896:, Penguin Books, PDF edition, p. 215), this figure doesn't stand up to scrutiny. Overy writes that between July and October 1942 the local civil defence authorities counted 3,931 deaths, a figure much more consistent with the scale of the raiding and the tonnage of bombs dropped. The German bomber force was much smaller than the later Allied forces which could indeed obliterate half a city under the right circumstances. There were only 400 aircraft, all of them medium bombers, and the final tally of 1,000 tons represented what the same force had dropped on London in one night without exacting more than 1,000–2,000 deaths. Stalingrad was a modern city, with wide roads, parks, and a great many more stone and concrete buildings than less modern Russian cities. As in other more modern cities it would have been difficult to generate a firestorm sufficient to consume 40,000 people.
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at that point. The destruction was monumental and complete, turning
Stalingrad into a sea of fire and killing thousands of civilians and soldiers. At least 90% of the housing stock was obliterated during the first week of the bombing, with estimations of some 40,000 killed, possibly as many as 70,000
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and transferred
Pflugbeil's groups, as well as his road transport companies, to the administrative authority of a new, specially created, "Stalingrad transport region". He also ordered better procedures and greater efforts to maximize efficiency. His activities bore fruit as the Luftwaffe constantly
705:
report gave the following casualty figures; 955 dead and 1,181 wounded. Due to the fighting that followed and the high death toll, it is impossible to know how many more were killed in aerial attacks. It is generally estimated that more than 40,000 people, mostly civilians, lost their lives during
673:
After 23 August, Stalingrad was bombed block-by-block for a further five days. According to official statistics the Soviet fighter defences of 8 VA and 102 IAD PVO claimed 90 German planes shot down, in addition to 30 by anti-aircraft defense. The Soviet Air Force in the immediate area lost 201
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After another day of heavy bombing on 24 August, Richthofen on the morning of 25 August flew personally over the city to watch the "great fire-attack" of the day. He later wrote that the city was completely destroyed without any worthwhile further targets. In the evening, Soviet searchlights
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was encircled and destroyed west of Kalach from 8–11 August through the application of superior German firepower from all sides and especially from above. 50,000 prisoners were taken by the
Germans, 1,100 Soviet tanks were destroyed or captured and the road to Stalingrad was laid bare.
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conducted 7,507 sorties (938 per day). From 16 to 25 September, it carried out 9,746 sorties (975 per day). On 14 October it launched 1,250 sorties against Soviet positions west and east of the Volga and Soviet traffic along the river. That same day, its three Stuka
766:. Hoth's Panzer Divisions outflanked the Soviets on 29 August, who fell back on Stalingrad. On 30 August Richthofen, believing the fall of Stalingrad to be imminent, ordered fresh terror attacks on the city to break the Soviet will to resist. That day and the next,
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aircraft from 23–31 August, and despite meager reinforcements of some 100 aircraft in August, it had 192 serviceable aircraft, which included 57 fighters. The burden of the initial defense of the city fell on the 1077th Anti-Aircraft (AA) Regiment.
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states that "the city of
Stalingrad looked as though a giant hurricane had lifted it into the air and smashed it down again in a million pieces. The downtown section was almost flat, with nearly a hundred blocks still engulfed by raging fires".
670:, which also spilled their contents of burning oil into the Volga, where it danced on the surface. The city was quickly turned to rubble, although some factories survived and continued production whilst workers militia joined in the fighting.
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defeated the VVS in the airspace above the city, restricting the
Soviets to night operations. The Germans obtained daylight air superiority over the Stalingrad area and exploited their edge to devastating effect. From 5 to 12 September,
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Stalin resisted the evacuation of civilians, in part due to the importance of the city's factories to the war effort. Initial Soviet reports stated the water supply and electricity grid as knocked out. On 26 August a detailed Soviet
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comrades, launching nonstop attacks on the Red Army and stopping its attacks in their tracks. Richthofen, who was disgusted by the army's lack of aggressiveness, demanded an immediate, all-out attack to take the city.
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exterminated two surprised Soviet reserve divisions on open fields 150 kilometers east of
Stalingrad. Richthofen was excited and delighted by the one-sided massacre and wrote in his diary: "Blood flowed!"
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lost only three aircraft that day (against Soviet claims of 90), while destroying 91 Soviet aircraft in a single day and inflicting immeasurable damage on the Soviet soldiers and civilians on the ground.
