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regularly dropped "blind" using dead-reckoning methods little different from those used by the RAF night bombers. In addition, only the leading bomber in a formation actually utilized the Norden sight, the rest of the formation dropping their bombs only when they saw the lead aircraft's bombload falling away. Since even a very tight bomber formation could cover a vast area, the scatter of bombs was likely to be considerable. Add to these difficulties the disruptive effects of increasingly accurate anti-aircraft fire and head-on attacks by fighter aircraft and the theoretical accuracy of daylight bombing was often hard to achieve. Accuracy, described as "pinpoint", never exceeded the best
British average of about a 3 mi (4.8 km) radius from point of aim in any case. Postwar German engineers considered the bombing of railways, trains, canals, and roads more harmful to production than attacks on factories themselves, Sir
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inglorious holding campaign, the respective Air Forces would dismantle their enemies' country, and if one side did not rapidly surrender, both would be so weak after the first few days that the war would effectively cease. Fighter aircraft would be relegated to spotting patrols but would be essentially powerless to resist the mighty bombers. In support of this theory, he argued for targeting of the civilian population as much as any military target, since a nation's morale was as important a resource as its weapons. Paradoxically, he suggested that this would actually reduce total casualties, since "The time would soon come when to put an end to horror and suffering, the people themselves, driven by the instinct of self-preservation, would rise up and demand an end to the war...". As a result of Douhet's proposals,
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them safely before they could enter
Vietnam and be used against American troops. The first of many targets within the country was the "Plain of Jars" which was known as a logistical center for military forces to gather and is the main air base in Urdon. While there were two different aerial operations held within Laos, Operation Steel Tiger is the one that focused on the Strategic Bombing of supporting civilian infrastructure that could aid in the up-and-coming communist regime and was assisting in getting rebels to aid the North Vietnamese military.
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separate air operations within the Aden
Protectorate. The majority were conducted in response to persistent banditry or to restore the Government's authority. Excluding operations against Yemeni forcesâwhich had effectively ceased by 1934âa total of twelve deaths were attributed to air attacks conducted between 1919 and 1939. Bombing as a military strategy proved to be an effective and efficient way for the British to police their Middle East protectorates in the 1920s. Fewer men were required as compared to ground forces.
684:, believed the key to retaining their independence from the senior services was to lay stress on what they saw as the unique ability of a modern air force to win wars by unaided strategic bombing. As the speed and altitude of bombers increased in proportion to fighter aircraft, the prevailing strategic understanding became "the bomber will always get through". Although anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft had proved effective in the Great War, it was accepted there was little warring nations could do to prevent massive
1144:. However, the Japanese military in most places advanced quickly enough that a strategic bombing campaign was unnecessary, and the Japanese aircraft industry was incapable of producing truly strategic bombers in any event. In those places where it was required, the smaller Japanese bombers (in comparison to British and American types) did not carry a bombload sufficient to inflict the sort of damage regularly occurring at that point in the war in Europe, or later in Japan.
1165:. Unlike the USAAF's strategic bombing campaign in Europe, with its avowed (if unachievable) objective of precision bombing of strategic targets, the bombing of Japanese cities involved the deliberate targeting of residential zones from the outset. Bomb loads included very high proportions of incendiaries, with the intention of igniting the highly combustible wooden houses common in Japanese cities and thereby generating firestorms.
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1097:. The destruction of German infrastructure became apparent, but the Allied campaign against Germany only really succeeded when the Allies began targeting oil refineries and transportation in the last year of the war. At the same time, the strategic bombing of Germany was used as a morale booster for the Allies in the period before the land war resumed in Western Europe in June 1944.
802:, thought to be demoralizing to the enemy, seemed to have the opposite effect. E. B. Strauss surmised, "Observers state that one of the most remarkable effects of the bombing of open towns in Government Spain had been the welding together into a formidable fighting force of groups of political factions who were previously at each other's throats...", a sentiment with which
1477:, missile and drone waves hit Ukraine infrastructure periodically, causing damage, deaths, injuries, and deeply affecting energy distribution across Ukraine and nearby countries. By late November 2022, nearly half of the country's energy systems had been destroyed, leaving millions of Ukrainians without power; energy workers rushed to restore services. The methodical attacks on
294:, among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. This was completed on 1 April 1945 and started instead with the usual euphemism used when referring to strategic bombing: "It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of the so called 'area-bombing' of German cities should be reviewed from the point of view of our own interests....".
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boasted, "the French in a bombing duel would probably squeal before we did". At the time, the expectation was any new war would be brief and very brutal. A British
Cabinet planning document in 1938 predicted that, if war with Germany broke out, 35% of British homes would be hit by bombs in the first three weeks. This type of expectation would justify the
1708:... Western Allies ... were "air pirates." "They are murderers!" screamed the headlines of an article emanating from Berlin on February 22. Not only did the writer denounce the allied "terror bombing", but he also stressed the "special joy" that the "Anglo-American air gangsters" took in the murder of innocent German civilians...
796:" started to appear doubtful, as stated by the U.S. Attaché in 1937, "The peacetime theory of the complete invulnerability of the modern type of bombardment airplane no longer holds. The increased speeds of both the bombardment and pursuit plane have worked in favor of the pursuit ... The flying fortress died in Spain."
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bombing was a bombing consisting of nine B-29s which bombed the Rising Sun oil refinery at Wonsan on July 6, 1950, followed by a bombing of a chemical plant at
Hungnam. Later that month on July 30 a Chosen nitrogen explosives factory at Hungnam was bombed destroying the largest of the Konan Industrial-Chemical Complex.
792:, under Nationalist command, resulted in its near destruction. Casualties were estimated to be between 500 and 1500. Though this figure was relatively small, aerial bombers and their weaponry were continually improvingâalready suggesting the devastation that was to come in the near future. Yet the theory that "
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lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects; or to atone
Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers.
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Strategic bombing was a way of taking the war into Europe while Allied ground forces were unable to do so. Between them, Allied air forces claimed to be able to bomb "around the clock". In fact, few targets were ever hit by
British and American forces the same day, the strategic isolation of Normandy
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In 1915 there were 19 more raids, in which 37 tons of bombs were dropped, killing 181 people and injuring 455. Raids continued in 1916. London was accidentally bombed in May, and in July the Kaiser allowed directed raids against urban centers. There were 23 airship raids in 1916, in which 125 tons of
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for the
British Chiefs of Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff in which he started with the sentence "It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewed...." Under pressure
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replied to a question by one of the journalists that the primary target of the bombing had been on communications to prevent the
Germans from moving military supplies and to stop movement in all directions if possible. He then added in an offhand remark that the raid also helped destroy "what is left
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of 2003, strategic bombing campaigns were notable for the heavy use of precision weaponry by those countries that possessed them. Although bombing campaigns were still strategic in their aims, the widespread area bombing tactics of World War II had mostly disappeared. This led to significantly fewer
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Laos was also bombed heavily during the
Vietnam War. While originally denied by the US government Laos became the most heavily bombed country per capita as the result of more than 2 million tons of ordinance dropped. Laos contained heavy supply lines for communist troops and the US sought to destroy
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training methods and equipment, the RAF adopted an area-attack strategy, by which it hoped to impede Germany's war production, her powers of resistance (by destroying resources and forcing Germany to divert resources from her front lines to defend her air space), and her morale. The RAF dramatically
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Their power to cover great distances at high speed, their instant readiness for action, their independence (within the detachment radius) of communications, their indifference to obstacles, and the unlikelihood of casualties to air personnel combine to encourage their use offensively more often than
505:, killing 29 civilians and wounding 58. Further raids followed until the Armistice in 1918. In a raid in the afternoon of June 22, 1916, the pilots used outdated maps and bombed the location of the abandoned railway station, where a circus tent was placed, killing 120 persons, most of them children.
