682:
578:
186:
698:
509:
84:
243:
43:
569:, it surrounds blood vessels, leading to the formation of trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. These blood vessels will eventually develop into red bone marrow. Mesenchymal cells on the bone surface form a membrane known as the periosteum. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid in parallel with the existing matrix, creating layers of compact (cortical) bone.
561:
Osteoblasts cluster together to create an ossification center. They then start secreting osteoid, an unmineralized collagen-proteoglycan matrix that has the ability to bind calcium. As calcium binds to the osteoid, the matrix hardens, and the osteoblasts become entrapped, transforming into
1347:
643:
is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone.
1511:
962:
624:, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside.
1340:
1333:
763:
681:
332:
845:
1504:
678:
which erode the cartilage and build bone, respectively. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs.
229:
167:
70:
955:
848:. Examining Effects of Space Flight on the Skeletal System. Moffett Field, California: NASA Ames Research Center. Archived from
105:
148:
101:
56:
120:
1497:
1068:
539:
297:
1559:
948:
766:, an extremely rare genetic disease which causes fibrous tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament etc.) to ossify when damaged
612:
multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the
127:
1605:
1595:
251:
94:
1073:
631:
from a small opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (
593:
585:
305:
1600:
740:
350:
134:
666:
which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the
1554:
757:
577:
246:
Bone is broken down by osteoclasts, and rebuilt by osteoblasts, both of which communicate through cytokine (
727:
development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue evolving as an
697:
441:
Ossification is spreading rapidly from the ossification centers and various bones are becoming ossified.
116:
996:
31:
1537:
1222:
703:
1419:
1244:
422:
1574:
1254:
926:
1029:
1024:
918:
872:
823:
769:
589:
194:
62:
1542:
1397:
1269:
1259:
1172:
908:
686:
374:
328:
316:
849:
754:, the horn-like (or antler-like) protuberances on the heads of giraffes and related species
1455:
1392:
1382:
1217:
1176:
270:
141:
30:
This article is about the biological process. For the concept in computer networking, see
662:. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for distal femur and proximal
207:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1478:
1437:
1305:
1034:
640:
628:
370:
278:
715:
Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in
508:
1589:
1465:
1310:
991:
650:) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner.
617:
474:
389:
362:
358:
930:
790:
1387:
1377:
1325:
1115:
1063:
1009:
344:
320:
1274:
1014:
814:
Caetano-Lopes J, Canhão H, Fonseca JE (2007). "Osteoblasts and bone formation".
745:
723:. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an
716:
609:
354:
293:
286:
83:
864:
1564:
1407:
1295:
1237:
1196:
1181:
1099:
1089:
1001:
724:
675:
671:
636:
632:
621:
301:
282:
1429:
1361:
1300:
1290:
1264:
1232:
1186:
1167:
1162:
1094:
983:
975:
708:
667:
659:
613:
605:
543:
482:
393:
309:
242:
922:
876:
827:
719:. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store
198:
17:
1547:
1414:
1249:
751:
647:
555:
551:
478:
462:
450:
323:
is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long
289:
formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal,
247:
300:
is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (
1569:
1473:
1191:
1125:
913:
896:
728:
720:
566:
377:. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not necessarily
366:
290:
1489:
1212:
1120:
940:
340:
1447:
863:
Breeland, Grant; Sinkler, Margaret A.; Menezes, Ritesh G. (2024),
696:
680:
663:
576:
547:
336:
241:
1521:
1369:
1357:
1146:
1141:
1046:
971:
588:
is the formation of long bones and other bones. This requires a
385:
324:
274:
1493:
1329:
944:
503:
179:
77:
36:
772:, a rare genetic disease in which cartilage becomes ossified.
897:"Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization"
520:
438:
5 years to 12 years in females, 5 to 14 years in males
433:
Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
357:
that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location.
592:
precursor. There are two centers of ossification for
1528:
1464:
1446:
1428:
1368:
1283:
1205:
1155:
1134:
1108:
1082:
1054:
1045:
982:
581:
Diagram showing stages of endochondral ossification
343:, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
846:"Predicting Height from the Length of Limb Bones"
604:In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the
871:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
748:, a model describing ossification and bone loss
839:
837:
791:"bone formation | Definition & Physiology"
658:The secondary centers generally appear at the
388:development is triggered remains unclear, but
1505:
1341:
956:
8:
353:is a process resulting in the formation of
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1512:
1498:
1490:
1348:
1334:
1326:
1051:
963:
949:
941:
620:layer surrounding the cartilage forms the
912:
493:Nearly all bones are completely ossified
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
425:have appeared in the diaphyses of bone.
