Collier
2511:Shin'yĹŤ
2506:PT boat
2403:Gunboat
2266:Frigate
1997:Turrets
1460:Chikuma
1404:Trieste
1391:Dupleix
1379:Colbert
1373:Algérie
1356:Chicago
1268:Astoria
1194:Houston
1137:BlĂĽcher
1072:Chicago
919:cruiser
754:Hawkins
745:Norfolk
711:Wichita
628:Wichita
531:Bolzano
475:in 1935
455:of the
436:Hawkins
431:calibre
361:Hawkins
355:Hawkins
292:, with
281:Hawkins
250:History
224:battery
159:warship
155:cruiser
139:cruiser
134:Hawkins
83:scholar
2743:U-boat
2471:E-boat
2438:Q-ship
2224:Escort
1882:
1858:
1782:
1728:
1712:
1520:Haguro
1502:Lutzow
1484:Kumano
1454:Suzuya
1448:ChĹŤkai
1436:Mogami
1274:Quincy
1254:Trento
1241:Mikuma
1207:Exeter
1097:Losses
1086:Albany
1054:, and
1044:London
1026:Alaska
1002:Alaska
992:-class
990:Alaska
980:Saipan
958:. The
926:-class
924:Albany
916:-class
844:-class
829:Mogami
806:Mogami
736:London
659:-class
596:-class
587:Mogami
553:-class
551:Nevada
542:-class
526:Trento
515:-class
513:Trento
508:bridge
452:Haguro
420:-class
418:Nelson
136:-class
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2286:Sloop
2231:Aviso
1577:Salem
1475:Nachi
1418:Atago
1173:Fiume
963:class
956:class
949:class
938:Salem
858:class
800:Takao
794:MyĹŤkĹŤ
657:Takao
622:class
607:class
589:class
522:class
496:class
489:class
487:MyĹŤkĹŤ
460:class
458:MyĹŤkĹŤ
357:class
240:radar
90:JSTOR
76:books
2716:DSRV
2501:MTSM
1926:and
1880:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1558:USN
1548:Tone
1542:Aoba
1539:IJN
1530:IJN
1517:IJN
1481:IJN
1472:IJN
1424:Maya
1415:IJN
1385:Foch
1353:USN
1340:USN
1327:IJN
1314:IJN
1308:Kako
1305:IJN
1265:USN
1179:Pola
1167:Zara
1152:York
1082:and
1008:Hood
833:Tone
818:Tone
803:, 4
797:, 4
785:Aoba
782:, 2
763:York
751:3+1
727:Kent
700:, 7
694:, 2
654:, a
651:Maya
624:and
560:and
548:the
537:The
520:Zara
449:IJN
411:The
403:, a
322:HMS
294:belt
279:HMS
265:USS
242:and
177:and
131:, a
62:news
2496:MTM
2491:MTB
2481:MGB
2476:MAS
1584:in
1508:KM
1499:KM
1490:KM
1401:RM
1291:RAN
1251:RM
1237:IJN
1217:RN
1204:RN
1190:USN
1103:ESP
528:s (
45:by
2869::
1704::
1588:.
1545:,
1463:,
1457:,
1451:,
1421:,
1394:,
1388:,
1382:,
1376:,
1298:,
1277:,
1271:,
1229:,
1223:,
1210:,
1182:,
1176:,
1170:,
1163:RM
1155:,
1148:RN
1140:,
1133:KM
1125:,
1118:KM
1110:,
1075:,
1047:,
984:.
815:2
791:4
776:2
760:2
742:2
733:4
724:7
688:6
679:2
669:.
631:.
320:.
149:A
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2127:(
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1909:t
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1888:.
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112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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