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Strategic bombing campaigns were conducted in Europe and Asia. The Germans and Japanese made use of mostly twin-engined bombers with a payload generally less than 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg), and never produced larger craft to any great extent. By comparison, the British and Americans (who started
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in the United States. These theorists thought that aerial bombardment of the enemy's homeland would be an important part of future wars. Not only would such attacks weaken the enemy by destroying important military infrastructure, they would also break the morale of the civilian population, forcing
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By the end of the war, 51 raids had been undertaken, in which 5,806 bombs were dropped, killing 557 people and injuring 1,358. These raids caused only minor hampering of wartime production, by later standards. A much greater impact was the diversion of twelve aircraft squadrons, many guns, and over
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prohibited the USAF to bomb near the borders of China and the Soviet Union in fear of provoking the countries to enter into the war. Common targets were railroad yards, bridges, and airfields, seeking to disrupt supply lines and ability to produce materials for the war. The first notable strategic
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Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should We continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation but also it would
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Pre-war planners, on the whole, vastly overestimated the damage bombers could do, and underestimated the resilience of civilian populations. Jingoistic national pride played a major role: for example, at a time when Germany was still disarmed and France was Britain's only European rival, Trenchard
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in over a six-month period, sixty tons of bombs were dropped in over 1,200 cumulative flying hours. By August 1928, total losses in ground fighting and air attack, on the Yemeni side, were 65 killed or wounded (one RAF pilot was killed and one airman wounded). Between the wars the RAF conducted 26
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in the clear skies over the desert bombing ranges of Nevada and California. Raids over Europe commonly took place in conditions of very poor visibility, with targets partly or wholly obscured by thick cloud, smokescreens, or smoke from fires started by previous raids. As a result, bomb loads were
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Following the war, the concept of strategic bombing developed. Calculations of the number of dead to the weight of bombs would have a profound effect on the attitudes of the British authorities and population in the interwar years. As bombers became larger, it was fully expected that deaths would
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war correspondent, filed a story about the Dresden raid. The military press censor at SHAEF made a mistake and allowed the Cowan cable to go out starting with "Allied air bosses have made the long awaited decision to adopt deliberate terror bombing of great German population centers as a ruthless
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the enemy so that peace or surrender becomes preferable to continuing the conflict. Strategic bombing has been used to this end. The phrase "terror bombing" entered the English lexicon towards the end of World War II and many strategic bombing campaigns and individual raids have been described as
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The Chinese intervention in the war in November 1950 changed the aerial bombing policy dramatically. In response to the Chinese intervention, the USAF carried out an intensive bombing campaign against North Korea to demoralize the North Koreans and inflict as much economic cost to North Korea in
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the strategic bombers. Civilian and industrial targets were hit by the raids, and each successful raid inflicted economic damage from regular strategic bombing. Iran also launched several retaliatory air raids on Iraq, while primarily shelling border cities such as Basra. Iran also bought some
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Douhet's proposals were hugely influential among air force enthusiasts, arguing as they did that the bombing air arm was the most important, powerful, and invulnerable part of any military. He envisaged future wars as lasting a matter of a few weeks. While each opposing Army and Navy fought an
512:. The RNAS took to the strategic bombing in a bigger way than the RFC, who were focused on supporting the infantry actions of the Western Front. At first, the RNAS attacked the German submarines in their moorings and then steelworks further in targeting the origin of the submarines themselves.
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Strategic bombing during the Korean war was a huge part of the aerial warfare for the United States. It was widely used at targeting infrastructure and economic targets forcing the USSR and China to leverage more economically and materially in the supporting North Korean efforts. It was also
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One of the aims of war is to demoralize the enemy; facing continual death and destruction may make the prospect of peace or surrender preferable. The proponents of strategic bombing between the world wars, such as General Douhet, expected that direct attacks upon an enemy country's cities by
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The final development of strategic bombing in World War II was the use of nuclear weapons. On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States exploded nuclear bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 105,000 people and inflicting a psychological shock on the Japanese nation. On August 15, Emperor
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squadrons were in service on both sides. These were generally used for tactical bombing; the aim was that of directly harming enemy troops, strongpoints, or equipment, usually within a relatively small distance of the front line. Eventually, attention turned to the possibility of causing
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Due to this, and the ineffectiveness of carpet bombing (partly because of a lack of identifiable targets), new precision weapons were developed. The new weapons allowed more effective and efficient bombing with reduced civilian casualties. High civilian casualties had always been the
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In these attacks, endeavour should be made to spare the women and children as far as possible, and for this purpose, a warning should be given, whenever practicable. It would be wrong even at this stage to think that airpower was simply seen as a tool for rapid retribution.
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In the period between the two world wars, military thinkers from several nations advocated strategic bombing as the logical and obvious way to employ aircraft. Domestic political considerations saw to it that the British worked harder on the concept than most. The British
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order to reduce their ability to wage war. The largest incendiary raid of the war had 70 B-29s drop firebombs on the town of Sinuiju and was a representation for the change in aerial bombing policy. The extensive bombing raids on North Korea continued until the
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After the fall of 1981, in the context of the Iranian ground counter-offensives, the USSR lifted their arms embargo and massively rearmed Iraq, including with 40 MiG-25s, which enabled the Iraqi air force to challenge Iran's F-14s in their air space. Iraq used
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and electrical nodes imposed large economic and practical costs on Ukraine, with a severe impact for millions of civilians over the winter. It was assumed that Russia's strategic intention was to break the will of the Ukrainian population to continue the war.
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ordnance were dropped, killing 293 people and injuring 691. Gradually British air defenses improved. In 1917 and 1918, there were only 11 Zeppelin raids against England, and the final raid occurred on August 5, 1918, which resulted in the death of KK
731:), reported after a mission in 1924, "The Arab and Kurd now know what real bombing means, in casualties and damage. They know that within 45 minutes a full-sized village can be practically wiped out and a third of its inhabitants killed or injured".
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At first this required multiple aircraft, often returning to the target in waves. Nowadays, a large bomber or missile can be used to the same effect on a small area (an airfield, for example) by releasing a relatively large number of smaller bombs.
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during peacetime, both to deter any potential enemy, and also in the case of a war, to be able to deliver devastating attacks on the enemy industries and cities while suffering from relatively few friendly casualties before victory was achieved.
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the war with predominantly similarly sized bombers) developed their strategic force based upon much larger four-engined bombers for their strategic campaigns. The payload carried by these planes ranged from 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) for the
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At first the Luftwaffe raids took place in daylight, but changed to night bombing attacks when losses became unsustainable. The RAF, who had preferred precision bombing, also switched to night bombing, also due to excessive losses. Before the
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have been described as "terror bombing" by commentators and historians since the end of World War II, but because the term has pejorative connotations, others have denied that such bombing campaigns and raids are examples of "terror bombing".
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10,000 men to air defenses. The raids generated a wave of hysteria, partially caused by media. This revealed the tactic's potential as a weapon that was of use for propagandists on both sides. The late Zeppelin raids were complemented by the
462:, and the surrounding villages. In all, four people were killed and sixteen injured, and monetary damage was estimated at ÂŁ7,740 (about US$ 36,000 at the time). German airships also bombed on other fronts, for example in January 1915 on
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The most well known attacks were those done by Zeppelins over England through the course of the war. The first aerial bombardment of English civilians was on January 19, 1915, when two Zeppelins dropped 24 fifty-kilogram (110-pound)
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further enhanced the capabilities that the Americans possessed in their strategic bombing campaign. High-explosive and incendiary bombs were used against Japan to devastating effect, with greater indiscriminate loss of life in the
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The aim of the bombing campaign was to demoralize the North Vietnamese, damage their economy, and reduce their capacity to support the war in the hope that they would negotiate for peace, but it failed to have those effects. The
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The development of the B-29 gave the United States a bomber with sufficient range to reach the Japanese home islands from the safety of American bases in the Pacific or western China. The capture of the Japanese island of
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While nuclear weapons were never used, at the outset of the war the US Strategic Air Command was ready with 9 B-29s from the 9th Bomb Wing acting as an atomic task force which were sent to Guam on standby duty.
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Aerial attacks described as terror bombing are often long range strategic bombing raids, although attacks which result in the deaths of civilians may also be described as such, or if the attacks involve fighters
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on 14 May 1940 the British restricted themselves to tactical bombing west of the Rhine and naval installations. The day after the Rotterdam Blitz a new directive was issued to the RAF to attack targets in the
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raids. That doctrine, based on the erroneous supposition that bombers could adequately defend themselves against air attack, entailed much higher American losses until long-range fighter escorts (e.g. the
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of the Great War had been merged in 1918 to create a separate air force, which spent much of the following two decades fighting for survival in an environment of severe government spending constraints.
