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93:
417:. Its excavation diameter was 15.62 m (51.2 ft), total length 130 m (430 ft); excavation area of 192 m (2,070 sq ft), thrust value 39,485 t, total weight 4,500 tons, total installed capacity 18 MW. Its yearly energy consumption was about 62 GWh. It is owned and operated by the Italian construction company Toto S.p.A. Costruzioni Generali (Toto Group) for the Sparvo gallery of the Italian Motorway Pass A1 ("Variante di Valico A1"), near Florence. The same company built the
36:
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254:, after inventor Charles Wilson. It drilled 3 meters (10 ft) into the rock before breaking down (the tunnel was eventually completed more than 20 years later, and as with the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, by using less ambitious methods). Wilson's machine anticipated modern TBMs in the sense that it employed cutting discs, like those of a
639:
Slurry separation plants use multi-stage filtration systems that separate spoil from slurry to allow reuse. The degree to which slurry can be 'cleaned' depends on the relative particle sizes of the muck. Slurry TBMs are not suitable for silts and clays as the particle sizes of the spoil are less than
290:
on the French side. However, despite this success, the cross-Channel tunnel project was abandoned in 1883 after the
British military raised fears that the tunnel might be used as an invasion route. Nevertheless, in 1883, this TBM was used to bore a railway ventilation tunnel — 2 m (7 ft) in
261:
In 1853, the
American Ebenezer Talbot also patented a TBM that employed Wilson's cutting discs, although they were mounted on rotating arms, which in turn were mounted on a rotating plate. In the 1870s, John D. Brunton of England built a machine employing cutting discs that were mounted eccentrically
145:
Tunneling speeds increase over time. The first TBM peaked at 4 meters per week. This increased to 16 meters per week four decades later. By the end of the 19th century, speeds had reached over 30 meters per week. 21st century rock TBMs can excavate over 700 meters per week, while
656:
Open face soft ground TBMs rely on the excavated ground to briefly stand without support. They are suitable for use in ground with a strength of up to about 10 MPa (1,500 psi) with low water inflows. They can bore tunnels with cross-section in excess of 10 m (30 ft). A backactor
701:
TBMs with positive face control, such as earth pressure balance (EPB) and slurry shield (SS), are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if ground conditions are well documented. When tunnelling in urban environments, other
324:
were proposed. Other TBMs consisted of a rotating drum with metal tines on its outer surface, or a rotating circular plate covered with teeth, or revolving belts covered with metal teeth. However, these TBMs proved expensive, cumbersome, and unable to excavate hard rock; interest in TBMs therefore
277:
supported a trial run using
English's TBM. Its cutting head consisted of a conical drill bit behind which were a pair of opposing arms on which were mounted cutting discs. From June 1882 to March 1883, the machine tunneled, through chalk, a total of 1,840 m (6,036 ft). A French engineer,
1610:
In the U.S., the McKinlay Entry Driver, a track-mounted TBM or "continuous miner", was invented in 1918 for use in coal mines. Its boring head consisted of metal tines on two, side-by-side rotating arms. See: Thomas W. Garges (November 13, 2003) William N. Poundstone lecture: "Underground Mining
622:
tunnels completed in the last 20 years worldwide were excavated using this method. EPB has historically competed with the slurry shield method (see below), where the slurry is used to stabilize the tunnel face and transport spoil to the surface. EPB TBMs are mostly used in finer ground (such as
130:
TBMs limit the disturbance to the surrounding ground and produce a smooth tunnel wall. This reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and is suitable for use in urban areas. TBMs are expensive to construct, and larger ones are challenging to transport. These fixed costs become less significant for
524:
Double Shield (or telescopic shield) TBMs have a leading shield that advances with the cutting head and a trailing shield that acts as a gripper. The two shields can move axially relative to each other (i.e., telescopically) over a limited distance. The gripper shield anchors the TBM so that
494:
following behind the cutter head to support the walls until permanent tunnel support is constructed further along the machine. The stability of the walls also influences the method by which the TBM anchors itself in place so that it can apply force to the cutting head. This in turn determines
515:
A single-shield TBM has a single cylindrical shield after the cutting head. A permanent concrete lining is constructed immediately after the shield, and the TBM pushes off the lining to apply force to the cutter head. Because this pushing cannot be done while a next ring of lining is being
506:
Machines such as a Wirth machine can be moved only while ungripped. Other machines can move continuously. At the end of a Wirth boring cycle, legs drop to the ground, the grippers are retracted, and the machine advances. The grippers then reengage and the rear legs lift for the next cycle.
