66:
25:
168:
488:
mantle wedge. The high degrees of partial melting are caused by the high water content of the mantle. With the addition of slab-derived volatiles, and incompatible elements derived from the release of low-volume partial melts of the subducted slab, the depleted mantle in the mantle wedge undergoes
1004:
Resing, J. A., K.H. Rubin, R. Embley, J. Lupton, E. Baker, R. Dziak, T. Baumberger, M. Lilley, J. Huber, T.M. Shank, D. Butterfield, D. Clague, N. Keller, S. Merle, N.J. Buck, P. Michael, A. Soule, D. Caress, S. Walker, R. Davis, J. Cowen, A-L. Reysenbach, and H. Thomas, (2011): Active
Submarine
477:, might be able to form boninite. The content of titanium (an incompatible element within melting of peridotite) is extremely low because previous melting events had removed most of the incompatible elements from the residual mantle source. The first stage melting typically forms island arc
500:. Enrichment in Ba, Sr and alkalis may result from a component derived from subducted oceanic crust. This is envisaged as contamination from the underlying subducted slab, either as a sedimentary source or as melts derived from the dehydrating slab.
789:
Encarnación, John; Mukasa, Samuel B; Evans, Cynthia A (1999-04-01). "Subduction components and the generation of arc-like melts in the
Zambales ophiolite, Philippines: Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic constraints".
481:. The second melting event is partly made possible by hydrous fluids being added to the shallow hot depleted mantle, leading the enrichment in large ion lithophile elements in the boninite.
492:
Evidence for variable enrichment or depletion of incompatible elements suggests that boninites are derived from refractory peridotite which has been metasomatically enriched in
186:
971:
Igneous Rocks: A Classification and
Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks
503:
Boninites can be derived from the peridotite residue of earlier arc tholeiite generation which is metasomatically enriched in LREE before boninite
867:"Boninite and boninite-series volcanics in northern Zambales ophiolite: doubly vergent subduction initiation along Philippine Sea plate margins"
276:
plus Nb, Ta, Hf) but variable enrichment in the fluid mobile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, K). They are found almost exclusively in the fore-arc of
849:
507:, or arc tholeiites and boninites can be derived from a variably depleted peridotite source which has been variably metasomatised in LREE.
1033:
992:
978:
222:
204:
149:
52:
87:
397:
130:
2035:
925:
272:. It is characterized by extreme depletion in incompatible trace elements that are not fluid mobile (e.g., the heavy
102:
2040:
76:
484:
Boninite attains its high magnesium and very low titanium content via high degrees of partial melting within the
83:
38:
1005:
Eruption of
Boninite at West Mata Volcano in the Extensional NE Lau Basin, Nature Geosciences, 10.1038/ngeo1275.
109:
2030:
1086:
1066:
1026:
423:
1511:
116:
1476:
881:
799:
291:
complexes thought to represent former fore-arc settings or at least formed above a subduction zone.
98:
769:. Previously, boninite had been found only near extinct volcanoes more than one million years old.
315:
273:
1761:
866:
1307:
1019:
570:
419:
510:
Areas of fertile peridotite would yield tholeiites, and refractory areas would yield boninites.
473:. A forearc environment is ideal for boninite genesis, but other tectonic environments, such as
957:
Petrology and geochemistry of boninite series volcanic rocks, Chichi-jima, Bonin
Islands, Japan
1262:
988:
974:
947:
Petrology and geochemistry of
Cambrian boninites and low-Ti andesites from Heathcote, Victoria
899:
845:
612:
485:
458:
696:
1959:
1671:
1458:
1327:
889:
807:
598:
478:
462:
374:
347:
305:
1771:
1531:
1384:
682:
659:
999:
Geochemical characteristics of boninite series volcanics: implications for their source.
917:
885:
803:
1964:
1806:
1399:
1322:
730:
242:
865:
Perez, Americus; Umino, Susumu; Yumul Jr., Graciano P.; Ishizuka, Osamu (2018-06-05).
811:
123:
2024:
2009:
1924:
1889:
1736:
1297:
1202:
753:
735:
708:
703:
641:
547:
542:
262:
44:
964:
Water in boninite glass and coexisting orthopyroxene: concentration and partitioning
1934:
1914:
1786:
1433:
1411:
1352:
1252:
1197:
1182:
1048:
302:
284:
585:
upper volcanic unit: high silica boninite, low silica boninite, boninitic basalt.