723:) where RAF bombers used high-explosive bombs and strafing runs against Arab forces. The techniques of so-called "Air Control" also included target marking and locating, as well as formation flying.
1014:(in his report on a postwar British scientific intelligence mission) calling it "fatal" and saying it reduced aero-engine production by two thirds (from a maximum output of 5,000 to 7,000 a month).
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strategic bombers would lead to a rapid collapse of civilian morale so that political pressure to sue for peace would lead to a rapid conclusion. When such attacks were tried in the 1930sâin the
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The British also stepped up their strategic bombing campaign. In late 1915, the order was given for attacks on German industrial targets, and the 41st Wing was formed from units of the RNAS and
1220:. The age of the massive strategic bombing campaign had come to an end. It was replaced by more devastating attacks using improved targeting and weapons technology. Strategic bombing by the
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433:, the force of four aircraft inflicted minor damage on the sheds. The raid was repeated a month later with slightly more success. Within a year or so, specialized aircraft and dedicated
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Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939â1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vols. Important critical official history of RAF Bomber Command effort
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allocated greater resources to their bomber squadrons than to their fighters, and the 'dashing young pilots' promoted in the propaganda of the time were invariably bomber pilots.
1551:, and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
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setting up civil defence organisations with air raid wardens, firewatchers, rescue and recovery personnel, firefighting crews, and demolition and repair teams to rectify damage
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also became politically indefensible. The political fallout resulting from the destruction being broadcast on the evening news ended more than one strategic bombing campaign.
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527:, an expanded bombing group, and the first independent strategic bombing force, was created in April 1918. By the end of the war, the force had aircraft that could reach
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These restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war, because unlike the war on land and at seaâwhich is specifically covered by rules such as the
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is a term used for aerial attacks planned to weaken or break enemy morale. Use of the term to refer to aerial attacks implies the attacks are criminal according to the
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Additionally, strategic bombing via smart munitions is now possible through the use of aircraft that have been considered traditionally tactical in nature such as the
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that take years to build and enormous investment capital. These new high-intensity and focused attacks made extra use of newer and modern fighter aircraft such as the
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The strategic bombing conducted in World War II was unlike any before. The campaigns conducted in Europe and Asia could involve aircraft dropping thousands of tons of
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to engage the Luftwaffe and so be destroyed either on the ground or in the air. That tactic failed, and the RAF began bombing German cities on 11 May 1940. After the
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campaigns were much heavier bombing campaigns taking off many of the restrictions that were placed initially and began flying B-52 bombers. Images such as that of
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improved its navigation so that on average its bombs hit closer to target. Accuracy never exceeded a 3 mi (4.8 km) radius from point of aim in any case.
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civilian casualties associated with previous bombing campaigns, though it has not brought about a complete end to civilian deaths or collateral property damage.
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402:, killing nine civilians. The second attack was on the night of 24â25 August 1914, when eight bombs were dropped from a German airship onto the Belgian city of
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640:(1921) were published. These visions of cities laid waste by bombing also gripped the popular imagination and found expression in novels such as Douhet's
3813:"Book Reviews/Essay: A Twentieth Century History of Bombing Civilians, and A History of Bombing." Journal of Critical Asian Studies (March 2011), 153â56
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3804:"Is the U.S. Haunted by Its Nuclear Past? Dropping the atomic bomb crossed a moral threshold." The Progressive Christian (Winter 2009), pp. 15â19, 36
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1005:) became available. Conditions in the European theatre made it very difficult to achieve the accuracy achieved using the exceptional and top-secret
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were able to use them, although the majorityâ93%âof bombs dropped in that conflict were still conventional, unguided bombs. More frequently in the
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in February 1945 being exceptions rather than the rule. There were generally no coordinated plans for the around-the-clock bombing of any target.
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attacks. The seeds of Douhet's apocalyptic predictions found fertile soil in France, Germany, and the United States, where excerpts from his book
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on 1 September 1939. A strategic-bombing campaign was launched by the Germans as a precursor to the invasion of the United Kingdom to force the
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3169:"Collateral Damage on the 21st-century battlefield: Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground".
1688:(terror flyers or terrorist airman). No one in Germany used such terminology in connection with German bombing raids against cities in England
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in the United States. These theorists were highly influential, both on the military justification for an independent air force (such as the
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Wetta, Frank J., and Martin A. Novelli. "Good Bombing, Bad Bombing: Hollywood, Air Warfare, and Morality in World War I and World War II."
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their government to capitulate. Although area bombing theorists acknowledged that measures could be taken to defend against bombersâusing
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expedient to hasten Hitler's doom." There were follow-up newspaper editorials on the issue and a longtime opponent of strategic bombing,
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of the entry of China into the war led to restrictions on the selection of targets, as well as only a gradual escalation of intensity.
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is used to describe the strategic bombing of civilian targets without military value, in the hope of damaging an enemy's morale.
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Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943â1944/5
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Setting up decoy targets in rural areas, mimicking an urban area with fires intended to look like the initial effects of a raid
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was developed between the two world wars. Some leading theorists of strategic air warfare during this period were the Italian
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688:. High civilian morale and retaliation in kind were seen as the only answersâa later generation would revisit this, as
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led to two distinct branches in the writings of air warfare theorists: tactical air warfare and strategic air warfare.
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1526:, which contain pertinent restrictions, prohibitions and guidelinesâthere are no treaties specific to aerial warfare.
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Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914â1945
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dramatically increase. The fear of aerial attack on such a scale was one of the fundamental driving forces of the
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Clodfelter, Mark. "Aiming to Break Will: America's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications",
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terror bombing by commentators and historians. Because the term has pejorative connotations, some, including the
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1244:(USAF) at first conducted only tactical attacks against strategic targets. Because it was widely considered a
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In early 1918 they operated their "round the clock" bombing raid, with lighter bombers attacking the town of
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with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale, its economic ability to produce and transport
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continued this sort of limited strategic bombing for most of the war but pivoted towards the ending of it.
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A statement clearly pointed out that the ability of aircraft to inflict punishment could be open to abuse:
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was on 6 August 1914 when the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed, with artillery shells, the Belgian city of
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1866:"Terror Bombing. Bombing designed to hasten the end of the war by terrorising the enemy population â 1941
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to carry out long-range high-speed raids on Iranian cities, including Tehran. Fighter-bombers such as the
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Among the dead cities: The history and moral legacy of the WWII bombing of civilians in Germany and Japan
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During the first year of the war in Europe, strategic bombing was developed through trial and error. The
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to destroy targets that would have required large formations of strategic bombers during World War II.
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Strategic bombing was used in World War I, though it was not understood in its present form. The first
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rather than strategic bombing) disturbed the American public enough to demand a stop to the campaign.
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asserted the basic principle of strategic bombing was the offensive, and there was no defense against
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Trimble, Michael M. "Air Force Strategic Bombing and Its Counterpoints from World War I to Vietnam."
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1547:: An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a
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2691:. Columbia University Press. pp. Chapter 2 Spoils of War â Secret Japanese Biological Science.
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was developed as part of a combined-arms attack which would be developed to a significant degree by
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Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments",
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had been attacking both civilian and military targets from the first day of the war, when Germany
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Area bombardment came to prominence during World War II with the use of large numbers of unguided
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consistently reliable for the US even amongst Chinese and USSR interference throughout the war.
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603:". These theorists for strategic bombing argued that it would be necessary to develop a fleet of
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347:
323:
270:
246:
3724:
Koch, H. W. "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany: the Early Phase, MayâSeptember 1940."
