570:
Bonda have begun to take up non traditional occupations as migrant labourers and as peons and clerks in government offices. This process of mainstreaming has however also had its fallout. Remo or Bonda has approximately 2,500 speakers in the
Jayapur hills of Koraput. Despite the large number of speakers of a few Munda languages, bilingualism is widespread. At the present break-neck speed of assimilation, most Munda languages will not survive to the end of this century. All Munda language communities are under heavy demographic and socio-economic pressure to assimilate linguistically to the local Indo-Aryan majority language. The Remo language is now an endangered tongue as more Bondas have taken to
512:
370:
41:
277:. Roughly 62 out of 245 households in the Bonda hills are in debt. Loans taken even in cash are charged interest rates, and these funds often provide payments for: bride prices, fines, and the performance of socio-religious rites. As a result, debt payment becomes difficult, with constant fines and interest rates being increased. Very often the Bonda people are led to
69:
396:, a length of cloth that covers the waist. Their torsos are covered in strings of colourful beads. Bonda women also wear metal rings that cover their necks and bangles on their arms. Since Bonda women hunt and forage for food in the forest it is thought that these ornaments have a function of protecting them from injuries and attacks by wild animals.
569:
has over the years tried to bring the Bonda into the mainstream and set up the Bonda
Development Agency (BDA) in 1977 with this aim. Outside influences resulted in the Bondas being given new gods. The curriculum in the government school also seeks to inject this process through prayers and songs. The
230:
Divorce, also known as “Lung Sisi” is also an issue within the Bonda people. In some extreme circumstances, such as if a Bonda woman is divorced for adultery, the former husband demands double the price that was paid for their marriage. The village council determines the severity of the case arrives
578:
In response to threat of a cyclone on 12 October 2014, roughly 1,300 members of Bonda and Didai tribes living "in different villages under
Mudulipada and Andrahal gram panchayats" have been moved to the Tribal Welfare Department which is managed by the Mudulipada Boys High School on Saturday. About
519:
In Bonda society, the women enjoy a privileged position. They are the primary workers and providers of food for the community. This matriarchal dominance is also seen in the marital norms of the community. Bonda girls largely marry boys who are at least five to ten years younger than them. Thus the
260:
Population growth in the Bonda Hills in India led to forest habitat decrease although there existed a well-balanced ecosystem. Poverty, however, became a fundamental issue among the Bonda people due to social customs regarding obligatory marriages and deaths, along with myriad other socio-religious
170:
The Bonda people are a tribal people who currently live in the hills of Odisha’s
Malkangiri district in India. There are two different Bonda tribes: the Upper Bondas with a population of 6,700 who are the most isolated from mainstream Indian society, and the Lower Bonda with a population of 17,000.
320:
Two of the most important phonetic features that characterize the Bonda language are the glottal stop, which is a glottal plosive produced by the release of the breath behind the vocal chords, and checked consonants. Those sounds are also featured in Munda languages as a whole. It is the checked
316:
Realizing that the Bonda people were in a cultural decline, the
Government of Orissa brought to life the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977. Despite the initiatives taken by the Bonda Development Agency since then, the literacy rates of the Bonda tribes remain one of the lowest, as low as 14
385:
who was bathing at a pond in the Bonda hills and, seeing her naked, they sniggered. Enraged, Sita cursed them to a life where they would be condemned to remaining naked and having their heads shaven. When the Bonda women pleaded forgiveness, Sita gave them a piece of cloth she tore off her
179:
to the Bonda tribe, to which he traces his ancestry. Sisha attempts to protect the traditions and culture of the people while providing them with educational opportunities. Only 6% of Bondas are literate. The life expectancy of the tribe is so low they are nearly extinct.
574:
as their primary language of communication. The absence of a script or text for Remo adds to the threat of its extinction. It is also feared that other indigenous knowledge of the Bondas will also become casualty to this emphasis on integrating them with Odia society.
261:
practices. These customs did not improve health condition nor economic status, which has created much poverty for them. For instance, crop production is hardly able to feed the population. In order to overcome starvation, the Bonda people, or
520:
girl looks after her husband as he grows up and in turn he cares for his older wife. In contrast with many other populations in India, the number of women among the Bonda greatly exceeds the number of men.
297:). The tribe is one of the oldest and most primitive in mainland India; their culture has changed little for more than a thousand years. They are one of the 75 Primitive Tribal Groups identified by the
231:
at a decision based upon the number of cows given back. However, if a man is the one who caused the wrong which resulted in divorce, he can no longer get married through an arranged marriage system.