398:
193:Parts of this article (those related to
782:
764:Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
413:Ossification in long bones beginning
361:is often confused with ossification.
7:
365:is synonymous with the formation of
333:open reduction and internal fixation
106:adding citations to reliable sources
627:The nutrient artery enters via the
565:As osteoblasts continue to secrete
273:is the process of laying down new
25:
639:on the inside.) The canal of the
410:Third month of fetal development
369:-based salts and crystals within
52:This article has multiple issues.
731:, or as a protective structure.
507:
184:
82:
41:
895:Donoghue PC, Sansom IJ (2002).
865:"Embryology, Bone Ossification"
331:, whereas fractures treated by
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
384:The exact mechanisms by which
1:
816:Acta reumatológica portuguesa
707:larva at 22 days stained for
453:becoming completely ossified
540:Intramembranous ossification
500:Intramembranous ossification
461:Bone of the lower limbs and
298:Intramembranous ossification
27:Development process in bones
1560:Zone of polarizing activity
485:become completely ossified
465:become completely ossified
1622:
29:
760:, a juvenile bone disease
685:Microscopic image of the
594:endochondral ossification
586:Endochondral ossification
573:Endochondral ossification
306:endochondral ossification
741:Dystrophic calcification
449:Bone of upper limbs and
351:Heterotopic ossification
285:. It is synonymous with
1555:Apical ectodermal ridge
795:Encyclopedia Britannica
758:Osteogenesis imperfecta
646:Most other bones (e.g.
396:appear to play a role.
712:
711:(blue) and bone (red).
689:
582:
255:
997:fibrocartilage callus
700:
684:
580:
245:
32:Protocol ossification
1538:Triradiate cartilage
844:Emily Morey-Holton.
423:ossification centers
102:improve this article
1420:Periosteal reaction
608:(middle of shaft).
267:bone mineralization
1575:Septum transversum
914:10.1002/jemt.10217
901:Microsc. Res. Tech
713:
690:
600:The primary center
583:
519:. You can help by
256:
1606:Tissues (biology)
1596:Animal physiology
1583:
1582:
1487:
1486:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1228:connective tissue
1223:Volkmann's canals
770:Primrose syndrome
654:Secondary centers
590:hyaline cartilage
537:
536:
497:
496:
430:Birth to 5 years
312:as a precursor.
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
1613:
1543:Limb development
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1398:Osseointegration
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1270:medullary cavity
1245:Sharpey's fibres
1218:Haversian canals
1173:epiphyseal plate
1163:subchondral bone
1052:
965:
958:
951:
942:
935:
934:
916:
892:
886:
885:
884:
883:
860:
854:
853:
841:
832:
831:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
787:
641:nutrient foramen
635:on the outside,
629:nutrient foramen
532:
529:
511:
504:
399:
329:plaster of Paris
317:fracture healing
235:
228:
217:
214:
208:
188:
187:
180:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
151:
110:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1601:Skeletal system
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1524:
1520:Development of
1518:
1488:
1483:
1460:
1456:Range of motion
1442:
1424:
1393:Bone resorption
1383:Bone remodeling
1364:
1354:
1324:
1315:
1279:
1201:
1177:epiphyseal line
1151:
1130:
1104:
1078:
1069:intramembranous
1041:
978:
969:
939:
938:
894:
893:
889:
881:
879:
862:
861:
857:
843:
842:
835:
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
779:
737:
729:osmotic barrier
695:
575:
533:
527:
524:
517:needs expansion
502:
470:23 to 26 years
458:18 to 23 years
446:17 to 20 years
405:Bones affected
319:, endochondral
271:bone remodeling
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
212:
209:
206:
189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1479:Cementogenesis
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1438:Chondrogenesis
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1356:Physiology of
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
986:
980:
979:
970:
968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
937:
936:
887:
855:
852:on 2012-03-01.
833:
806:
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
736:
733:
694:
691:
574:
571:
535:
534:
514:
512:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
471:
467:
466:
459:
455:
454:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
427:
426:
419:
415:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
390:growth factors
238:
237:
220:
219:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
117:"Ossification"
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1618:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:perichondrium
990:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
946:
943:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
910:
907:(5): 352–72.
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
851:
847:
840:
838:
834:
829:
825:
822:(2): 103–10.