533:
In hard rock with minimal ground water, the area around the cutter head of a TBM can be unpressurized, as the exposed rock face can support itself. In weaker soil, or when there is significant ground water, pressure must be applied to the face of the tunnel to prevent collapse and/or the
440:
TBMs typically consist of a rotating cutting wheel in front, called a cutter head, followed by a main bearing, a thrust system, a system to remove excavated material (muck), and support mechanisms. Machines vary with site geology, amount of ground water present, and other factors.
489:
Depending on the stability of the local geology, the newly formed walls of the tunnel often need to be supported immediately after being dug to avoid collapse, before any permanent support or lining has been constructed. Many TBMs are equipped with one or more cylindrical
391:'s Rapid Transit with a boring diameter of 6.67 m (21.9 ft). The medium was water saturated sandy mudstone, schistose mudstone, highly weathered mudstone as well as alluvium. It achieved a maximum advance rate of more than 345 m (1,132 ft) per month.
596:, polymers and foam can be injected ahead of the face to stabilize the ground. Such additives can separately be injected in the cutter head and extraction screw to ensure that the muck is sufficiently cohesive to maintain pressure and restrict water flow.
319:
During the late 19th and early 20th century, inventors continued to design, build, and test TBMs for tunnels for railroads, subways, sewers, water supplies, etc. TBMs employing rotating arrays of drills or hammers were patented. TBMs that resembled giant
258:, which were attached to the rotating head of the machine. In contrast to traditional chiseling or drilling and blasting, this innovative method of removing rock relied on simple metal wheels to apply a transient high pressure that fractured the rock.
647:
system is sometimes placed at the cutting head to allow workers to operate the machine, although air pressure may reach elevated levels in the caisson, requiring workers to be medically cleared as "fit to dive" and able to operate pressure locks.
631:
Slurry shield machines can be used in soft ground with high water pressure or where granular ground conditions (sands and gravels) do not allow a plug to form in the screw. The cutter head is filled with pressurised slurry, typically made of
207:
in 1825. However, this was only the invention of the shield concept and did not involve the construction of a complete tunnel boring machine, the digging still having to be accomplished by the then standard excavation methods.
657:
arm or cutter head bore to within 150 mm (6 in) of the edge of the shield. After a boring cycle, the shield is jacked forward to begin a new cycle. Ground support is provided by precast concrete, or occasionally
681:
Behind all types of tunnel boring machines, in the finished part of the tunnel, are trailing support decks known as the backup system, whose mechanisms can include conveyors or other systems for muck removal; slurry
310:
was constructed from 1889 to 1904 using a
Greathead shield TBM. The project used air compressed to 2.4 bar (35 psi) to reduce cave-ins. However, many workers died via cave-in or decompression sickness.
444:
Rock boring machines differ from earth boring machines in the way they cut the tunnel, the way they provide traction to support the boring activity, and in the way they support the newly formed tunnels walls.
269:(1833–1895); Beaumont's machine was further improved in 1880 by British Army officer Major Thomas English (1843–1935). In 1875, the French National Assembly approved the construction of a tunnel under the
764:
384:. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017.
421:, excavation diameter of 17.6 meters (58 ft), owned and operated by the French construction company Dragages Hong Kong (Bouygues' subsidiary) for the Tuen Mun Chek Lap Kok link in Hong Kong.
661:(SGI) segments that are bolted or supported until a support ring has been added. The final segment, called the key, is wedge-shaped, and expands the ring until it is tight against the ground.
849:
1723:
1693:
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on rotating plates, which in turn were mounted eccentrically on a rotating plate, so that the cutting discs would travel over almost all of the rock face that was to be removed.
702:
tunnels, existing utility lines and deep foundations must be considered, and the project must accommodate measures to mitigate any detrimental effects to other infrastructure.