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619:
s attacks that day as the second great air offensive of 23 August was carried out against the city of
Stalingrad itself. From 3:18 pm on 23 August 1942 and through the night into 24 August units of
662:-like black clouds of smoke that stretched 3,500 meters into the sky. The destruction was monumental and complete as the entire city was put on fire and Soviet families either died or fled to
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and
Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers bombed and strafed the paralyzed Soviets, landed, refueled, restocked their ordnance and flew more missions as the German aircraft never broke the cycle.
762:'s 4th Panzer Army, immobilized for days far to the south of Stalingrad due to a lack of fuel, recommenced its offensive on 28 August with strong support from the Stukas and Fw 190s of
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flew approximately 1,600 sorties and dropped 1,000 tons of bombs on the city effectively destroying it, while three aircraft were lost. Buildings crumbled under the blast effects of
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killed, though these may be exaggerations. Also estimated is 150,000 wounded. Further fire-attacks were mounted against the ruined city for the next two days, enveloping it in dense
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527:. Fiebig's air corps shot down 139 Red aircraft in three days and inflicted massive damage on Soviet ground forces. On 21 August Richthofen personally flew across the Don in his
476:) implemented its own initiatives to increase supply effectiveness, the insufficient perfection of which had undermined the speed of the German advance since the beginning of
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and large portions of the suburban buildings were made of easily flammable wood, the death toll and destruction from the bombing was comparable to the
British
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573:, the Soviet supreme command, was shocked by the speed of Wietersheim's advance. It was accomplished largely thanks to an overwhelming deluge of German
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penetrated across the Don north of Kalach on 21 August, forcing the surprised and helpless Red Army formations to the south to fall back on
Stalingrad.
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north of the city to escape the holocaust descending on their homes. Giant flames rose to the sky from massive destroyed oil storage containers and
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held a 1,600 kilometer eastern frontage in July and concentrated its efforts on Stalingrad, with the air support missions in the Caucasus under
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on the surface. In the first few hours of bombing, the headquarters of the city's air defenses were bombed. Stalingrad was enveloped in dense,
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launched full-scale bombing operations against the city, also attacking Soviet airfields east of the Volga to maintain German
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constantly attacked the city. Medium Bomber strength employed included elements of KG 27, KG 51, KG 55, KG 76, and I/KG 100.`
371:'s demand to exterminate all traces of Soviet resistance, Soviet forces hiding in the rubble were subjected to nonstop German
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to be an exaggeration. Also estimated is that 150,000 were wounded as a result. Despite the controversy over the death toll,
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were receiving sufficient supplies to undertake without undue difficulties their primary mission of capturing Stalingrad.
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received the highest preference, as Richthofen saw the capture of Stalingrad as the key to German success on the entire
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flew 1,600 unbroken sorties, blasting a path for the Panzer spearheads by dropping 1,000 tons of bombs on 23 August.
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flew 1,000 sorties per day on average from 23 August to 22 November, the bulk of which were directed at Stalingrad.
339:. German land forces comprising the 6th Army had advanced to the suburbs of Stalingrad by August 1942. The city was
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Wietersheim's isolated Panzer Corps was subjected to heavy Soviet counterattacks, which threatened to destroy it.
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and was shocked at the carnage of dead Soviet bodies and destroyed tanks. Hours after Richthofen's sightseeing,
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mounted 320 sorties against the Soviet positions on the west bank, dropping 540 tons of bombs on them.
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illuminated the sky as the city burned bright, spewing smoke and flames into the sky, a sight that
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in 1,600 sorties on 23 August. The aerial assault on Stalingrad was the most concentrated on the
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the attack, with one estimate as high as 70,000. However, it is thought by historian
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according to Beevor, and was the single most intense aerial bombardment on the
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killed 12,300 German citizens of the city, or possibly even twice that.
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in the city were extremely inadequate for the population of the Soviet
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World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
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lifted ammunition, provisions and fuel to the front. The army (
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By the morning of 24 August, the destruction was obvious, as
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An industrial plant in Stalingrad destroyed by Stukas, 1942
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on 11/12 September 1944, when 900 tons of bombs from 226
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until the Soviet counteroffensive in late November 1942.