3685:
Ideas, concepts, doctrine: A history of basic thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907â1964
1671:
184:
2689:
Hidden Atrocities: Japanese Germ Warfare and American Obstruction of Justice at the Tokyo Trial
2013:
4088:
4055:
3944:
3919:
3640:
3569:
3548:
3529:
3510:
3491:
3472:
3453:
3434:
3413:
3394:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3250:
3231:
3212:
3144:
3111:
2935:"Top-20 destinacija za medeni mesec: MeÄu najboljim na svetu jedna nama i blizu i pristupaÄna"
2895:
2736:
2692:
2646:
2621:
2615:
2470:
2382:
2361:
2258:
2231:
2204:
2151:
2086:
2059:
2017:
1927:
1911:
1831:
1815:
1750:
1573:
1537:
1508:
1347:
1333:
1298:
1294:
1094:
1067:
1058:, between 1939 and 1944, with Finland being subjected to a number of bombing campaigns by the
1044:
993:
928:
860:
844:
781:
274:
238:
152:
82:
70:
47:
43:
3022:
2464:
2252:
2225:
2198:
2145:
1847:
1744:
1397:
Strategic bombing in the postâCold War era is defined by American advances in and the use of
1316:
Strategic bombing was entering a new phase of high-intensity attacks, specifically targeting
4185:
4180:
4175:
4156:
4146:
4073:
4043:
4033:
3967:
1086:
1075:
1006:
604:
495:
333:
319:
255:
159:âthey were ineffective. Commentators observed the failures and some air forces, such as the
109:
58:
3887:
2542:
The strategic air war against Germany, 1939â1945: report of the British Bombing Survey Unit
3996:
3949:
3746:
3368:
3338:
3297:
3264:
2902:
1643:
1631:
1583:
1560:
1398:
1249:
940:
924:
909:
677:
657:
359:
Building factories in tunnels or other underground locations that are protected from bombs
214:
206:
178:, or if within the laws of war are nevertheless a moral crime. According to John Algeo in
133:
129:
1029:
In some cases, single missions have been considered to constitute strategic bombing. The
1120:
frequently used strategic bombing over Singaporean, Burmese, and Chinese cities such as
386:
241:(USAAF), and for most of World War II the Allied news media did the same. However, at a
4125:
4120:
4093:
3428:
2836:
2786:
2006:
1627:
1597:
1359:
1278:
1213:
901:
897:
833:
700:
696:
681:
662:
629:
587:
552:
483:
459:
451:
447:
418:
339:
298:
182:, the first recorded usage of "Terror bombing" in a United States publication was in a
125:
121:
66:
1890:, intensive and indiscriminate bombing designed to frighten a country into surrender;
1062:
in that period. The largest were three raids in February 1944, which have been called
968:
269:
The controversy stirred up by the Cowan news report reached the highest levels of the
69:
aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability. It is a
4209:
4098:
4028:
3629:
1579:
1569:
1478:
1286:
1196:
953:
949:
789:
724:
708:
642:
625:
592:
583:
426:
291:
117:
17:
3739:
1529:
To be legal, aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law:
4023:
4018:
3450:
Confronting captivity: Britain and the United States and their POWs in Nazi Germany
3058:"Russian bombings of civilian infrastructure raise cost of Ukraine's recovery: IMF"
1588:
1221:
1178:
1059:
977:
935:
hoping to break British morale and to have the British be cowed into making peace.
840:
766:
560:
545:
234:
210:
50:
cut the city's industrial productivity by half and killed around 100,000 civilians.
450:
bombs and ineffective three-kilogram incendiaries on the Eastern England towns of
3563:
3034:
2080:
2053:
57:
is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize
4168:
4115:
3834:
3664:
Beneficial Bombing: The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power, 1917â1945
3467:
Lewis, Peter M. H. (1994). "B-29 Superfortress". In Grolier Incorporated (ed.).
3104:"Zelensky says that some four million Ukrainians face restrictions on power use"
1618:
1496:
1270:
1245:
1090:
1041:
program enough that it did not become a major factor in the outcome of the war.
997:
981:
957:
863:
intended to kill or intimidate those fighting the fires caused by incendiaries.
762:
716:
647:
579:
556:
541:
113:
39:
34:
25:
3615:
The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War: An International Comparison
2573:
Strategic bombing by the United States in World War II: the myths and the facts
3610:
3190:
2986:
2956:
2437:"The bombload of the B-29 eventually reached 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)" (
1519:
1406:
1401:. The developments in guided munitions meant that the Coalition forces in the
1038:
1011:
633:
572:
491:
463:
455:
102:
3148:
3115:
42:
attack on the night of March 9â10, 1945, the single most destructive raid in
1914:, an operation that involved both bombing and strafing, as a terror attack).
1125:
945:
932:
916:
876:
856:
807:
671:
568:
564:
502:
160:
74:
3507:
The game of disarmament: how the United States and Russia run the arms race
2466:
Among the Dead Cities: Is the Targeting of Civilians in War Ever Justified?
1070:
responded to the air raids with a series of night infiltration bombings of
353:
Dispersal of war-critical factories to areas difficult for bombers to reach
847:, to bomb the target region indiscriminatelyâto kill war workers, destroy
132:) and in influencing political thoughts on a future war as exemplified by
3699:
The quest: Haywood Hansell and American strategic bombing in World War II
1507:
by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on
1445:
1402:
1390:
1371:
and launched them against Baghdad. These too inflicted damage upon Iraq.
1306:
1217:
1170:
1149:
1051:
848:
442:
harm to the enemy by systematically attacking vital rear-area resources.
414:
399:
199:
78:
21:
3882:
1746:
Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine
1081:
Strategic bombing in Europe never reached the decisive completeness the
4006:
3934:
3844:
3729:
3083:"Russia's methodical attacks exploit frailty of Ukrainian power system"
3081:
Birnbaum, Michael; Stern, David L.; Rauhala, Emily (October 25, 2022).
2990:
2757:"Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored"
1317:
1309:
of strategic bombing, but later in the Cold War, this began to change.
1129:
1055:
855:
the enemy. In high enough concentration, it was capable of producing a
422:
403:
62:
3209:
Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941â1991
2894:
Francisco Javier GuisĂĄndez GĂłmez, a colonel of the Spanish Air Force,
699:
was developed as part of British foreign policy in its colonies, with
4013:
2360:(First edition Collins 1947) Pen & Sword military classics 2005;
1351:
871:
852:
803:
715:. The Trenchard School theories were successfully put into action in
528:
474:
434:
180:
Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms 1941â1991
3865:
3847:(Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry) (UK)
3779:
Overy. Richard. "The Means to Victory: Bombs and Bombing" in Overy,
3035:"Ukraine war: Almost half Ukraine's energy system disabled, PM says"
2052:
Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy, eds. (1999).
282:
from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by
2915:
Craig, Tim; Ryan, Missy; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (October 10, 2015).
1384:
1368:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1200:
1099:
1019:
967:
865:
753:
516:
468:
385:
242:
33:
3673:(7 vols 1948â1958; rpr. 1985), official US Army Air Force history
896:
on long-range missions, to 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) for the
350:â extinguishing all lights at night to make bombing less accurate
3788:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940â1945
3607:(Princeton Studies in International History and Politics) (2004)
2733:
The American People in World War II: Freedom from Fear, Part Two
2172:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940â1945
1456:
1441:
1364:
1104:
Child amid ruins following German aerial bombing of London, 1945
720:
229:âterror attacks. The Allied governments usually described their
163:, concentrated their efforts upon direct support of the troops.
3891:
3391:
Endkampf: soldiers, civilians, and the death of the Third Reich
3023:
Russia's Georgia Take-Down: Implications for Russia and America
2254:
Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment
2227:
Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment
1469:
Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022âpresent)
1358:
were used against smaller or shorter range targets, as well as
582:, namely strategic bombing during this period were the Italian
390:
A 1918 Air Raid rehearsal, evacuating children from a hospital.
356:
Duplication of war-critical manufacturing to "shadow factories"
3760:"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939â1945
3755:(1976) story of the official American Strategic Bombing Survey
3247:
World War II in Europe: the final year: Roosevelt Study Center
2987:"NiĆĄ 1999, NATO bombardovanje, city of Nis, NATO bombing 1999"
2604:(The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), pp. 77, 100.
501:
The French army on June 15, 1915, attacked the German town of
31:
Systematic aerial attacks to destroy infrastructure and morale
3774:
The Bomber War: The Allied Air Offensive Against Nazi Germany
3617:(1992) 763 pp.; very important anthology by major researchers
3526:
Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919â1939
2905:
International Review of the Red Cross no 323, pp. 347â63
1261:
was signed between communist and UN forces on July 27, 1953.
3348:
Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
3318:
Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
1324:
enabling less reliance on heavier, more vulnerable bombers.
3350:. Vol. 16. London: Phoebus. pp. 1697, 1700, 1736.