1670:
1604:(iron miner) was developed in 1916 by Schmidt, Kranz & Co. for potash mines; its boring head consisted of a large rotating roller that was fitted with cutters See:
911:
785:
1329:(Abington, England: Routledge, 2006), Chapter 1, § 2: The commercial possibilities: Lord Richard Grosvenor, Sir Edward Watkin and the 'Manchester to Paris Railroad'.
477:
Main Beam machines do not install concrete segments behind the cutter head. Instead, the rock is held up using ground support methods such as ring beams, rock bolts,
235:. It consisted of more than 100 percussion drills mounted in the front of a locomotive-sized machine, mechanically power-driven from the entrance of the tunnel. The
1747:
669:
TBMs range diameter from 1 to 17 meters (3 to 56 ft). Micro tunnel shield TBMs are used to construct small tunnels, and is a smaller equivalent to a general
819:
756:
636:
clay that applies hydrostatic pressure to the face. The slurry mixes with the muck before it is pumped to a slurry separation plant, usually outside the tunnel.
1728:
1641:
1352:
1040:
174:
469:
The machine stabilizes itself in the tunnel with hydraulic cylinders that press against the shield, allowing the TBM to apply pressure at the tunnel face.
588:. By adjusting the rate of extraction of muck and the advance rate of the TBM, the pressure at the face of the TBM can be controlled without the use of
1854:
1497:
841:
569:
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1615:
381:
879:
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Gripper TBMs are used in rock tunnels. They forgo the use of a shield and instead push directly against the unreinforced sides of the tunnel.
1960:
1514:
1269:
1245:
599:
Like some other TBM types, EPB's use thrust cylinders to advance by pushing against concrete segments. The cutter head uses a combination of
1701:
1820:
1733:
57:
239:
affected the funding, and the tunnel was not completed until 10 years later, by using less innovative and less expensive methods such as
142:
rather than TBMs. TBM tunnels are typically circular in cross-section although they may be u-shaped, horseshoes, square or rectangular.
466:
Shielded TBMs are typically used to excavate tunnels in soil. They erect concrete segments behind the TBM to support the tunnel walls.
547:
134:
TBM-bored tunnel cross-sections range from 1 to 17.6 meters (3.3 to 57.7 ft) to date. Narrower tunnels are typically bored using
686:(if applicable); control rooms; electrical, dust-removal and ventilation systems; and mechanisms for transport of pre-cast segments.
1907:
1310:
872:"Shield Machines and Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) - Construction, Mining and Utility Equipment｜Products & Services｜Komatsu Ltd"
79:
1376:
2082:
179:
2072:
1285:
Thomas
English, U.K. Patent no.s 4,347 (issued: October 25, 1880) and 5,317 (issued: December 5, 1881); "Tunneling-machine,"
542:
410:
900:
365:
576:
Earth pressure balance (EPB) machines are used in soft ground with less than 7 bar (100 psi) of pressure. It uses
1946:(Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013), Chapter 7: Tunnel-boring machines: History of tunnel-boring machine.
265:
The first TBM that tunneled a substantial distance was invented in 1863 and improved in 1875 by
British Army officer Major
1880:
789:
717:
92:
1100:
1849:
1069:
698:
be avoided. The normal method of doing this in soft ground is to maintain soil pressures during and after construction.
1755:
2077:
811:
418:
328:
A TBM with a bore diameter of 14.4 m (47 ft 3 in) was manufactured by The
Robbins Company for Canada's
50:
44:
1633:
220:
1263:
Patents for
Inventions. Abridgments of Specifications. Class 85, Mining, Quarrying, Tunnelling, and Well-sinking
1239:
Patents for
Inventions. Abridgments of Specifications relating to Mining, Quarrying, Tunnelling, and Well-sinking
640:
that of the bentonite. In this case, water is removed from the slurry leaving a clay cake, which may be polluted.
606:
EPB has allowed soft, wet, or unstable ground to be tunneled with a speed and safety not previously possible. The
246:
In the United States, the first boring machine to have been built was used in 1853 during the construction of the
1971:
1470:
Reginald
Stanley, U.K. Patent no. 1,449 (issued: February 1, 1886); "Tunneling-machine" (issued: August 7, 1894).
1033:
369:
1508:
Patents for Inventions. bridgments of Specifications relating to Mining, Quarrying, Tunnelling, and Well-sinking
146:
soil tunneling machines can exceed 200 meters per week. Speed generally declines as tunnel size increases.