1823:
1714:
1694:
1684:
1611:
1561:
1486:
1332:
1267:
1237:
1192:
1150:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1071:
766:
562:
65:
1989:
1974:
1949:
1944:
1854:
1839:
1756:
1724:
1689:
1679:
1661:
1641:
1586:
1566:
1521:
1443:
1428:
1404:
1364:
1337:
1317:
1287:
1247:
1222:
1212:
1207:
1187:
1096:
674:
622:
593:
470:
466:
335:
319:
280:
265:
258:
903:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1969:
1939:
1919:
1904:
1899:
1864:
1859:
1818:
1811:
1776:
1746:
1731:
1709:
1651:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1601:
1581:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1501:
1466:
1379:
1347:
1292:
1282:
1257:
1232:
1227:
1167:
1128:
1091:
762:
748:
652:
646:
628:
603:
437:
433:
429:
415:
288:
246:
239:
894:
1979:
1954:
1879:
1849:
1844:
1766:
1751:
1719:
1699:
1596:
1571:
1448:
1423:
1416:
1394:
1389:
1342:
1277:
1162:
1103:
1061:
722:
713:
405:
370:
339:
298:
254:
1999:
1929:
1894:
1869:
1801:
1636:
1576:
1516:
1481:
1374:
1302:
1217:
1177:
1145:
1140:
1056:
950:
718:
669:
558:
504:
474:
454:
343:
312:
1001:
Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 46, Issue 11, pp. 2099–2115
1909:
1884:
1781:
1741:
1704:
1606:
1471:
1369:
1359:
1312:
1272:
1242:
1172:
1157:
1135:
1081:
1076:
687:
617:
552:
497:
411:
401:
383:
323:
250:
1874:
1796:
1791:
1656:
1621:
1541:
1496:
1491:
664:
577:
450:
277:
269:
1011:
765:
volcano in the Lau Basin by scientists using a remotely-operated
1646:
1591:
1506:
1438:
985:
Petrology, Second
Edition: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
636:
493:
390:
1015:
955:
Dobson, P.F., Blank, J.G., Maruyama, S., and Liou, J.G. (2006)
918:"Marine Scientists Discover Deepest Undersea Erupting Volcano"
363:
161:
59:
18:
16:
Ultramafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica
587:
lower volcanic unit: low silica boninite series volcanics
949:
Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, vol 91 no. 1.
959:. International Geology Review 48, 669–701 (LBNL #57671)
182:
1832:
1670:
1457:
1047:
322:, have been reported in the rocks of several early
257:environments, typically during the early stages of
177:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
962:Dobson, P.F., Skogby, H, and Rossman, G.R. (1995)
761:Eruption of boninite lava was observed in 2009 at
469:, causing further melting of the already depleted
997:Hickey, Rosemary L.; Frey, Frederick A. (1982)
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
261:. The rock is named for its occurrence in the
1027:
969:Le Maitre, R. W. and others (Editors), 2002,
945:Anthony J. Crawford and W. E. Cameron, 1985.
8:
326:. Archean boninite lavas are also reported.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1034:
1020:
1012:
517:
893:
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
189:, without removing the technical details.
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
966:. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 118,414-419.
781:
983:Blatt, Harvey and Robert Tracy, 1995,
695:14 to 12 million years old, includes
453:is formed by second stage melting in
187:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
973:, Cambridge University Press, 2nd,
987:, W. H. Freeman, 2nd, p. 176
253:, thought to be usually formed in
14:
34:This article has multiple issues.
465:within the mantle wedge above a
166:
64:
23:
334:Boninite typically consists of
294:Boninite is considered to be a
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1:
812:10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00190-9
346:in a crystallite-rich glassy
404:= 70–450 parts per million,
926:National Science Foundation
2057:
496:, strontium, barium, and
422:enrichments compared to
362:high magnesium content (
301:derived from melting of
283:(that is, closer to the
1087:Basaltic trachyandesite
1067:Alkali feldspar granite
844:. London: Unwin Hyman.
840:Crawford, A.J. (1989).
677:, 13 million years old
461:of previously depleted
358:Boninite is defined by
627:upper pillow lavas of
1477:Banded iron formation
895:10.5194/se-9-713-2018
651:late Eocene to early
521:Examples of Boninite
84:improve this article
922:News Release 09-243
886:2018SolE....9..713P
804:1999ChGeo.156..343E
725:and Cretaceous age
524:
432:ratios (23–63) and
274:rare-earth elements
2036:Intermediate rocks
1833:Specific varieties
928:. 17 December 2009
518:
428:Characteristic Ti/
2041:Igneous petrology
2018:
2017:
1263:Nepheline syenite
851:978-0-04-445003-0
773:
772:
386:content is 52–63%
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
207:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
2048:
1960:Rapakivi granite
1672:Metamorphic rock
1459:Sedimentary rock
1328:Quartz monzonite
1036:
1029:
1022:
1013:
938:
937:
935:
933:
914:
908:
907:
897:
871:
862:
856:
855:
837:
816:
815:
798:(1–4): 343–357.