2555:
2553:
2347:
by Stephen Budiansky, Viking Penguin Books 2004, pp. 200â08
2055:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
567:
during the first four years (1939â42) of World War II. The
409:
The first effective strategic bombing was pioneered by the
3821:
The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon
2492:"What Did Fighter Command Do After the Battle of Britain?"
810:, supporting the Spanish Nationalists, generally agreed.
297:
Many strategic bombing campaigns and individual raids of
245:
press conference on 16 February 1945, two days after the
3488:
The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939â1945
2276:
2274:
1963:
1961:
3624:(Oxford UP, 2006), 928pp official German history vol 7
2787:"Within Limits â The U.S. Air Force and the Korean War"
2127:"The Gotha Bomber and the Origins of Strategic Bombing"
1448:, power plants around Belgrade and flea market in Nis.
3872:
Death From the Heavens: A History of Strategic Bombing
3676:
Davis, Richard G. "Bombing Strategy Shifts, 1944â45",
3593:. 2013;45(3):481-489. doi:10.1080/14672715.2013.829670
3393:(illustrated ed.). University Press of Kentucky.
1444:
forces bombed targets far from Kosovo like bridges in
960:(released in September 1941) proved the inadequacy of
266:, asked questions in the House of Commons on 6 March.
3433:(illustrated ed.). James Lorimer & Company.
1455:
Russian aircraft attacked the shipbuilding center of
586:, the Trenchard school in Great Britain, and General
3137:"Opinion | Don't Let Putin Turn Ukraine into Aleppo"
486:, commander of the German Naval Airship Department.
188:
article dated June 1941, a finding confirmed by the
4134:
3983:
3976:
3927:
3589:McCoy A. Reflections on History's Largest Air War.
3211:(2, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press.
952:targets which aided the German war effort, such as
695:During the interwar period (1919â1939), the use of
563:, and which contributed much to the success of the
2005:
1910:(mentions that Historian Ronald Shaffer described
1157:on March 9â10, 1945 than was caused either by the
727:, a young RAF squadron commander (later nicknamed
2589:America's pursuit of precision bombing, 1910â1945
996:for greater accuracy as, for example, during the
3767:The Origins of American Strategic Bombing Theory
3412:. Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies.
2917:"By evening, a hospital. By morning, a war zone"
2865:"- LEGACIES OF WAR: UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE IN LAOS"
2837:"The United States Air Force In Korea 1950â1953"
2527:Conclusion to the Singleton report 20 May 1942 (
2511:"RAF Bomber Command During the Second World War"
1733:, pp. 122, 123 quoting the Singleton Report
1277:could have been more extensive, but fear by the
1037:. The PeenemĂŒnde mission delayed Nazi Germany's
956:that at night were self-illuminating. After the
105:such as "will to resist" and "morale bombings".
2666:Jukka O. Kauppinen; Matti Rönkkö (2006-02-27).
1706:
1675:
745:
736:
734:On an official level, RAF directives stressed:
800:Large scale bombing of the civilian population
413:(RNAS) in 1914. The mission was to attack the
3903:
3659:, June 2010, Vol. 33 Issue 3, pp. 401â35
3410:Air Power, Insurgency and the "War on Terror"
3191:International Law on the Bombing of Civilians
2641:Aake Pesonen (1982). "Taistelu HelsingistÀ".
2327:
2325:
2200:Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
1163:atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima or Nagasaki
1085:achieved, helped in part by the fragility of
310:Defensive measures against air raids include:
8:
3826:Smith, Malcolm. "The Allied Air Offensive",
3666:(University of Nebraska Press; 2010) 347 pp.
3430:The Mystery of Frankenberg's Canadian Airman
3320:. Vol. 9. London: Phoebus. p. 969.
2785:Wayne Thompson and Bernard C. Nalty (1996).
2039:
1273:, the strategic bombing of North Vietnam in
3736:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940â1945
3273:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
2953:"Udar po elektroenergetskom sistemu Srbije"
2450:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2185:The Second World War: Causes and Background
2150:. Manchester University Press. p. 16.
2082:British Naval Aviation: The First 100 Years
1953:"British Bombing Strategy in World War Two"
382:German strategic bombing during World War I
16:"Bomber raid" redirects here. For the 1989
3980:
3910:
3896:
3888:
3794:; a longer version was published in UK as
3669:Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate.
1381:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia § Strategy
1297:(although this incident was the result of
948:, including oil plants and other civilian
686:civilian casualties from strategic bombing
273:when on 28 March 1945 the Prime Minister,
124:school in the United Kingdom, and General
3769:(US Naval Institute Press, 2017), 272 pp.
3452:(illustrated ed.). UNC Press Books.
900:, 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) for the
680:leaders, in particular Air Chief Marshal
498:bomber to be used for strategic bombing.
318:attempting to shoot down attackers using
2735:. Oxford University Press. p. 421.
1730:
1492:Aerial bombardment and international law
1486:Aerial bombardment and international law
931:, the Germans launched their night time
771:
3270:Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air
2803:from the original on February 28, 2017.
2304:
2292:
2280:
2108:"Strategic Bombing: Gothas over London"
2085:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 29.
1923:
1723:
1660:
1089:, which was particularly vulnerable to
624:In Italy, the airpower prophet General
202:they may be labelled "terror attacks".
3471:. Vol. 10. Grolier Incorporated.
3364:
3353:
3334:
3323:
3292:Copp, Terry (SeptemberâOctober 1996).
3005:"GodiĆĄnjica bombardovanja centra NiĆĄa"
2316:
1979:
1967:
1939:
1903:
1827:
1674:Goebbels used several terms including
1667:
2438:
2008:The Influence of Air Power on History
1991:
1859:
1843:
1811:
1699:
1216:defined strategic bombing during the
904:, and 20,000 lb (9,000 kg)
820:Strategic bombing during World War II
571:became a major element of the German
7:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2844:Defense Technical Information Center
2835:Futrell, Robert F. (February 1983).
2794:Defense Technical Information Center
2528:
2058:. Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
378:Strategic bombing during World War I
254:of German morale." Howard Cowan, an
213:frequently described attacks by the
209:and other high-ranking officials of
108:The theoretical distinction between
3823:(1987), important study 1930sâ1960s
3728:, 34 (March 1991) pp. 117â41.
3671:The Army Air Forces in World War II
2853:from the original on June 29, 2020.
2822:National Museum of the US Air Force
2714:"The Deadliest Air Raid in History"
477:on the night of 21â22 February 1915
92:One of the strategies of war is to
3991:Airborne early warning and control
3796:The Bombing War: Europe, 1939â1945
3753:Strategic Bombing in World War Two
3509:. Manchester University Press ND.
3346:Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978b).
3316:Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978a).
2379:The Bombing War â Europe 1939â1945
1749:. Simon and Schuster. p. 35.
1118:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
1114:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
843:, often with a high proportion of
794:the bomber will always get through
601:the bomber will always get through
599:âthe maxim of the times remained "
290:, and the head of Bomber Command,
139:the bomber will always get through
14:
3694:(Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009)
3637:Air Power in the Age of Total War
3565:Dresden: Tuesday 13 February 1945
3056:Kraemer, Christian (2022-10-26).
2147:British Foreign Policy, 1919â1939
1894:, a bombing raid of this nature".
859:. The high explosives were often
788:by German aviators including the
3584:Joint Force Quarterly : JFQ
1322:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
1209:practices a nuclear bombing run.
1064:The Great Raids Against Helsinki
3528:. Manchester University Press.
2712:Reichhardt, Tony (March 2015).
2012:. Gretna, LA: Pelican. p.
1393:, Serbia after NATO bombardment
1083:American campaign against Japan
83:theatres of military operations
3719:A History of Strategic Bombing
3469:Academic American Encyclopedia
3296:. originally published in the
3294:"The Bomber Command Offensive"
2896:ICRC: "The Law of Air Warfare"
2602:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes
1505:international humanitarian law
1:
3709:Air Plan That Defeated Hitler
3135:Stephens, Bret (2022-11-01).
2540:British Bombing Survey Unit,
2509:Carter, Ian (February 2018).
2230:. Zed Books. pp. 21â35.
2125:O'Connell, Robert L. (1990).
1549:legitimate military objective
1425:, which had been used during
992:adopted a policy of daylight
990:United States Army Air Forces
531:, but these were never used.
