110:
decreases, the Na/K-ATPase, which removes the Na brought into the cell by the Na/Ca exchanger, does not keep up with the rate of Na influx. This leads to a less efficient Na/Ca exchange, since the gradient is decreasing for sodium and the
134:
Alternatively, another mechanism is that the Na-Ca membrane exchanger, which operates continually, has less time to remove the Ca that arrives in the cell. This occurs because of the decreased length of diastole with positive
155:
226:
106:
in exchange for 1 Ca ion to flow out of the cell) works to decrease the levels of intracellular calcium. As the heart rate becomes more robust, and the length of
214:
150:, which increases the calcium inflow and content in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This activation of SERCA2a is indirectly by the phosphorylation of
280:
Lewartowski, Bohdan; Pytkowski, Bohdan (1987). "Cellular mechanism of the relationship between myocardial force and frequency of contractions".
376:
496:"From Bowditch to beta-blockers: evolution of the understanding of the importance of heart rate and myocardial energetics in cardiomyopathy"
185:. This is termed as the null or inverse staircase phenomenon. The probable cause for this effect is attributed to mutations in SERCA2a.
429:
Balcazar, Darío; Regge, Victoria; Santalla, Manuela; Meyer, Heiko; Paululat, Achim; Mattiazzi, Alicia; Ferrero, Paola (December 2018).
549:
119:
of sodium, therefore Ca builds up within the cell. This results in an accumulation of calcium in the myocardial cell via the
194:
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103:
99:
48:
182:
78:
One of the explanations for an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration is the inability of the
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40:
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79:
315:
Noble, M. I M (1988-08-01). "An introduction to modern work on the
Bowditch phenomenon".
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495:
471:
430:
178:
167:
36:
543:
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This phenomenon is usually absent or even reversed (negative
Bowditch effect) in
136:
454:
398:
249:
87:
72:
44:
511:
462:
336:
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139:. With an increased intracellular Ca concentration, there follows a positive
16:
Phenomenon by which myocardial tension increases with increase in heart rate
529:
480:
410:
328:
261:
140:
124:
107:
60:
147:
83:
59:
The underlying cause of the
Bowditch effect is an increase in the
431:"SERCA is critical to control the Bowditch effect in the heart"
146:
It has also been observed that increased heart rate stimulates
170:
due to the increased force of contraction of heart muscles.
357:, Second Edition (2008) — Jeremy Ward & Roger Linden
90:. When a higher heart rate occurs, for example due to
248:Usman, Abira; Gandhi, Jason; Gupta, Gunjan (2024),
256:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
166:Positive Bowditch effect causes an increase in
8:
282:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
193:The Bowditch effect was first observed by
519:
470:
115:behind calcium transport is actually the
371:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 528.
367:Boron, Walter; Boulpaep, Emile (2017).
206:
127:, a mechanism which is also seen with
177:and other diseases of heart, such as
7:
397:Usman, Abira; Gupta, Gunjan (2020),
392:
390:
388:
350:
348:
346:
102:(which allows 3 Na to flow down its
14:
197:in 1871, after whom it is named.
71:, and its increased release into
500:Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
123:and leads to a greater state of
229:from the original on 2013-03-21
154:(PLN) by calmodulin kinase II (
43:increases with an increase in
1:
399:"Physiology, Bowditch Effect"
250:"Physiology, Bowditch Effect"
494:Ker, James (February 2009).
294:10.1016/0079-6107(87)90005-8
98:has increased activity. The
47:. It was first observed by
39:method by which myocardial
566:
455:10.1038/s41598-018-30638-9
288:(2). Elsevier BV: 97–120.
82:to keep up with influx of
405:, StatPearls Publishing,
195:Henry Pickering Bowditch
121:sodium calcium exchanger
104:electrochemical gradient
100:sodium-calcium exchanger
49:Henry Pickering Bowditch
550:Cardiovascular diseases
317:Cardiovascular Research
219:droualb.faculty.mjc.edu
183:coronary artery disease
355:Physiology at a Glance
223:Modesto Junior College
117:concentration gradient
96:L-type calcium channel
92:adrenergic stimulation
65:sarcoplasmic reticulum
162:Clinical significance
63:concentration in the
33:Staircase Phenomenon,
329:10.1093/cvr/22.8.586
69:cardiac muscle cells
23:, also known as the
447:2018NatSR...812447B
435:Scientific Reports
369:Medical Physiology
129:cardiac glycosides
378:978-0-323-42796-8
25:Treppe phenomenon
557:
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21:Bowditch effect
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323:(8): 586–586.
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179:cardiomyopathy
168:cardiac output
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37:autoregulation
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175:heart failure
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152:phospholamban
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29:Treppe effect
26:
22:
506:(1): 37–38.
503:
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489:
441:(1): 12447.
438:
434:
424:
414:, retrieved
402:
368:
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320:
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265:, retrieved
253:
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231:. Retrieved
218:
215:"Chapter 12"
209:
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165:
145:
133:
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58:
32:
28:
24:
20:
18:
233:28 December
137:chronotropy
88:heart rates
80:Na/K-ATPase
416:2020-02-20
403:StatPearls
267:2024-02-21
254:StatPearls
201:References
125:inotropism
86:at higher
73:sarcoplasm
45:heart rate
512:1995-1892
463:2045-2322
337:0008-6363
302:0079-6107
55:Mechanism
51:in 1871.
544:Category
530:19287814
481:30127403
411:30725706
262:30725706
227:Archived
141:inotropy
108:diastole
521:4200567
472:6102201
443:Bibcode
189:History
148:SERCA2a
61:calcium
41:tension
528:
518:
510:
479:
469:
461:
409:
375:
335:
300:
260:
94:, the
84:sodium
35:is an
526:PMID
508:ISSN
477:PMID
459:ISSN
407:PMID
373:ISBN
333:ISSN
298:ISSN
258:PMID
235:2020
181:and
156:CAMK
19:The
516:PMC
467:PMC
451:doi
325:doi
290:doi
158:).
67:of
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237:.
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