792:Chemical Geology
786:
599:Papua New Guinea
557:mostly volcanic
525:
440:ratios (0.6–4.7)
228:
221:
210:
203:
199:
196:
190:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
1828:
1772:Pseudotachylite
1666:
1453:
1385:Tephriphonolite
1043:
1040:
942:
941:
931:
929:
916:
915:
911:
869:
864:
863:
859:
852:
839:
838:
819:
788:
787:
783:
778:
683:Baja California
516:
447:
378:
356:
332:
316:intrusive rocks
229:
218:
217:
216:
211:
200:
194:
191:
183:help improve it
180:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:Volcanic rocks
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1965:Rhomb porphyry
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1807:Talc carbonate
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:Trachyandesite
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Quartz diorite
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:Types of rocks
1041:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
995:
981:
967:
960:
953:
940:
939:
909:
880:(3): 713–733.
857:
850:
817:
780:
779:
777:
774:
771:
770:
759:
756:
751:
744:
743:
741:
738:
733:
731:Mariana Trench
727:
726:
716:
711:
706:
700:
699:
693:
690:
685:
679:
678:
672:
667:
662:
656:
655:
649:
644:
639:
633:
632:
625:
620:
615:
609:
608:
606:
601:
596:
590:
589:
583:
580:
574:
567:
566:
555:
550:
545:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
515:
512:
467:subducted slab
449:Most boninite
446:
443:
442:
441:
426:
409:
408:= 200–1800 ppm
396:Mantle-normal
394:
389:high Mg/(Mg +
387:
381:
376:
367:
355:
352:
331:
328:
231:
230:
213:
212:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2053:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Litchfieldite
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Hyaloclastite
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Litchfieldite
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Phonotephrite
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Hyaloclastite
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
993:0-7167-2438-3
990:
986:
982:
980:
979:0-521-66215-X
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
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754:Pacific Ocean
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736:Pacific Ocean
734:
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724:
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709:Pacific Ocean
707:
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704:New Caledonia
702:
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548:Pacific Ocean
546:
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543:Bonin Islands
541:
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393:) (0.55–0.83)
392:
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304:
303:metasomatised
300:
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248:
245:high in both
244:
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198:
195:December 2009
188:
184:
178:
175:This article
173:
164:
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154:
151:
143:
132:
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125:
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118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1935:Luxullianite
1915:Lapis lazuli
1860:Blue Granite
1787:Serpentinite
1762:Metapsammite
1512:Conglomerate
1434:Trondhjemite
1412:Trachybasalt
1353:Pantellerite
1253:Monzogranite
1198:Hornblendite
1183:Granodiorite
1113:
1049:Igneous rock
1008:
998:
984:
970:
963:
956:
946:
930:. Retrieved
921:
912:
877:
873:
860:
841:
795:
791:
784:
586:
520:
519:
509:
502:
491:
483:
448:
357:
354:Geochemistry
333:
310:
295:
293:
285:ocean trench
235:
234:
219:
201:
192:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1824:Whiteschist
1715:Greenschist
1695:Cataclasite
1685:Amphibolite
1612:Phosphorite
1562:Itacolumite
1487:Calcarenite
1333:Quartzolite
1268:Nephelinite
1238:Lamprophyre
1193:Harzburgite
1151:Napoleonite
1124:Charnockite
1119:Carbonatite
1109:Blairmorite
1072:Anorthosite
932:20 February
874:Solid Earth
767:submersible
747:North-east
675:sanukitoids
563:pillow lava
336:phenocrysts
320:sanukitoids
281:island arcs
2025:Categories
1990:Teschenite
1975:Shonkinite
1950:Pietersite
1945:Novaculite
1855:Borolanite
1840:Adamellite
1757:Metapelite
1725:Calcflinta
1690:Blueschist
1680:Anthracite
1662:Wackestone
1642:Travertine
1587:Lumachelle
1567:Jaspillite
1522:Diamictite
1444:Websterite
1429:Troctolite
1405:Benmoreite
1365:Shonkinite
1338:Rhyodacite
1318:Pyroxenite
1288:Peridotite
1248:Lherzolite
1223:Kimberlite
1213:Ignimbrite
1208:Icelandite
1188:Granophyre
1097:Shoshonite
1009:Petrology
776:References
623:Cretaceous
594:Cape Vogel
573:ophiolite
486:convecting
471:peridotite
398:compatible
380:< 0.5%)
259:subduction
140:March 2021
110:newspapers
99:"Boninite"
39:improve it
2005:Variolite
1995:Theralite
1985:Tachylite
1970:Rodingite
1940:Mangerite
1920:Larvikite
1905:Jasperoid
1900:Jadeitite
1865:Epidosite
1819:Tectonite
1812:Soapstone
1777:Quartzite
1747:Migmatite
1732:Itabirite
1710:Granulite
1652:Turbidite
1632:Sylvinite
1627:Siltstone
1617:Sandstone
1602:Oil shale
1582:Limestone
1557:Gritstone
1552:Greywacke
1547:Geyserite
1537:Evaporite
1527:Diatomite
1502:Claystone
1467:Argillite
1380:Tachylyte
1348:Comendite
1293:Phonolite
1283:Pegmatite
1258:Monzonite
1233:Lamproite
1228:Komatiite
1168:Foidolite
1129:Enderbite
1092:Mugearite
904:1869-9529
842:Boninites
763:West Mata
749:Lau Basin
653:Oligocene
647:Paleogene
629:ophiolite
604:Paleocene
537:Comments
505:volcanism
489:melting.