277:, sent a memo by telegram to
219:United States Army Air Forces
3828:Journal of Strategic Studies
3656:Journal of Strategic Studies
3639:. Indiana University Press.
3102:Santora, Marc (2022-10-29).
3037:. BBC News. 18 November 2022
2989:. 23 March 2010 – via
2763:. March 2015. Archived from
1409:, and the initial phases of
1048:conducted strategic bombings
1035:the bombing of the Ruhr dams
551:These early developments of
494:bomber, which was the first
3862:Journal of American History
3245:Brower, Charles F. (1998).
3230:. Temple University Press.
2645:(in Finnish). KirjayhtymÀ.
2106:Castle, Ian (August 2017).
1684:(terrorist activities) ...
1475:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1463:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1440:During the Kosovo campaign
824:Air warfare of World War II
653:The Shape of Things to Come
417:production lines and their
223:strategic bombing campaigns
205:German propaganda minister
4259:
3830:(1990) 13#1 pp. 67â83
3562:Taylor, Frederick (2005).
3448:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2005).
3389:Fritz, Stephen G. (2004).
2731:Kennedy, David M. (2003).
2687:Guillemin, Jeanne (2017).
2203:. Cornell UP. p. 60.
1489:
1466:
1431:Operation Enduring Freedom
1378:
1331:
1194:
1033:was such an event, as was
817:
703:as its leading proponent,
690:Mutual Assured Destruction
578:Some leading theorists of
375:
167:The term "terror bombing"
15:
3707:Hansell, Jr., Haywood S.
3486:Longmate, Norman (1983).
2614:Cosgrove, Edmund (2003).
2490:Carter, Ian (June 2018).
2257:. Zed Books. p. 55.
2004:Boyne, Walter J. (2003).
1880:Oxford English Dictionary
1615:(1942 book and 1943 film)
1612:Victory Through Air Power
1275:Operation Rolling Thunder
336:to protect the population
191:Oxford English Dictionary
2620:. Dundurn. p. 135.
2617:Canada's Fighting Pilots
2575:(2003) pp. 8, 52, 129â40
2463:Grayling, A. C. (2011).
2112:Military History Monthly
2079:Tim Benbow, ed. (2011).
1743:Barrett Tillman (2014).
1607:Alexander P. de Seversky
1007:Norden optical bombsight
870:Destroyed townhouses in
776:Ruins of Guernica (1937)
752:In British strikes over
523:attacking by night. The
396:aerial bombing of a city
249:, British Air Commodore
233:with euphemisms such as
157:Second Sino-Japanese War
101:, have preferred to use
61:, long- or medium-range
38:Tokyo after the massive
4236:Aerial warfare strategy
3879:OAH Magazine of History
3792:excerpt and text search
3783:(1995), pp. 101â33
3683:Futrell, Robert Frank.
3626:excerpt and text search
3167:Jefferson D. Reynolds.
2377:Overy, Richard (2013).
2333:History of Air Fighting
2144:Doerr, Paul W. (1998).
1501:laws and customs of war
1435:Operation Iraqi Freedom
1411:Operation Iraqi Freedom
1242:United States Air Force
1110:Asiatic-Pacific Theater
748:the occasion warrants.
618:Royal Naval Air Service
597:anti-aircraft artillery
473:German airship bombing
411:Royal Naval Air Service
328:surface-to-air missiles
3776:(Overlook Press, 2001)
3762:(1984), defends Harris
3726:The Historical Journal
3635:Buckley, John (1999).
3591:Critical Asian Studies
3586:91 (2018): 82â89. Web.
3568:. London: Bloomsbury.
3545:The air war, 1939â1945
3524:Omissi, David (1990).
3427:Hessel, Peter (2005).
3408:Hayward, Joel (2009).
3378:"Aircraft and the War"
3249:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3226:Axinn, Sidney (2008).
2815:"Korean War 1950â1953"
2668:"Night of the Bombers"
2224:Beau Grosscup (2006).
1710:
1690:
1580:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
1453:2008 South Ossetia war
1427:Operation Desert Storm
1394:
1279:Johnson Administration
1210:
1188:
1105:
1024:the bombing of Dresden
985:
884:
777:
750:
741:
638:The Command of the Air
478:
391:
292:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
284:Chief of the Air Staff
99:Allies of World War II
51:
3690:Grayling, Anthony C.
3543:Overy, R. J. (2005).
3505:Myrdal, Alva (1977).
3376:Flight staff (1914).
2643:Tuli-iskuja taivaalle
1561:Henry H. "Hap" Arnold
1516:1907 Hague Convention
1388:
1250:Truman Administration
1204:
1183:
1103:
1031:bombing of PeenemĂŒnde
971:
869:
775:
580:strategic air warfare
472:
431:Charles Rumney Samson
389:
221:(USAAF) during their
136:'s 1932 comment that
37:
3881:22.4 (2008): 25â29.
3874:(2009) Good analysis
3870:Werrell, Kenneth P.
3852:The Bomber Offensive
3837:"Bombing Vindicated"
3758:Messenger, Charles.
3603:Biddle, Tami Davis.
3207:Algeo, John (1993).
3179:(PDF) pp. 4â108
3172:Air Force Law Review
2585:Stephen L. McFarland
2197:Robert Pape (1996).
1955:, 1 August 2001, BBC
1942:, pp. 413, 414.
1419:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1291:Operation Linebacker
1287:Nixon Administration
1155:firebombing of Tokyo
894:B-17 Flying Fortress
836:over a single city.
557:Tactical air warfare
251:Colin McKay Grierson
85:, or both. The term
4241:Targeting (warfare)
4061:Electronic warfare
3864:73 (1986) 702â13;
3697:Griffith, Charles.
3088:The Washington Post
2921:The Washington Post
2600:Christopher, John.
2515:Imperial War Museum
2496:Imperial War Museum
1870:. June p. 58/2 ..."
1793:"The Round Table",
1770:"National Review",
1655:Informational notes
1259:armistice agreement
1093:through the use of
881:bombing of the city
786:bombing of Guernica
769:in the late 1930s.
367:History and origins
65:, or nuclear-armed
4231:Military doctrines
4002:Counter-insurgency
3850:Verrier, Anthony.
3833:Spaight. James M.
3811:Patler, Nicholas.
3802:Patler, Nicholas.
3781:Why the Allies Won
3772:Neillands, Robin.
3745:2012-07-16 at the
3662:Clodfelter, Mark.
3141:The New York Times
3108:The New York Times
2901:2014-12-21 at the
1680:(terror raids) or
1532:military necessity
1524:Geneva Conventions
1522:additional to the
1423:F-15E Strike Eagle
1395:
1211:
1175:surrender of Japan
1106:
1095:incendiary devices
986:
962:RAF Bomber Command
906:B-29 Superfortress
885:
861:delay-action bombs
845:incendiary devices
830:conventional bombs
778:
705:Sir Charles Portal
656:(1933) (filmed by
614:Royal Flying Corps
510:Royal Flying Corps
479:
392:
324:anti-aircraft guns
306:Defensive measures
271:British Government
247:bombing of Dresden
52:
4226:Military strategy
4216:Strategic bombing
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4056:Close air support
3920:military aircraft
3839:] G. Bles, 1944.
3819:Sherry, Michael.
3765:Morris, Craig F.
3751:MacIsaac, David.
3678:Air Power History
3620:Boog, Horst, ed.
3554:978-1-57488-716-7
3478:978-0-7172-2053-3
3419:978-0-9552189-6-5
3363:Missing or empty
3356:cite encyclopedia
3333:Missing or empty
3326:cite encyclopedia
3256:978-0-312-21133-2
3237:978-1-59213-958-3
2469:. A&C Black.
2388:978-0-713-99561-9
2295:, pp. 53â54.
2251:Grosscup (2006).
2040:Flight staff 1914
1951:Siebert, Detlef.
