1093:(p. 197) We note that the Loa river is at 22 degrees and that Baleato, in 1793, indicated 21.5 degrees for the beginning of the Kingdom of Chile, with the Loa at its mouth in the Pacific. (...) (p. 540) According to the Map of Cano y Olmedilla, the limit of the Kingdom of Chile "(...) through the desert of Atacama (...) From here it turns to the S., S.E., S.E., and S., keeping in general this last course until near the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction. SE. and S., generally keeping this last course until the vicinity of the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction, skirting to the east the 'Province of Cuyo' which, of course, appears to be included in the territory of the Kingdom of Chile. In the latitude of 32°30' the line turns to the S.W. until reaching the Quinto river, which, as the legend says 'communicates by channels with the Saladillo in time of floods'. It follows the river down to the meridian 316°, counting to the E. of Tenerife, where it turns a stretch until it reaches the Hueuque-Leuvu river (or Barrancas river) at 371/2° latitude. From here it runs along the river for a stretch to the S.E., and then turns to the E. and falls into the Atlantic Sea in the vicinity of parallel 37° between Cape Lobos and Cape Corrientes", "a little north of the current Mar del Plata". (...) (p. 543) In this document it is seen that those of the province of Cuyo end to the south at the source of the Diamante River, and that from that point to the east, the dividing line goes to the point where the Quinto River crosses the road that goes from Santiago to Buenos Aires.
218:
838:
826:
943:
814:
853:
671:
western side and
Argentine on the eastern. As for the islands, to the Argentine Republic shall belong Staten Island, the small islands next to it, and the other islands there may be on the Atlantic to the east of Tierra del Fuego and of the eastern coast of Patagonia; and to Chile shall belong all the islands to the south of Beagle Channel up to Cape Horn, and those there may be to the west of Tierra del Fuego.
95:
716:
38:
399:
124:
108:
281:
701:, which meant that Chile and Argentina adhered to the accepted practice of a three-nautical-mile (5.6 km) territorial sea. Therefore, the treaty emphasized the delineation of land boundaries including islands but did not stipulate the offshore limits, which have since been expanded to 200 nautical miles (370 km).
752:
were later corrected, the border in Tierra del Fuego was moved from 68°34'00"W (as FitzRoy erroneously marked the "Cabo del
Espiritu Santo") to 68°34'40"W (true longitude of the Cabo) giving 626 km to Argentina. Different interpretations of the borderline north of latitude 52°S led to the Arbitration
739:
It is on this basis, as well as on the actual attribution of
Patagonian territory to Argentina effected by Article II of the Treaty, that the Court reaches the conclusion that it was the antithesis Patagonia/Magellan, rather than Magellan/Atlantic, which constituted the fundamental element of the
670:
In Tierra del Fuego a line shall be drawn, which starting from the point called Cape EspĂritu Santo, in parallel 52°40', shall be prolonged to the south along the meridian 68°34' west of
Greenwich until it touches Beagle Channel. Tierra del Fuego, divided in this manner, shall be Chilean on the
511:
The separated geographic location had as consequence that this part of the new world had not been incorporated to any civilized state up to the year 1881 even not by its nearest neighbour Chile and the
Republic of Argentina, which were still disputing the pampas of Patagonia. The MagalhĂŁes
477:
The
Government of the United States will not tolerate exclusive claims by any nation whatsoever to the Straits of Magellan, and will hold responsible any Government that undertakes, no matter on what pretext, to lay or impost or check on United States commerce through the
684:
The
Straits of Magellan shall be neutralized for ever, and free navigation assured to the flags of all nations. In order to assure this freedom and neutrality, no fortifications or military defences shall be constructed on the coasts that might be contrary to this
981:
Rearguard
Argentine efforts has been made to gain recognition for some kind of shared management regime for the Strait , in order to mitigate what was perceived as the striking diplomatic defeat for Argentina in the 1881 treaty granting Chile control over the
1372:"From a Chilean perspective, possible Argentine entry into the War of the Pacific as a belligerent or even as an unfriendly power was a real threat so that Chile was concerned about assuring the neutrality of Argentina and other South American States."
792:
of
Britain agreed to mediate between the two nations. He established the current border in the Patagonia region in part by dividing many disputed lakes into two equal parts; most of these lakes still have one name on each side of the frontier.
764:
crossed the Andes, which led to disputes over whether the highest peaks would be the frontier, favoring
Argentina, or the drainage basins, favoring Chile. Argentina argued that previous documents referring to the boundary always mentioned the
364:
were oriented towards Europe and therefore the complete control of the strait was a core Chilean interest. In contrast the rest of Patagonia was seen by influential Chilean politicians as a worthless desert. This view was shared by
383:
The possession of the Straits of Magellan in all its length is of such great importance for Chile, that in that possession she sees linked not only her progress and development, but also her very existence as an independent
582:
Yet the Chilean situation was not all that fragile. While Argentina had taken advantage of Chile's conflict to push for a favorable boundary in Patagonia, Chilean diplomacy only agreed to sign the treaty after the
954:
The treaty did resolve an immediate concern of each side, but subsequently it became evident that in the far south, about 42°S to 52°S, Article 1 of the treaty posed problems of interpretation and application.