61:
458:
1494:
611:
525:
pressure can be applied to the cutter head while simultaneously the concrete lining is being constructed.
361:
329:
495:
whether the machine can bore and advance simultaneously, or whether these are done in alternating modes.
1874:
1493:
William F. Cooke and George Hunter, U.K. patent no. 433 (issued: August 10, 1866). Available online at:
735:
673:
and generally bore tunnels of 1 to 1.5 meters (3.3 to 4.9 ft), too small for operators to walk in.
644:
135:
124:
564:
325:
declined. Nevertheless, TBM development continued in potash and coal mines, where the rock was softer.
224:
1612:
568:
The support structures at the rear of a TBM. This machine was used to excavate the main tunnel of the
399:
353:
200:
2019:
Bilger, Burkhard (September 15, 2008). "The Long Dig: Getting through the Swiss Alps the hard way".
1998:(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Chapter 11: Hard rock tunnelling machines.
553:
429:
581:
348:
307:
236:
1935:
1511:
1266:
1242:
968:
871:
694:
Urban tunnelling has the special requirement that the surface remain undisturbed, and that ground
1034:
Hapgood, Fred, "The Underground Cutting Edge: The innovators who made digging tunnels high-tech",
683:
615:
377:
283:
279:
274:
266:
139:
1824:
1956:
1903:
1306:
1226:
670:
196:
1922:
1237:
Frederick Edward Blackett Beaumont, U.K. Patent no. 1,904 (issued: July 30, 1864). (See:
600:
2045:
1619:
1613:
Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University
1518:
1501:
1273:
1249:
1044:
270:
178:
A tunnel boring machine cutter head being lowered underground for the construction of the
160:
340:
hydroelectric dams to which it tunnelled to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel.
711:
607:
585:
97:
546:
Tunnel boring machine at the site of Weinberg tunnell Altstetten-Zürich-Oerlikon near
2066:
619:
577:
516:
constructed, the single-shield TBM operates in alternating cutting and lining modes.
333:
247:
204:
1989:
Stack, Barbara, "Encyclopaedia of Tunnelling, Mining, and Drilling Equipment", 1995.
658:
414:
388:
300:
183:
1821:"Sydney Airport Link Rail Tunnel Project, Des Walters: Under Pressure Underground"
1104:
394:
166:
1241:(London, England: Office of the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions, 1874),
1077:
1510:(London, England: Office of the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions, 1874),
1070:"FINDING AID FOR THE HOOSAC TUNNEL COLLECTION at the NORTH ADAMS PUBLIC LIBRARY"
255:
155:
757:""U-shape": First Shield Machine for horseshoe-shaped Cross Sections - tunnel"
729:
723:
695:
603:
cutting bits, carbide disc cutters, drag picks and/or hard rock disc cutters.
292:
240:
212:
1951:
Maidl, Bernhard; Schmid, Leonhard; Ritz, Willy; Herrenknecht, Martin (2008).
1582:
1556:
1547:
1475:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1287:
623:
clay) while slurry TBMs are mostly used for coarser ground (such as gravel).
1792:
1662:
1463:
1410:
1196:
1154:
633:
593:
478:
337:
296:
17:
1169:
1139:
1223:
Modern Tunneling: With Special Reference to Mine and Water-supply Tunnels
321:
287:
1261:
F.E.B. Beaumont, U.K. Patent no. 4,166 (issued: Dec. 2, 1875). (See:
558:
373:
1917:
Bancroft, George J. (1908) "A history of the tunnel boring machine,"
589:
113:
112:), also known as a "mole" or a "worm", is a machine used to excavate
2028:
Foley, Amanda (May 2009). "Life on the Cutting Edge: Dick Robbins".