459:hydration
424:tholeiite
400:elements
366:= >8%)
340:pyroxenes
330:Petrology
318:, called
296:primitive
289:ophiolite
287:) and in
278:primitive
268:south of
263:Izu-Bonin
247:magnesium
240:extrusive
45:talk page
1980:Taconite
1955:Pyrolite
1880:Ganister
1850:Aphanite
1845:Appinite
1767:Phyllite
1752:Mylonite
1720:Hornfels
1700:Eclogite
1597:Mudstone
1572:Laterite
1532:Dolomite
1449:Wehrlite
1424:Trachyte
1417:Hawaiite
1395:Tonalite
1390:Tephrite
1343:Rhyolite
1308:Porphyry
1278:Obsidian
1163:Essexite
1114:Boninite
1104:Basanite
1062:Andesite
951:Abstract
723:Triassic
714:Mesozoic
692:Miocene
660:Setouchi
631:complex
576:western
571:Zambales
559:breccias
531:Location
514:Examples
475:backarcs
455:forearcs
371:titanium
311:Similar
299:andesite
255:fore-arc
236:Boninite
2000:Unakite
1930:Llanite
1895:Ijolite
1870:Felsite
1802:Suevite
1637:Tillite
1577:Lignite
1517:Coquina
1482:Breccia
1375:Syenite
1303:Picrite
1218:Ijolite
1178:Granite
1146:Diorite
1141:Diabase
1057:Adakite
882:Bibcode
800:Bibcode
758:Modern
740:Eocene
719:Permian
697:bajaite
670:Miocene
613:Troodos
582:Eocene
498:alkalis
445:Genesis
344:olivine
324:cratons
313:Archean
181:Please
124:scholar
1910:Kenyte
1885:Gossan
1782:Schist
1742:Marble
1705:Gneiss
1607:Oolite
1472:Arkose
1370:Sovite
1360:Scoria
1313:Pumice
1273:Norite
1243:Latite
1173:Gabbro
1158:Dunite
1136:Dacite
1082:Basalt
1077:Aplite
991:
977:
902:
848:
688:Mexico
618:Cyprus
565:flows
553:Eocene
479:basalt
463:mantle
384:silica
348:matrix
306:mantle
251:silica
238:is an
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1875:Flint
1797:Slate
1792:Skarn
1657:Varve
1622:Shale
1542:Flint
1497:Chert
1492:Chalk
870:(PDF)
665:Japan
578:Luzon
451:magma
270:Japan
131:JSTOR
117:books
1647:Tufa
1592:Marl
1507:Coal
1439:Tuff
989:ISBN
975:ISBN
934:2016
900:ISSN
846:ISBN
637:Guam
561:and
528:Name
494:LREE
457:via
369:low
342:and
249:and
243:rock
103:news
2010:Wad
890:doi
808:doi
796:156
534:Age
420:REE
418:, L
375:TiO
364:MgO
338:of
308:.
266:arc
185:to
86:by
2027::
924:.
920:.
898:.
888:.
876:.
872:.
820:^
806:.
794:.
438:Yb
434:La
430:Zr
416:Sr
414:,
412:Ba
406:Cr
402:Ni
391:Fe
350:.
48:.
1035:e
1028:t
1021:v
936:.
906:.
892::
884::
878:9
854:.
814:.
810::
802::
721:-
436:/
377:2
373:(
226:)
220:(
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202:(
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193:(
179:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
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