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Over the course of the battle through to late 1942, the
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Stalingrad and secured the northern flank of the German
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in June. By the third week of August, the 6th Army and
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Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943
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crossed the Don the next morning across two enormous
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Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
797:flew 70,000 sorties dropping over a million bombs.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
838:The War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin
27:WW II bombings of the city today namned Volgograd
1100:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf & Random House.
151:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1045:"Unsung Witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad"
892:According to British historian Richard Overy (
866:"Unsung Witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad"
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1143:Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad
824:. United Kingdom: Penguin Books. p. 106.
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504:' with decisive air support as the Soviet
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191:The ruins of Stalingrad on 2 October 1942.
2440:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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175:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
323:city and industrial centre on the river
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399:was tasked in July 1942 with providing
1049:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
870:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
1224:Strategic bombing during World War II
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549:Within two days of crossing the Don,
18:Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
461:. Richthofen requested additional
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894:The Bombing War Europe 1939-1945
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34:
1122:. Hinkley: Midland Puplishing.
45:needs additional citations for
615:It was only the first half of
449:being given a lower priority.
1:
818:Beevor, Antony (1999-05-06).
638:, while the extensive use of
611:The destruction of Stalingrad
697:, described as "fantastic".
551:Gustav Anton von Wietersheim
500:provided the German XIV and
327:, was bombed heavily by the
1146:. New York: Penguin Books.
419:to the Caucasus oilfields.
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1176:University Press of Kansas
841:. BBC Books. p. 142.
703:Urban Committee of Defence
557:rolled forth to reach the
468:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
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236:
1240:Aerial bombing of cities
1096:Bellamy, Chris (2007).
835:Rees, Laurence (1999).
753:once again rescued its
69:"Bombing of Stalingrad"
1245:Area bombing directive
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596:ground attack aircraft
465:transport groups from
427:Wolfram von Richthofen
192:
1167:Stopped at Stalingrad
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422:Fiebig's superior's,
190:
2794:Battle of Stalingrad
1610:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
1342:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
333:Battle of Stalingrad
228:Battle of Stalingrad
54:improve this article
2685:Mandatory Palestine
1116:Bergström, Christer
1083:, pp. 194–196.
1071:, pp. 190–191.
998:, pp. 188–189.
947:, pp. 185–186.
693:, commander of the
367:In accordance with
343:with 1,000 tons of
1961:Rotterdam (Allied)
1162:Hayward, Joel S.A.
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737:Further operations
617:Fliegerkorps VIII'
534:Kampfgeschwader 76
523:created by German
389:Luftwaffe General
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155:You can assist by
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2062:Battle of Britain
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1515:Freiburg (Allies)
1255:Strategic bombing
1185:978-0-7006-1146-1
1129:978-1-85780-276-4
1107:978-0-375-41086-4
848:978-0-563-38477-9
768:Fliegerkorps VIII
764:Fliegerkorps VIII
751:Fliegerkorps VIII
712:air-raid shelters
695:9th Flak Division
630:During 23 August
623:von Richthofen’s
604:Fliegerkorps VIII
593:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
579:Fliegerkorps VIII
502:XXIV Panzer Corps
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2067:Baedeker Blitz
2064:
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2041:
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2019:
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2015:
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1575:Kaiserslautern
1572:
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1222:
1220:
1219:
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1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1158:
1152:
1138:Craig, William
1134:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1036:
1032:Bergström 2007
1024:
1022:, p. 189.
1012:
1000:
985:
981:Bergström 2007
973:
971:, p. 188.
961:
959:, p. 187.
949:
937:
935:, p. 183.
925:
923:, p. 151.
913:
898:
882:
854:
847:
827:
804:
802:
799:
738:
735:
728:Avro Lancaster
612:
609:
600:Heinkel He 111
583:Junkers Ju 87
543:medium bombers
489:
486:
437:Kurt Pflugbeil
386:
383:
309:
308:
306:
305:
298:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
263:Pavlov's House
260:
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234:
233:
224:
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214:
207:
199:
183:
182:
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
110:September 2014
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
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2690:
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2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2662:(Philippines)
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
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2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:United States
2612:
2606:
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2518:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:10 March 1945
2506:
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2279:(Switzerland)
2278:
2275:
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2196:
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2178:
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2138:
2135:
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2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
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2057:
2051:
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
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1954:
1952:
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1947:
1944:
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1939:
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1903:
1901:
1898:
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1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
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1741:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Wilhelmshaven
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
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1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1568:
1566:
1563:
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1548:
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1541:
1538:
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1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1491:
1488:
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1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Gelsenkirchen
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:0-14-200000-0
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1034:, p. 73.