821:
817:
810:
807:
796:
792:
786:
783:
776:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
706:
705:
699:
692:
688:
683:
679:
677:
673:
670:, depositing
669:
665:
661:
656:
655:
651:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
618:perichondrium
615:
611:
607:
602:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
579:
572:
570:
568:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
522:
518:
515:This section
513:
510:
506:
505:
499:
492:
489:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
460:
457:
456:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:Most primary
420:
418:Fourth month
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Calcification
360:
359:Calcification
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:(also called
260:
254:) signalling.
253:
249:
244:
234:
231:
216:
204:
201:) need to be
200:
196:
191:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1530:Ossification
1529:
1403:Ossification
1402:
1388:Bone healing
1378:Bone density
1227:
1116:bone mineral
1074:endochondral
1064:primary bone
1056:Ossification
1055:
1010:chondroblast
904:
900:
890:
880:, retrieved
868:
858:
850:the original
819:
815:
809:
798:. Retrieved
794:
785:
714:
702:
687:growth plate
657:
653:
652:
645:
626:
610:Chondrocytes
603:
599:
598:
584:
564:
562:osteocytes.
560:
538:
528:January 2021
525:
521:adding to it
516:
490:By 25 years
473:Bone of the
402:Time period
383:
378:
349:
345:osteogenesis
321:osteogenesis
314:
277:material by
266:
263:osteogenesis
262:
259:Ossification
258:
257:
226:
213:October 2017
210:
202:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
1275:bone marrow
1015:chondrocyte
746:Mechanostat
717:vertebrates
704:spotted gar
676:osteoblasts
672:osteoclasts
637:osteoclasts
633:osteoblasts
355:bone tissue
327:treated by
294:bone tissue
287:bone tissue
283:osteoblasts
18:Bone growth
1590:Categories
1565:Sclerotome
1408:Osteolysis
1265:trabeculae
1260:canaliculi
1238:periosteum
1197:epicondyle
1182:metaphysis
1142:cancellous
1100:osteoclast
1090:osteoblast
1002:metaphysis
882:2024-05-15
869:StatPearls
800:2021-01-22
777:References
725:exaptation
622:periosteum
544:flat bones
542:forms the
379:vice versa
302:mesenchyme
128:newspapers
57:improve it
1430:Cartilage
1362:cartilage
1306:irregular
1233:endosteum
1206:Structure
1187:diaphysis
1168:epiphysis
1095:osteocyte
984:Cartilage
976:cartilage
709:cartilage
693:Evolution
668:epiphysis
660:epiphysis
648:vertebrae
614:epiphysis
606:diaphysis
483:vertebrae
479:clavicles
394:cytokines
310:cartilage
308:involves
304:), while
63:talk page
1548:Limb bud
1415:Bone age
1311:sesamoid
1250:enthesis
1147:cortical
931:10933086
923:12430166
877:30969540
828:17572649
752:Ossicone
735:See also
721:minerals
556:hip bone
552:mandible
463:os coxae
451:scapulae
339:plates,
199:24292720
158:May 2011
1570:Myotome
1474:Chewing
1255:lacunae
1192:condyle
1156:Regions
1126:osteoid
1035:fibrous
1030:elastic
1025:hyaline
567:osteoid
546:of the
475:sternum
367:calcium
291:healthy
203:updated
142:scholar
1284:Shapes
1213:osteon
1121:ossein
1109:Matrix
1021:Types
1006:Cells
929:
921:
875:
826:
481:, and
375:tissue
341:screws
281:named
197:
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
1466:Teeth
1448:Joint
1296:short
1135:Types
1083:Cells
927:S2CID
664:tibia
548:skull
371:cells
337:metal
335:with
325:bones
279:cells
269:) in
248:TGF-β
149:JSTOR
135:books
1522:bone
1370:Bone
1360:and
1358:bone
1301:flat
1291:long
1047:Bone
974:and
972:Bone
919:PMID
873:PMID
824:PMID
674:and
616:. A
554:and
392:and
386:bone
373:and
275:bone
195:PMID
121:news
909:doi
558:.
523:.
315:In
265:or
252:IGF
104:by
1592::
925:.
917:.
905:59
903:.
899:.
867:,
836:^
820:32
818:.
793:.
701:A
596:.
550:,
477:,
381:.
347:.
296::
250:,
66:.
1513:e
1506:t
1499:v
1349:e
1342:t
1335:v
1175:/
964:e
957:t
950:v
933:.
911::
830:.
803:.
530:)
526:(
233:)
227:(
215:)
211:(
205:.
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
146:·
139:·
132:·
125:·
98:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