1912:Operation Clarion
1756:978-1-62157-235-0
1574:Regia Aeronautica
1509:protected persons
1499:must comply with
1348:strategic bombers
1334:War of the Cities
1299:close air support
1295:Kim Phuc Phan Thi
1205:A U.S. Air Force
1068:Finnish Air Force
1054:, the capital of
1045:Soviet Air Forces
994:precision bombing
929:Battle of Britain
874:after the German
782:Spanish Civil War
709:Sir Arthur Harris
605:strategic bombers
525:Independent Force
519:by day and large
334:air raid shelters
313:
275:Winston Churchill
239:precision bombing
231:bombing of cities
153:Spanish Civil War
71:military strategy
59:strategic bombers
55:Strategic bombing
48:Tokyo firebombing
44:military aviation
4248:
4064:
3981:
3963:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3889:
3816:
3807:
3786:Overy. Richard.
3734:Levine, Alan J.
3717:Kennett, Lee B.
3650:
3579:
3558:
3539:
3520:
3501:
3482:
3463:
3444:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3372:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3300:. Archived from
3288:
3265:Boyne, Walter J.
3260:
3241:
3228:A Moral Military
3222:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2955:. Archived from
2949:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2906:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2460:
2454:
2451:Fitzsimons 1978b
2448:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2426:Fitzsimons 1978b
2423:
2417:
2414:Fitzsimons 1978b
2411:
2405:
2402:Fitzsimons 1978a
2399:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2358:Bomber Offensive
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2023:9-781-589800-342
2011:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1682:Terrorhandlungen
1665:
1087:Japanese housing
883:, September 1939
496:heavier-than-air
320:fighter aircraft
312:
256:Associated Press
4258:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4130:
4106:Maritime patrol
4079:Air superiority
4062:
3972:
3961:
3923:
3922:types and roles
3916:
3854:(1968), British
3810:
3801:
3790:(2014), 592 pp
3747:Wayback Machine
3730:online at JSTOR
3680:39 (1989) 33â45
3647:
3634:
3600:
3598:Further reading
3576:
3561:
3555:
3542:
3536:
3523:
3517:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3447:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3407:
3401:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3352:
3345:
3332:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3298:Legion Magazine
3291:
3285:
3263:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3183:
3176:Volume 56, 2005
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2985:
2982:Wayback Machine
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2903:Wayback Machine
2893:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2768:
2761:The Japan Times
2755:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2718:airspacemag.com
2711:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2544:(reprint 1998)
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:, p. 1700.
2449:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2428:, p. 1697.
2424:
2420:
2416:, p. 1736.
2412:
2408:
2404:, p. 1736.
2400:
2396:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2356:Harris, Arthur
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2170:Richard Overy,
2169:
2165:
2158:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1878:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1795:The Round Table
1792:
1791:
1787:
1772:National Review
1769:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1694:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1644:Dahiya doctrine
1640:
1557:
1544:proportionality
1494:
1488:
1473:As part of the
1471:
1465:
1399:smart munitions
1383:
1377:
1336:
1330:
1267:
1230:
1214:Nuclear weapons
1199:
1193:
1159:Dresden mission
1074:airfields near
941:Rotterdam Blitz
826:
818:Main articles:
816:
678:Royal Air Force
658:Alexander Korda
643:The War of 19--
537:
535:Interwar period
384:
376:Main articles:
374:
369:
340:air raid sirens
308:
215:Royal Air Force
207:Joseph Goebbels
185:Reader's Digest
169:
148:
134:Stanley Baldwin
130:Royal Air Force
32:
29:
12:
11:
5:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:Aerial bombing
4218:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4152:Reconnaissance
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4126:Strike fighter
4123:
4121:Fighter-bomber
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3868:
3858:
3855:
3848:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3798:(2013), 880 pp
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3740:online edition
3732:
3722:
3715:
3713:online version
3705:
3703:online edition
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3632:
3630:online edition
3618:
3608:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3540:
3534:
3521:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3490:. Hutchinson.
3483:
3477:
3464:
3458:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3418:
3405:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3343:
3313:
3289:
3283:
3261:
3255:
3242:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3181:
3160:
3127:
3094:
3073:
3048:
3026:
3021:Earl Tilford.
3014:
2996:
2969:
2944:
2926:
2907:
2880:
2856:
2827:
2806:
2777:
2748:
2742:978-0199840052
2741:
2723:
2704:
2698:978-0231544986
2697:
2679:
2658:
2651:
2633:
2627:978-0919614970
2626:
2606:
2593:
2577:
2571:Stewart Ross,
2564:
2561:Bomber Command
2549:
2533:
2520:
2501:
2482:
2476:978-1408827901
2475:
2455:
2443:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2387:
2381:. Allen Lane.
2369:
2349:
2337:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2270:
2264:978-1842775431
2263:
2243:
2237:978-1842775431
2236:
2216:
2209:
2189:
2183:Jeremy Black,
2176:
2163:
2157:978-0719046728
2156:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2092:978-1409406129
2091:
2071:
2065:978-0815333517
2064:
2044:
2042:, p. 906.
2032:
2022:
1996:
1984:
1982:, p. 434.
1972:
1970:, p. 430.
1957:
1944:
1932:
1916:
1896:
1888:terror-bombing
1872:
1852:
1836:
1820:
1804:
1785:
1762:
1755:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1678:Terrorangriffe
1659:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1628:Hugh Trenchard
1625:
1616:
1604:
1598:Billy Mitchell
1595:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1556:
1553:
1490:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1479:power stations
1467:Main article:
1464:
1461:
1403:First Gulf War
1376:
1373:
1367:missiles from
1332:Main article:
1329:
1326:
1266:
1263:
1229:
1226:
1192:
1189:
1173:announced the
954:blast furnaces
921:invaded Poland
902:Avro Lancaster
898:B-24 Liberator
834:nuclear weapon
815:
812:
701:Hugh Trenchard
697:aerial bombing
682:Hugh Trenchard
663:Things to Come
630:carpet bombing
593:fighter planes
588:Billy Mitchell
553:aerial warfare
548:in the 1930s.
536:
533:
484:Peter Strasser
452:Great Yarmouth
448:high-explosive
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
345:
342:
337:
330:
307:
304:
299:aerial warfare
288:Charles Portal
261:Richard Stokes
227:Terrorangriffe
217:(RAF) and the
172:Terror bombing
168:
165:
147:
144:
126:Billy Mitchell
112:and strategic
87:terror bombing
67:fighter-bomber
30:
20:video game by
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4254:
4253:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Medium bomber
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3687:(2 vols 1974)
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3646:0-253-33557-4
3642:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3575:0-7475-7084-1
3571:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:. Brassey's.
3546:
3541:
3537:
3535:0-7190-2960-0
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3516:0-7190-0693-7
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3497:0-09-151580-7
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3459:0-8078-2940-4
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3440:1-55028-884-9
3436:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3400:0-8131-2325-9
3396:
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3314:
3304:on 2013-05-22
3303:
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3284:0-671-79370-5
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3218:0-521-44971-5
3214:
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3188:Gene Dannen.
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2959:on 2016-08-09
2958:
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2778:
2767:on 2019-07-26
2766:
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2652:951-26-2318-8
2648:
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2366:1-84415-210-3
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2346:
2341:
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2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2307:, p. 54.
2306:
2301:
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2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:, p. 37.