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
983:, p. 72.
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
911:, p. 507
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
889:
887:
883:
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
850:
844:
840:
839:
831:
828:
823:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
800:
798:
796:
791:
789:
784:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
743:
736:
734:
732:
731:heavy bombers
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Richard Overy
704:
698:
696:
692:
689:
683:
680:
679:William Craig
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
621:Generaloberst
618:
610:
608:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
586:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
544:
541:
540:Junkers Ju 88
537:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:LI Army Corps
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
469:
464:
463:Junkers Ju 52
460:
459:Eastern Front
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
433:
428:
425:
424:Generaloberst
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
392:
391:Martin Fiebig
384:
382:
380:
379:
374:
370:
365:
363:
358:
357:Eastern Front
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:
290:Little Saturn
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
273:
271:
270:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
253:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
235:
230:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
201:
200:
197:
189:
179:
176:
168:
165:November 2023
158:
152:
150:
145:This article
143:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2781:
2752:North Africa
2654:Kuala Lumpur
2635:Other cities
2621:Pearl Harbor
2277:Schaffhausen
2234:Other cities
2043:
2022:Soviet Union
1455:Braunschweig
1435:Aschersleben
1418:Other cities
1165:
1141:
1119:
1097:
1081:Hayward 1998
1076:
1069:Hayward 1998
1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1051:. 2022-09-09
1048:
1039:
1027:
1020:Hayward 1998
1015:
1010:, pg. 66–67.
1003:
996:Hayward 1998
976:
969:Hayward 1998
964:
957:Hayward 1998
952:
945:Hayward 1998
940:
933:Hayward 1998
928:
921:Hayward 1998
916:
909:Bellamy 2007
893:
874:. Retrieved
872:. 2022-09-09
869:
837:
830:
820:
792:
787:
783:Luftflotte 4
782:
778:Luftflotte 4
777:
776:
767:
763:
760:Hermann Hoth
754:
750:
748:
702:
699:
688:Generalmajor
687:
684:
676:
672:
668:fuel tankers
640:incendiaries
632:Luftflotte 4
631:
629:
625:Luftflotte 4
624:
620:
616:
614:
603:
589:dive bombers
584:
578:
548:
532:
511:
497:
491:
481:
473:
466:
454:
440:
432:Luftflotte 4
430:
423:
421:
394:
388:
378:Luftflotte 4
376:
369:Adolf Hitler
366:
352:
349:incendiaries
337:World War II
314:
313:
301:
289:
283:Winter Storm
282:
276:Donnerschlag
275:
268:
252:Braunschweig
251:
240:
171:
162:
149:copy editing
147:may require
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2716:Other areas
2677:Middle East
2650:(Sri Lanka)
2310:Pacific War
2182:Southampton
2097:Bournemouth
1919:Netherlands
1750:Alessandria
1690:Schweinfurt
1685:SaarbrĂĽcken
1530:Halberstadt
1490:Dietzenbach
1440:Baden-Baden
563:Spartanovka
559:Volga river
492:During the
445:and at the
401:air support
331:during the
296:Tatsinskaya
258:Izbushensky
241:Firebombing
2788:Categories
2656:(Malaysia)
2644:(Thailand)
2525:Utsunomiya
2285:(Bulgaria)
2253:Hammerfest
2198:Yugoslavia