368:
with a bore diameter of 17.45 meters (57.3 ft) was produced by
286:, used a similar machine to drill 1,669 m (5,476 ft) from
738: – Underground construction that minimizes surface disruption
563:
552:
541:
457:
428:
393:
347:
232:
173:
165:
154:
91:
1932:
Treatise on Explosive Compounds, Machine Rock Drills and Blasting
842:"New tunnel-boring machine makes cutting corners perfectly sound"
228:
117:
250:
in northwest Massachusetts. Made of cast iron, it was known as
116:. Tunnels are excavated through hard rock, wet or dry soil, or
1754:. Metro Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia > Tech Specs. Archived from
332:. The machine was used to bore a hydroelectric tunnel beneath
29:
1850:"Medical support for the Sydney Airport Link Tunnel project"
336:. The machine was named "Big Becky" in reference to the Sir
1377:"ASCE Metropolitan Section - Hudson & Manhattan Tunnel"
1167:
Ebenezer Talbot, "Machine for tunnelling or boring rock,"
557:
Urban installation for an 2.1-meter (84 in) sewer in
812:"Special Shield Machine | Kawasaki Heavy Industries"
291:
diameter and 2.06 km (6,750 ft) long — between
211:
The first boring machine reported to have been built was
170:
Looking towards the cutting shield at the hydraulic jacks
1900:
The greater genius?: a biography of Marc Isambard Brunel
1194:
John D. Brunton, "Improved machine for sinking shafts,"
1724:"Alaskan Way Viaduct - Recapping Bertha's breakthrough"
1408:
Thales Lindsey, "Improved machine for tunneling rock,"
1017:
1015:
1013:
720: – Method of modern tunnel design and construction
1694:"Bertha the giant drill is ready to rumble in Seattle"
1327:
The Official History of Britain and the Channel Tunnel
1291:(filed: June 4, 1884 ; issued: October 28, 1884).
580:
to maintain pressure at the tunnel face. The muck (or
1560:(filed: February 17, 1908; issued: October 13, 1908).
1479:(filed: April 3, 1893 ; issued: April 23, 1895).
1305:. New York, NY, USA: Harper Collins. pp. 14–21.
1152:
Charles Wilson, "Machine for tunneling rocks, etc.,"
732: – Vehicle that moves through solid rock or soil
1862:(2). Archived from the original on December 11, 2008
1823:. Descend Underwater Training Centre. Archived from
1774:
1772:
1580:
William A. Lathrop, "Machine for cutting headings,"
1441:(filed: July 30, 1907 ; issued: June 23, 1908).
1225:(New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1914),
936:
934:
932:
387:
Two TBMs supplied by CREG excavated two tunnels for
231:, Maus had it built in 1846 in an arms factory near
1611:Technology Evolution", p. 8. Available online at:
1551:(filed: November 29, 1905; issued: March 26, 1907).
1996:Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry
1934:(New York, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1883),
1423:(filed: December 23, 1901; issued: June 30, 1903).
1461:Charles Wilson, Machine for excavating tunnels,"
1426:Russell B. Sigafoos, "Rotary tunneling machine,"
714: – Undersea rail tunnel linking France to UK
120:, each of which requires specialized technology.
1586:(filed: August 31, 1903; issued: April 3, 1906).
1432:(filed: May 18, 1907; issued: October 20, 1908).
534:infiltration of ground water into the machine.
356:, Switzerland, the world's longest rail tunnel
1729:Washington State Department of Transportation
352:A tunnel boring machine used to excavate the
123:Tunnel boring machines are an alternative to
8:
1605:
1523:
1435:George A. Fowler, "Tunnel driving machine,"
1221:David William Brunton and John Allen Davis,
1076:. North Adams Public Library. Archived from
1055:
1004:
788:. CREG Underground Solutions. Archived from
690:Urban tunnelling and near-surface tunnelling
1925:, 85–88, 106–108, 125–127, 145–146, 165-167
1101:"Hoosac Tunnel History - Abridged Timeline"
398:Top view of a model of the TBM used on the
2012:TBM tunnelling in jointed and faulted rock
1814:
1812:
481:, steel straps, ring steel and wire mesh.
1972:"The Evolution of Tunnel Boring Machines"
1855:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
1265:(London, England: Patent Office, 1904),
901:"Tunnel Boring Machines (Shield and TBM)"
433:A tunnel boring machine that was used at
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1843:
1841:
1574:
1539:
1473:Jonas L. Mitchell, "Tunneling-machine,"
1455:
1402:
1125:
1021:
980:
96:One of the boring machines used for the
43:This article includes a list of general
1793:"TBM selection - EPB and SlurrySi Shen"
964:
748:
570:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
435:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
299:, England, through sandstone under the
252:Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine
2030:Tunnels & Tunnelling International
1872:
1554:Olin S. Proctor, "Tunneling-machine,"
1353:"Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Tunnel"
1301:Wilson, Jeremy; Spick, Jérôme (1994).