2282:
2277:
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2187:(2007) p. 392
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2019:
2015:
2010:
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2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
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1958:
1954:
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1731:Longmate 1983
1727:
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1686:Terrorflieger
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1570:Giulio Douhet
1568:
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1408:
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1400:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1375:PostâCold War
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:MiG-25 Foxbat
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:Tu-22 Blinder
1335:
1328:Iran-Iraq War
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
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1302:
1300:
1296:
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1234:
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1198:
1197:Nuclear triad
1190:
1187:
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895:
889:
882:
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873:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:gravity bombs
837:
835:
831:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
790:Condor Legion
787:
783:
774:
770:
768:
764:
758:
755:
749:
744:
740:
735:
732:
730:
726:
725:Arthur Harris
722:
718:
714:
713:Sidney Bufton
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
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683:
679:
675:
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664:
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649:
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639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Giulio Douhet
622:
619:
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609:
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598:
594:
589:
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584:Giulio Douhet
581:
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317:
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305:
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300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
279:General Ismay
276:
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119:
118:Giulio Douhet
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
46:history. The
45:
41:
36:
27:
23:
19:
18:Master System
4164:Surveillance
4142:Experimental
4024:Light bomber
4019:Heavy bomber
3878:
3871:
3861:
3851:
3836:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3780:
3773:
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3621:
3614:
3604:
3590:
3583:
3564:
3544:
3525:
3506:
3487:
3468:
3449:
3429:
3409:
3390:
3381:
3365:|title=
3347:
3335:|title=
3317:
3306:. Retrieved
3302:the original
3269:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3201:Bibliography
3189:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3140:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3107:
3097:
3086:
3076:
3065:. Retrieved
3061:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3029:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2978:Ghostarchive
2976:Archived at
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2910:
2872:. Retrieved
2868:
2859:
2843:
2830:
2821:
2809:
2793:
2780:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2760:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2707:
2688:
2682:
2671:. Retrieved
2661:
2642:
2636:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2541:
2536:
2523:
2514:
2504:
2495:
2485:
2465:
2458:
2446:
2441:, p. 4)
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2312:
2305:Hayward 2009
2300:
2293:Hayward 2009
2288:
2281:Hayward 2009
2253:
2246:
2226:
2219:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2146:
2139:
2131:MHQ Magazine
2130:
2120:
2111:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2054:
2047:
2035:
2027:
2007:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1947:
1935:
1924:Kochavi 2005
1919:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1855:
1839:
1823:
1807:
1794:
1788:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1610:
1589:Curtis LeMay
1542:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1503:, including
1495:
1472:
1450:
1439:
1416:
1396:
1356:Su-22 Fitter
1345:Tu-16 Badger
1337:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1283:
1268:
1255:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1222:Great Powers
1212:
1184:
1167:
1146:
1107:
1080:
1063:
1043:
1028:
1016:
987:
978:ball bearing
937:
914:
890:
886:
875:
838:
827:
814:World War II
798:
779:
759:
751:
746:
742:
737:
733:
719:(modern-day
694:
676:
668:
661:
651:
641:
637:
623:
610:
577:
550:
546:Nazi Germany
538:
514:
507:
500:
488:
480:
444:
439:
408:
393:
311:
309:
296:
268:
235:area bombing
226:
211:Nazi Germany
204:
196:
189:
183:
179:
171:
170:
149:
146:Enemy morale
137:
107:
91:
86:
54:
53:
4116:Interdictor
4084:Interceptor
3993:(AEW&C)
3611:Boog, Horst
3041:23 November
3009:JuĆŸne vesti
2869:govinfo.gov
2546:ch 9 online
2317:Omissi 1990
2174:(2014) ch 1
1980:Taylor 2005
1968:Taylor 2005
1940:Taylor 2005
1904:Brower 1998
1892:terror raid
1828:Myrdal 1977
1668:Hessel 2005
1619:Carl Spaatz
1538:distinction
1497:Air warfare
1451:During the
1271:Vietnam War
1265:Vietnam War
1246:limited war
1091:firebombing
998:Schweinfurt
982:Schweinfurt
958:Butt Report
780:During the
763:appeasement
717:Mesopotamia
648:H. G. Wells
646:(1930) and
542:appeasement
466:in Latvia.
460:King's Lynn
425:(Köln) and
372:World War I
332:the use of
114:air warfare
40:firebombing
26:Bomber Raid
4210:Categories
4135:Non-combat
4111:Multi-role
4044:Pathfinder
4039:Penetrator
3955:Helicopter
3945:Fixed-wing
3845:B0007IVW7K
3308:2011-10-07
3154:2022-11-02
3121:2022-10-29
3067:2022-10-26
2963:2017-03-29
2874:2023-04-28
2771:2018-11-12
2673:2010-04-12
2559:Hastings,
2439:Lewis 1994
2210:0801483115
1992:Overy 2013
1926:, p.
1906:, p.
1862:, p.
1860:Algeo 1993
1846:, p.
1844:Axinn 2008
1830:, p.
1814:, p.
1812:Overy 2005
1702:, p.
1700:Fritz 2004
1670:, p.
1650:References
1520:Protocol I
1407:Kosovo War
1379:See also:
1228:Korean War
1195:See also:
1012:Roy Fedden
950:industrial
910:Grand Slam
853:demoralize
672:air forces
634:poison gas
573:blitzkrieg
456:Sheringham
427:DĂŒsseldorf
176:law of war
103:euphemisms
94:demoralize
4191:Transport
4089:Emergency
4034:Strategic
3960:Unmanned
3384:: 905â06.
3149:0362-4331
3116:0362-4331
2529:Copp 1996
2345:Air Power
2331:Johnson,
2028:Zeppelin.
1868:Read. Dig
1718:Citations
1555:Pioneers
1389:Smoke in
1360:escorting
1318:factories
1161:, or the
1138:Singapore
1134:Chongqing
1126:Guangzhou
1076:Leningrad
984:, Germany
980:works at
917:Luftwaffe
877:Luftwaffe
857:firestorm
808:Luftwaffe
666:(1936)).
569:Luftwaffe
565:Wehrmacht
521:HP O/400s
503:Karlsruhe
429:. Led by
348:Blackouts
237:(RAF) or
161:Luftwaffe
122:Trenchard
75:total war
4069:Intruder
3866:in JSTOR
3743:Archived
3275:343, 344
3267:(1994).
2980:and the
2899:Archived
2848:Archived
2798:Archived
1884:terror,n
1638:See also
1446:Novi Sad
1391:Novi Sad
1307:hallmark
1218:Cold War
1191:Cold War
1171:Hirohito
1150:Iwo Jima
1122:Shanghai
1116:and the
1052:Helsinki
976:raid on
849:materiel
729:"Bomber"
440:indirect
415:Zeppelin
200:strafing
155:and the
110:tactical
79:materiel
73:used in
63:missiles
22:Sanritsu
4186:Trainer
4181:Testbed
4147:Liaison
4074:Fighter
4051:Carrier
4007:Gunship
3968:Stealth
3940:Balloon
3935:Airship
3918:Modern
3738:(1992)
3711:(1980)
3701:(1999)
3062:Reuters
2991:YouTube
2939:B92.net
1576:(Italy)
1269:In the
1179:stating
1142:Rangoon
1130:Nanjing
1108:In the
1056:Finland
1003:Mustang
561:Germany
464:LiepÄja
423:Cologne
404:Antwerp
81:to the
4176:Tanker
4094:Escort
4014:Bomber
3997:Attack
3984:Combat
3950:Glider
3883:online
3843:
3721:(1982)
3643:
3613:, ed.
3572:
3551:
3532:
3513:
3494:
3475:
3456:
3437:
3416:
3397:
3382:Flight
3281:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3147:
3114:
2739:
2695:
2649:
2624:
2591:(1995)
2473:
2385:
2364:
2261:
2234:
2207:
2154:
2089:
2062:
2020:
1801:, 1937
1782:, 1938
1753:
1541:, and
1248:, the
1207:F-100C
1140:, and
1112:, the
1066:. The
872:Warsaw
851:, and
804:Hitler
784:, the
767:Hitler
711:, and
529:Berlin
475:Calais
435:bomber
120:, the
24:, see
4169:Scout
4157:Scout
4099:Night
3977:Roles
3962:(UAV)
3928:Types
2851:(PDF)
2840:(PDF)
2818:(PDF)
2801:(PDF)
2790:(PDF)
1602:USAAS
1369:Libya
1020:D-Day
974:USAAF
972:1943
933:Blitz
832:or a
754:Yemen
517:Trier
492:Gotha
419:sheds
400:LiĂšge
243:SHAEF
4063:(EW)
3841:ASIN
3641:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3473:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3369:help
3339:help
3279:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3232:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3145:ISSN
3112:ISSN
3043:2022
2737:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1623:USAF
1593:USAF
1565:USAF
1518:and
1457:Poti
1442:NATO
1433:and
1365:Scud
1354:and
1343:and
1240:The
1060:USSR
1022:and
988:The
946:Ruhr
822:and
721:Iraq
632:and
616:and
595:and
380:and
322:and
286:Sir
1928:172
1908:108
1886:, "
1864:111
1832:252
1816:119
1799:515
1776:111
1672:107
1632:RAF
1609:in
1584:RAF
1421:or
1181::
1072:ADD
1050:of
1039:V-2
1018:on
925:RAF
806:'s
765:of
660:as
650:'s
544:of
421:at
326:or
225:as
4212::
3628:;
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