473:
made of aluminum. For bachelors or newly married men, it is customary to wear their own set of ornaments. Beginning at the ages of eight or nine, males will adorn their bodies with headbands called
1032:
227:
Bonda boys are expected to marry between the ages of 10 and 12. Although a man may pay the price of a bride for his brother, the brother must always return the amount owed.
337:
are pre-glottalized. The checked consonants behave differently in Bonda depending on whether they are followed by a vowel or another consonant. It has been found that when
329:
that occur in Bonda, found mostly in the final position of native words. The glottal stop, however, may occur initially in native words. In fact, the checked consonants
736:
Ranjan Sahu, Priya. "Bondas, a
Primitive Tribe in Odisha Hills, Get Their First MLA." Points of View Reference Center. Hindustan Times, 24 May 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
638:
Ranjan Sahu, Priya. "Bondas, a
Primitive Tribe in Odisha Hills, Get Their First MLA." Points of View Reference Center. Hindustan Times, 24 May 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
531:. The Bondas are trained in using arms at a young age. This, coupled with rampant alcoholism and their reputation for a quick temper, has contributed to high rates of
746:
301:. Their isolation and known aggressiveness continue to preserve their culture despite the pressures of an expanding Indian population. Their language belongs to the
361:
sound. This may be a product of recent Bonda assimilation into contemporary Indian culture. It is resulting in the loss of one of the original Bonda sounds.
176:
224:
items are used to determine how many arranged marriages will take place. For instance, the number of cows relies upon the social status of the girl.
1333:
1025:
817:
780:
Pati, Rabindra Nath., and
Jagannatha Dash. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2002. Print.
641:
Pati, Rabindra Nath., and
Jagannatha Dash. Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2002. Print.
962:
van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered
Languages of South Asia. Language Diversity Endangered, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303-341.
647:
van Driem, G. (2007). Endangered Languages of South Asia. Language Diversity Endangered, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303-341.
1353:
891:
435:
by preventing the beaded headband from slipping off the woman's head. Bonda women wear metal bands adorning their necks, which are called
1338:
377:
The Bonda are generally semi-clothed, the women wear thick silver neck bands. The Bonda attire is explained in a legend relating to the
1318:
1018:
1041:
801:
1328:
1323:
579:
3,000 more would be moved to other schools and buildings near Bonda Hill if necessary. For those tribes staying in "thatched and
644:"Bonda Tribals Shifted to Safety." Access World News. New Indian Express, via HT Media Ltd., 12 Oct. 2014. Web. 20 October 2014.
1348:
592:
Pancorbo, Luis (2008):"Bonda" en "Avatares. Viajes por la India de los dioses". pp. 147–167. Miraguano Ediciones, Madrid.
273:) in order to eat. The loans are usually in cash and are taken from a community member or a figure that serves as a landlord
441:
and are made from aluminum. Including the bands around their neck, necklaces made of beads are also worn, these are called
860:
511:
712:
461:
act as a sort of clothing for the upper body of the women. Both men and women of the tribe wear earrings called
1313:
306:
122:
1343:
824:
566:
1095:
298:
945:
660:
627:
619:
528:
797:
238:
occurs, it is custom to sacrifice a cow on the tenth day, a practice also known as “Gaitang.”
609:
527:
is a major issue. They spend much time brewing and consuming liquor from rice, palm and the
390:. This explains, according to the legend, why Bonda women have shorn heads and wear only a
990:
302:
290:
994:
on INDIA TOGETHER: Reversal of family roles / Societal patterns of Orissa's Bonda tribals
503:. Once married, men typically do not continue to adorn their bodies with more ornaments.
1290:
1115:
848:
686:
310:
294:
159:
118:
86:
138:
group approximately 12,000 (2011 census) who live in the isolated hill regions of the
1307:
1275:
1250:
1220:
1190:
1140:
1125:
1110:
1100:
1085:
1075:
1065:
631:
571:
184:
135:
399:
Bonda women have their heads shaved and adorned with two types of headbands, called
1235:
1200:
1195:
1180:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1135:
580:
278:
172:
155:
110:
909:
791:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1185:
1145:
1130:
1090:
1070:
1060:
1055:
687:"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix"
614:
597:
369:
345:
are followed by a vowel their glottal stop remains, but they become the sounds
40:
1230:
1175:
1004:
550:
532:
524:
203:. Bonda people are often led to bonded labour through marriage, also known as
139:
1150:
1010:
867:
114:
17:
378:
98:
623:
1240:
949:
664:
281:
and are forced to liquidate assets such as: land, trees, animals, etc.