952:
940:
852:from the original on February 27, 2020
462:Hydraulic jacks holding a TBM in place
1778:
1351:American Society of Civil Engineers.
786:"Special Application TBM U-Shape TBM"
227:between France and Italy through the
127:(D&B) methods and "hand mining".
100:between France and the United Kingdom
7:
1545:John P. Karns, "Tunneling-machine,"
1338:
1209:
1182:
992:
1417:Pedro Unanue, "Tunneling machine,"
1303:Eurotunnel: The Illustrated Journey
917:from the original on 1 October 2021
419:world's largest-diameter slurry TBM
1137:Charles Wilson, "Dressing stone,"
840:Tan, Christopher (June 14, 2016).
267:Frederick Edward Blackett Beaumont
197:first successful tunnelling shield
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1673:from the original on 28 July 2023
584:) is admitted into the TBM via a
1970:Potter, Brian (6 October 2023).
34:
1953:Hardrock Tunnel Boring Machines
1848:Bennett, MH; Lehm, J; Barr, P.
1644:from the original on 2023-01-23
882:from the original on 2023-07-28
822:from the original on 2021-09-26
767:from the original on 2020-02-27
548:Zürich Oerlikon railway station
140:horizontal directional drilling
27:Device used to excavate tunnels
1712:– via www.bloomberg.com.
1:
1944:Practical Tunnel Construction
1074:Hooac Tunnel Historical Notes
718:New Austrian tunneling method
372:in 2013. It was delivered to
1976:www.construction-physics.com
1791:Shen, Si (25 October 2021).
1732:. 2017-04-06. Archived from
1663:"Alaskan Way Viaduct - Home"
1405:, pp. 66, 125, 127, 146
726: – Excavation equipment
159:Cutting shield used for the
1634:"Shield Tunneling Machines"
529:Tunnel-face support methods
2099:
1036:Invention & Technology
2046:"Tunneling World Records"
1879:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1638:Hitachi Zosen Corporation
1200:(issued: July 21, 1868).
1158:(issued: March 18, 1856).
1143:(issued: March 13, 1847).
382:Highway 99 tunnel project
370:Hitachi Zosen Corporation
1930:Drinker, Henry Sturgis.
1902:. Ian Allan Publishing.
1467:(issued: June 23, 1857).
1414:(issued: June 12, 1866).
1173:(issued: June 7, 1853).
659:spheroidal graphite iron
2083:19th-century inventions
1898:Bagust, Harold (2006).
136:trenchless construction
64:more precise citations.
2073:Tunnel boring machines
1698:Bloomberg Businessweek
1458:, pp. 66, 85, 106
1381:www.ascemetsection.org
761:www.tunnel-online.info
612:Thames Water Ring Main
573:
561:
550:
538:Earth Pressure Balance
463:
437:
402:
362:earth pressure balance
357:
330:Niagara Tunnel Project
219:. Commissioned by the
186:
171:
163:
101:
2014:. Rotterdam: Balkema.
2010:Barton, Nick (2000).
1038:Vol.20, #2, Fall 2004
736:Trenchless technology
652:Open face soft ground
567:
556:
545:
461:
432:
397:
351:
284:Suez Canal contractor
199:was developed by Sir
177:
169:
158:
125:drilling and blasting
106:tunnel boring machine
95:
1955:. Ernst & Sohn.
1752:www.creg-germany.com
592:. Additives such as
405:The world's largest
400:Gotthard Base Tunnel
354:Gotthard Base Tunnel
201:Marc Isambard Brunel
180:City & Southwest
1583:U.S. patent 816,923
1557:U.S. patent 900,951
1548:U.S. patent 848,107
1542:, pp. 146, 165
1476:U.S. patent 537,899
1438:U.S. patent 891,473
1429:U.S. patent 901,392
1420:U.S. patent 732,326
1288:U.S. patent 307,278
1212:, pp. 243–247.
1185:, pp. 239–242.
908:global.kawasaki.com
816:global.kawasaki.com
792:on 9 September 2017
308:Hudson River Tunnel
237:Revolutions of 1848
223:in 1845 to dig the
2078:British inventions
1942:Hemphill, Gary B.