2167:Nottingham
2157:Manchester
2092:Birmingham
2044:Stalingrad
1946:Middelburg
1665:PeenemĂĽnde
1645:Nordhausen
1595:Königsberg
1560:Hildesheim
1475:Crailsheim
1389:DĂĽsseldorf
1055:2023-01-02
1008:Craig 1973
876:2023-01-02
821:Stalingrad
801:References
788:Geschwader
716:metropolis
385:Background
373:airstrikes
341:firebombed
316:Stalingrad
157:editing it
80:newspapers
2767:Fort Lamy
2733:Gibraltar
2593:Australia
2572:Singapore
2542:Yokkaichi
2535:June 1944
2515:Toyohashi
2435:Hiratsuka
2430:Hamamatsu
2377:Indonesia
2358:Hong Kong
2353:Chongqing
2297:(Croatia)
2291:(Austria)
2261:(Finland)
2249:(Ireland)
2243:(Hungary)
2220:Podgorica
2204:Belgrade
2177:Sheffield
2147:Liverpool
2117:Clydebank
2072:The Blitz
2034:Leningrad
2008:Bucharest
1966:The Hague
1941:Enkhuizen
1931:Eindhoven
1926:Amsterdam
1765:Benevento
1700:Stuttgart
1670:Pforzheim
1660:Paderborn
1655:OsnabrĂĽck
1650:Nuremberg
1620:Magdeburg
1580:Karlsruhe
1565:Innsbruck
1555:Heilbronn
1505:Frankfurt
1480:Darmstadt
1409:Wuppertal
1359:Battle of
1260:V-weapons
1250:Firestorm
724:Darmstadt
644:factories
525:engineers
506:62nd Army
478:Case Blue
451:Logistics
329:Luftwaffe
2707:Tel Aviv
2626:Unalaska
2560:(Taiwan)
2551:Colonies
2520:Toyokawa
2500:Shizuoka
2389:Surabaya
2384:Sukabumi
2368:Shanghai
2330:Mandalay
2267:(Norway)
2259:Helsinki
2255:(Norway)
2241:Budapest
2225:Sarajevo
2172:Plymouth
2132:Greenock
2122:Coventry
2102:Brighton
2013:Ploiești
1951:Nijmegen
1936:Enschede
1815:Grosseto
1800:Frascati
1775:Cagliari
1730:WĂĽrzburg
1625:Mannheim
1550:Hannover
1470:Chemnitz
1430:Augsburg
1384:Duisburg
1379:Dortmund
1361:the Ruhr
1332:Le Havre
1164:(1998).
1140:(1973).
1118:(2007).
656:chimneys
642:torched
575:airpower
413:captured
411:as they
405:6th Army
353:Ostfront
246:Voronezh
2723:Bahrain
2648:Colombo
2642:Bangkok
2558:Taihoku
2480:Okazaki
2460:Nagaoka
2420:Fukuoka
2363:Nanjing
2187:Swansea
2162:Norwich
2112:Cardiff
2107:Bristol
2087:Belfast
2055:Kingdom
2001:Romania
1982:Frampol
1905:Viterbo
1900:Vicenza
1885:Trieste
1880:Treviso
1850:Pescara
1845:Palermo
1825:Messina
1820:Livorno
1790:Ferrara
1785:Catania
1780:Cassino
1770:Bologna
1680:Rostock
1675:Potsdam
1635:MĂĽnster
1600:Leipzig
1540:Hamburg
1525:Giessen
1495:Dresden
1465:Breslau
1450:Bocholt
1404:Krefeld
1374:Cologne
1351:Germany
1311:Tallinn
1299:Estonia
1278:Denmark
1090:Sources
795:Germans
720:bombing
664:ravines
660:volcano
648:schools
567:suburbs
488:Prelude
417:advance
362:volcano
94:scholar
2728:Cyprus
2660:Manila
2605:Darwin
2600:Broome
2530:Yawata
2495:Sendai
2490:Rabaul
2475:Numazu
2465:Nagoya
2410:Aomori
2295:Zagreb
2289:Vienna
2271:Prague
2265:Namsos
2247:Dublin
2152:London
2127:Exeter
2053:United
1992:Wieluń
1987:Warsaw
1975:Poland
1895:Verona
1865:Rimini
1835:Naples
1795:Foggia
1755:Ancona
1695:Siegen
1640:Munich
1605:LĂĽbeck
1585:Kassel
1485:Dessau
1460:Bremen
1445:Berlin
1425:Aachen
1369:Bochum
1320:France
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652:houses
571:Stavka
321:Soviet
302:Koltso
269:Uranus
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2398:Japan
2346:China
2318:Burma
2283:Sofia
2142:Leeds
2039:Minsk
2029:Gorky
1910:Zadar
1890:Turin
1875:Terni
1840:Padua
1830:Milan
1810:Gorla
1805:Genoa
1743:Italy
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1630:Moers
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1590:Kleve
1545:Hanau
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