195:
by the Bonda people. According to Pati, a male bonded labour is called
1260:
1170:
1120:
1080:
936:
Pati, Biswamoy (1990). "Koraput: Perceptions in a Changing Society".
651:
Pati, Biswamoy (1990). "Koraput: Perceptions in a Changing Society".
543:
151:
143:
1005:
L'Inde Fantôme (Louis Malle, 1969) 6 — Les etrangers en Inde Part I.
1270:
1044:
713:"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha"
693:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
510:
368:
213:
147:
74:
926:
Kanungo, A. (2000). Bondo Costume Ornaments. Ornament, 23(4), 20.
793:
The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons
293:
of India and are also known as the Remo (meaning "people" in the
747:"Bondas, a primitive tribe in Odisha hills, get their first MLA"
387:
382:
1014:
134:(also known as the Bondo, Bondo Poraja, Bhonda, or Remo) are a
171:
Upper Bondas have almost no connection to the outside world.
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
998:
241:
The chief god of the Bondo people is called Mahāprabhu (
974:
Access World News. New Indian Express, Via HT Media Ltd
546:, and they customarily go to a market every Sunday.
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
452:
446:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
391:
204:
104:
92:
80:
60:
50:
467:made of brass, and rings on their fingers called
381:. According to it, some Bonda women chanced upon
903:
901:
899:
796:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 116.
823:. Planning Commission of India. Archived from
598:"Glottal stop and checked consonants in Bonda"
1026:
8:
175:took the oath of office to become the first
33:
353:. It currently appears as though the Bonda
242:
150:, near the junction of the three states of
1033:
1019:
1011:
1007:A French documentary film about the Bonda.
32:
613:
849:Ethnologue report on the Bonda language
678:
583:" are being moved to cyclone shelters.
515:A Bonda tribeswoman drinking rice wine.
451:cloth which covers the waist down, the
445:. Due to the culture surrounding their
908:Dasgupta, Debarshi (1 February 2010).
861:"BONDA DEVELOPMENT AGENCY, MUDULIPADA"
27:Munda ethnic group from Odisha , India
7:
373:A Bonda woman in traditional attire.
309:. It is most closely related to the
61:Regions with significant populations
972:"Bonda Tribals Shifted to Safety".
25:
423:made of beads. Worn together the
67:
39:
1334:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
892:Bonda Population on the Decline
553:on their heads. The women make
357:is being fully replaced by the
199:whereas a female laborer is a
1:
938:Economic and Political Weekly
653:Economic and Political Weekly
307:Austroasiatic language family
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
453:
447:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
392:
205:
191:system in India is known as
1354:Ethnic groups in South Asia
1370:
1339:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
615:10.1163/000000065790086496
1319:Scheduled Tribes of India
1051:
596:Bhattacharya, S. (1965).
417:is made of grass and the
220:) is paid for brides. In
142:district of southwestern
109:
97:
85:
65:
55:
38:
1001:Sinlung — Indian tribes.
818:"Tribal Groups in India"
790:Lurker, Manfred (2004).
561:Threats to Bonda culture
285:Remo, the Bonda language
265:, often take out loans (
1329:Social groups of Odisha
1324:Ethnic groups in Odisha
1349:Ethnic groups in India
691:www.censusindia.gov.in
516:
374:
538:The Bondas still use
514:
372:
105:Related ethnic groups
830:on 27 September 2007
602:Indo-Iranian Journal
567:Government of Odisha
1042:Scheduled tribes of
497:, and rings called
485:, necklaces called
299:Government of India
35:
976:. 20 October 2014.
944:(18/19): 986–988.
659:(18/19): 986–988.