1618:2016-10-20 at the
1517:2023-07-28 at the
1500:2016-03-04 at the
1464:U.S. patent 17,650
1411:U.S. patent 55,514
1272:2023-07-28 at the
1248:2023-07-28 at the
1197:U.S. patent 80,056
1155:U.S. patent 14,483
1080:on 15 January 2004
1043:2005-03-15 at the
616:London Underground
614:, sections of the
574:
562:
551:
464:
438:
403:
358:
280:Alexandre Lavalley
275:British Parliament
225:Fréjus Rail Tunnel
187:
172:
164:
102:
1962:978-3-433-01676-3
1606:Maidl et al. 2008
1524:Maidl et al. 2008
1170:U.S. patent 9,774
1140:U.S. patent 5,012
1056:Maidl et al. 2008
1005:Maidl et al. 2008
846:The Straits Times
671:tunnelling shield
449:Tunnel wall types
282:, who was also a
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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1700:. Archived from
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1667:www.wsdot.wa.gov
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1602:Eisener Bergmann
1600:In Germany, the
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601:tungsten carbide
559:Chicago, IL, USA
241:pneumatic drills
221:King of Sardinia
203:to excavate the
131:longer tunnels.
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
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21:
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2004:Further reading
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629:
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540:
531:
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487:
475:
456:
454:Concrete lining
451:
427:
415:Herrenknecht AG
413:, was built by
346:
317:
271:English Channel
217:Mountain Slicer
193:
188:
161:New Elbe Tunnel
152:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
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28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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2039:
2038:External links
2036:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2021:The New Yorker
2016:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1994:West, Graham.
1991:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1939:
1927:
1921:, p. 58,
1919:Mining Science
1914:
1908:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1837:
1808:
1783:
1768:
1739:
1736:on 2017-09-01.
1715:
1692:Weise, Karen.
1684:
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1392:
1368:
1343:
1341:, p. 248.
1331:
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1311:
1293:
1278:
1254:
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1214:
1202:
1187:
1175:
1160:
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1118:
1107:on 21 May 2011
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712:Channel Tunnel
707:
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677:Backup systems
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608:Channel Tunnel
586:screw conveyor
539:
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509:
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455:
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450:
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426:
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409:TBM, known as
345:
342:
316:
313:
192:
189:
153:
151:
148:
98:Channel Tunnel
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
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1909:0-7110-3175-4
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1827:on 2003-09-24
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1758:on 2017-09-09
1757:
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1704:on 2016-03-09
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1599:
1598:
1597:For example:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1577:, p. 145
1576:
1575:Bancroft 1908
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1549:
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1541:
1540:Bancroft 1908
1538:
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1460:
1457:
1456:Bancroft 1908
1454:
1453:
1449:
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1430:
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1421:
1416:
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1407:
1404:
1403:Bancroft 1908
1401:
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1312:0-00-255539-5
1308:
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1179:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1128:, p. 65.
1127:
1126:Bancroft 1908
1122:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:Smith, Gary.
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:Hemphill 2013
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
986:
983:, p. 58.
982:
981:Bancroft 1908
977:
974:
970:
966:
961:
958:
955:, p. 65.
954:
949:
946:
942:
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935:
933:
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913:
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664:
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627:Slurry shield
626:
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621:
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604:
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595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
566:
560:
555:
549:
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537:
535:
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520:Double shield
519:
517:
511:Single shield
510:
508:
504:
498:
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484:
482:
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472:
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420:
416:
412:
408:
401:
396:
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385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:TBM known as
363:
355:
350:
343:
341:
339:
335:
334:Niagara Falls
331:
326:
323:
314:
312:
309:
304:
302:
298:
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289:
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276:
272:
268:
263:
259:
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253:
249:
248:Hoosac Tunnel
244:
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234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
206:
205:Thames Tunnel
202:
198:
190:
185:
181:
176:
168:
162:
157:
149:
147:
143:
141:
137:
132:
128:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:November 2010
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2029:
2020:
2011:
1995:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1952:
1943:
1936:pp. 191-194.
1931:
1918:
1899:
1875:cite journal
1864:. Retrieved
1859:
1853:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1819:Walters, D.
1800:. Retrieved
1796:
1786:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1751:
1748:"CREG | EPB"
1742:
1734:the original
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1697:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1601:
1593:
1567:
1532:
1507:
1486:
1448:
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1357:www.asce.org
1356:
1346:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1302:
1296:
1281:
1262:
1257:
1238:
1233:
1222:
1217:
1205:
1190:
1178:
1163:
1148:
1133:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1073:
1063:
1058:, p. 1.
1051:
1035:
1029:
1000:
988:
976:
965:Drinker 1883
960:
948:
919:. Retrieved
910:. Kawasaki.
907:
895:
884:. Retrieved
875:
866:
856:February 27,
854:. Retrieved
845:
835:
824:. Retrieved
815:
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:the original
780:
769:. Retrieved
760:
751:
700:
693:
680:
668:
655:
642:
638:
630:
605:
598:
575:
532:
523:
514:
505:
502:
499:Open/Gripper
491:
488:
485:Shield types
476:
468:
465:
443:
439:
406:
404:
389:Kuala Lumpur
386:
359:
327:
318:
305:
301:Mersey River
264:
260:
251:
245:
216:
210:
194:
184:Sydney Metro
182:line of the
144:
133:
129:
122:
109:
105:
103:
76:
67:
48:
18:Bored tunnel
967:, pp.
953:Bagust 2006
941:Potter 2023
876:Komatsu Ltd
665:Tunnel size
256:disc harrow
138:methods or
62:introducing
2067:Categories
2055:2023-10-18
1981:2023-10-08
1892:References
1866:2008-10-08
1831:2008-10-08
1802:2023-10-29
1797:The Si-Eng
1779:Stack 1995
1762:2020-11-03
1648:2023-02-04
1386:2023-10-17
1362:2023-10-17
1099:Howes, M.
921:2 November
886:2021-10-02
826:2021-10-02
796:2 November
771:2020-02-27
730:Subterrene
724:Roadheader
696:subsidence
572:in Nevada.
380:, for its
378:Washington
293:Birkenhead
213:Henri Maus
45:references
2044:Robbins.
1339:West 1988
1210:West 1988
1183:West 1988
993:West 1988
684:pipelines
634:bentonite
594:bentonite
479:shotcrete
473:Main Beam
407:hard rock
338:Adam Beck
322:hole saws
297:Liverpool
1671:Archived
1642:Archived
1616:Archived
1515:Archived
1498:Archived
1270:Archived
1246:Archived
1041:Archived
912:Archived
880:Archived
850:Archived
820:Archived
765:Archived
706:See also
288:Sangatte
273:and the
2050:Robbins
1708:21 July
1677:21 July
1512:p. 275.
1495:AditNow
1267:p. 169.
1243:p. 247.
1227:p. 182.
1111:14 July
1084:14 July
969:191-194
645:caisson
492:shields
411:Martina
374:Seattle
150:History
114:tunnels
58:improve
1959:
1906:
1309:
610:, the
590:slurry
366:Bertha
47:, but
1923:65-68
1571:See:
1536:See:
1490:See:
1452:See:
1399:See:
915:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
743:Notes
620:metro
582:spoil
425:Types
344:2000s
315:1900s
233:Turin
191:1800s
1957:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1881:link
1710:2017
1679:2017
1307:ISBN
1113:2011
1086:2011
923:2021
858:2020
798:2021
578:muck
306:The
295:and
229:Alps
195:The
118:sand
360:An
215:'s
110:TBM
2069::
2048:.
1974:.
1877:}}
1873:{{
1860:32
1858:.
1852:.
1840:^
1811:^
1795:.
1771:^
1750:.
1726:.
1696:.
1669:.
1665:.
1640:.
1636:.
1379:.
1355:.
1072:.
1012:^
931:^
906:.
878:.
874:.
848:.
844:.
818:.
814:.
763:.
759:.
643:A
376:,
303:.
243:.
104:A
2058:.
2032:.
2023:.
1984:.
1965:.
1912:.
1883:)
1869:.
1834:.
1805:.
1781:.
1765:.
1681:.
1651:.
1504:.
1389:.
1365:.
1315:.
1276:)
1252:)
1115:.
1088:.
1024:.
1007:.
995:.
971:.
943:.
925:.
889:.
860:.
829:.
800:.
774:.
108:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