517:
491:, earrings called
375:
45:A young Bonda girl
1299:
1298:
549:They like to put
479:, bangles called
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
1361:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1012:
978:
977:
969:
963:
960:
954:
953:
933:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:Outlook Magazine
905:
894:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
872:
866:. Archived from
865:
857:
851:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
829:
822:
814:
808:
807:
787:
781:
778:
763:
762:
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758:
743:
737:
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
683:
668:
635:
617:
540:binnimaya pratha
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
456:
450:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
395:
289:The Bonda are a
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
234:When a death or
208:
73:
71:
70:
51:Total population
43:
36:
21:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1047:
1039:
987:
982:
981:
971:
970:
966:
961:
957:
935:
934:
930:
925:
921:
907:
906:
897:
890:
886:
876:
874:
873:on 7 March 2016
870:
863:
859:
858:
854:
847:
843:
833:
831:
827:
820:
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815:
811:
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766:
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754:
751:Hindustan Times
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731:
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719:
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710:
706:
696:
694:
685:
684:
680:
675:
650:
595:
589:
563:
557:in their homes
555:worli paintings
509:
367:
291:scheduled tribe
287:
254:
251:
248:
245:
168:
68:
66:
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1314:Telugu society
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1049:
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1023:
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1009:
1008:
1002:
996:
986:
985:External links
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523:Among the men
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311:Gutob language
295:Bonda language
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263:Ku duburu Remo
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160:Andhra Pradesh
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1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
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993:
989:
988:
984:
975:
968:
965:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
923:
920:
915:
911:
904:
902:
900:
896:
893:
888:
885:
869:
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845:
842:
826:
819:
813:
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805:
803:9780415340182
799:
795:
794:
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783:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
765:
753:. 23 May 2014
752:
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
718:
717:census.gov.in
714:
708:
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658:
654:
649:
646:
643:
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629:
625:
621:
616:
611:
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603:
599:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
582:
581:kutcha houses
576:
573:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
513:
506:
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501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
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185:unfree labour
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166:Bonda culture
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19:
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1105:
1096:Bodo-Kachari
991:
973:
967:
958:
941:
937:
931:
922:
913:
910:"Being Remo"
887:
875:. Retrieved
868:the original
855:
844:
834:25 September
832:. Retrieved
825:the original
812:
792:
785:
755:. Retrieved
750:
741:
732:
720:. Retrieved
716:
707:
695:. Retrieved
690:
681:
656:
652:
608:(1): 69–71.
605:
601:
587:Bibliography
577:
564:
554:
548:
539:
537:
535:among them.
529:mahua flower
522:
518:
507:Gender roles
458:
442:
429:secures the
398:
376:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
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326:
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303:Munda branch
288:
279:debt bondage
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192:
188:
182:
169:
156:Chhattisgarh
136:Munda ethnic
131:
129:
34:Bonda people
30:Ethnic group
18:Bondo people
757:27 November
722:12 February
697:18 November
321:consonants
1308:Categories
877:24 October
673:References
551:castor oil
533:fratricide
525:alcoholism
488:thangimali
275:Sakar Remo
252:Great Lord
216:(known as
212:A form of
140:Malkangiri
123:Mon-Khmers
121:and other
632:162369751
476:ornaghboh
317:percent.
201:Gufam-Boy
197:Gufam-Rem
81:Languages
624:24650223
379:Ramayana
267:Kalantar
99:Hinduism
93:Religion
1291:Tripuri
1241:Mudugar
1221:Mishing
1116:Chenchu
999:Sinlung
992:Manushi
950:4396254
665:4396254
494:unsurul
482:sungrai
305:of the
246:
206:diosing
119:Santhal
1276:Santal
1261:Rabari
1191:Lepcha
1171:Khonds
1156:Irulas
1141:Hajong
1126:Dimasa
1121:Dhanka
1111:Chakma
1086:Birhor
1081:Bhutia
1076:Bhumij
1066:Bharia
948:
800:
663:
630:
622:
544:barter
500:sanbah
454:khagla
438:khagla
432:lobeda
426:turuba
420:lobeda
414:turuba
411:. The
408:lobeda
402:turuba
365:Attire
222:Gining
218:Gining
158:, and
152:Odisha
144:Odisha
111:Mundas
72:
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1271:Reang
1266:Rabha
1251:Oraon
1236:Munda
1206:Mahli
1201:Lodha
1196:Limbu
1181:Korwa
1166:Khasi
1161:Karbi
1136:Gondi
1106:Bonda
1101:Boksa
1061:Baiga
1045:India
946:JSTOR
871:(PDF)
864:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
661:JSTOR
628:S2CID
620:JSTOR
542:, or
464:limbi
448:ringa
393:ringa
214:dowry
193:Gufam
148:India
132:Bonda
87:Bonda
75:India
1286:Toda
1281:Sora
1256:Pnar
1246:Naga
1226:Mizo
1216:Mech
1211:Mara
1186:Kuki
1146:Hmar
1131:Garo
1091:Bodo
1071:Bhil
1056:Asur
879:2014
836:2012
798:ISBN
759:2021
724:2020
699:2017
572:Odia
565:The
470:orti
459:Mali
457:and
443:Mali
405:and
388:sari
383:Sita
349:and
341:and
333:and
325:and
271:Badi
243:lit.
236:mora
189:Goti
183:The
130:The
1231:Mog
1176:Kol
610:doi
269:or
257:).
187:or
177:MLA
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