971:
237:
in 1816 and Chile did the same in 1818. Once the Spaniards had been expelled, relations between the two nations soured primarily due to a border dispute: both claimed to have inherited overlapping parts of
950:
Because each side was convinced of the legitimacy of its own claim, the pretensions of the other party were considered usurpatory, an ill-omened beginning that burdened the relations of both countries.
222:
624:. The boundary-line shall run in that extent over the highest summits of the said Cordilleras which divide the waters, and shall pass between the sources (of streams) flowing down to either side.
217:
804:
of 1899, though its real cause was out of the scope of the 1881 boundary treaty and originated from transfers between Bolivia and Argentina of land occupied by Chile during the Pacific war.
473:, did serve as mediators. The concern of the great powers was free navigation through the strait. The U.S. administration declared immediately before the negotiations leading to the treaty:
710:
587:
showed Chile to be in a position of power. Thus, the Argentine plans to negotiate with a weakened and troubled Chile were partly forgone with Chile's display of military prowess in Peru.
264:
to the south. Pedro de Valdivia subsequently founded several cities through southern Chile with the goal of reaching the Strait of Magellan. However, the remoteness of the region and the
435:. Argentine authorities feared an eventual war with Chile over the region where the natives would side with the Chileans, and that the war would be therefore fought in the vicinities of
532:
482:
Prior to the U.S. statement, in 1873, via a diplomatic letter to major shipping nations, Chile had already promised freedom of navigation through and neutralization in the strait.
465:
The United Kingdom and the United States did not directly intervene in the distribution of land and maritime areas, but the U.S. ambassadors in Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires,
555:, boosted by internal popularity, cancelled the agreement in 1875. Attempts to clear up the dispute about Patagonia were unsuccessful until 1881, when Chile was fighting the
1386:
958:
Some Argentine political publicists argue that Articles 2 and 3 of the treaty were ambiguous. Nonetheless, the later Argentine interpretations were refused by the
760:
Border disputes continued as Patagonia was still an unexplored area. The concept of the continental divide was easy to apply in northern regions, but in Patagonia,
698:
689:
Article 6 states that older boundary treaties became obsolete and both countries agreed to submit any future disputes to the decision of a friendly third country.
926:, relying on himself in order to survive and also provides assistance to the indigenous peoples of Magellania. However, the 1881 Boundary Treaty will destroy his
291:
837:
1041:
304:
in 1847, giving a strong impulse to steam navigation through the Strait of Magellan and probably averted the occupation of the strategically crucial
852:
967:
1621:
892:
503:
1661:
1004:
963:
825:
245:
The Chilean constitution of 1833 established the Andes as its eastern boundary. That was challenged in 1853 by Miguel Luis Amunategui's book
234:
1387:"Relaciones de dependencia entre trabajadores y empresas chilenas situadas en el extranjero. San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (1895–1920)"
205:
principle. Despite dividing largely unexplored lands, the treaty laid the groundwork for nearly all of Chile's and Argentina's 5600 km
1636:
1389:[Dependence Relationships between Workers and Chilean Companies located abroad. San Car-los de Bariloche, Argentina (1895–1920)].
977:
There could be other reasons for the Argentine difficulties over the interpretation. Michael Morris observes about the Argentine policy:
813:
723:
According to the Argentine view of the treaty, called the Magellan/Atlantic transfer, the general agreement was that Argentina was an
454:
416:
868:
To prevent relations from being aggravated and to complement the treaty a succession of protocols and declarations had to be signed:
1572:
1548:
1519:
1365:
1319:
1302:
1281:
1256:
1166:
1145:
192:
1398:
338:
637:
457:
occupying northern Patagonia and which aspired to control the eastern third or, at a minimum, the eastern mouth of the strait.
531:
settlement in response to Argentine activities. The captain declared the islands to be free of government. The United Kingdom
732:
1486:
655:
westward by the chain of hills to Monte Aymond from where a straight line is drawn to the intersection of parallel 52°S and
620:
The boundary between Chile and the Argentine Republic is from north to south, as far as the 52nd parallel of latitude, the
419:
had for a long time ranged the Argentine southern frontier in search for cattle that were later taken to Chile through the
1651:
987:
567:. Chile had already defeated Bolivia's and Peru's regular armies and had large contingents in occupying Peru and fighting
946:
Partial reproduction of the first Argentine map showing the boundaries laid down in the Boundary Treaty of 23 July 1881.
528:
882:
May pacts (no Argentine intervention in the Pacific items of Chile, naval arms control and a framework for arbitration)
568:
1608:, Berichte und Urkunden: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, in German language.
1420:
548:
206:
1185:«ningĂşn hombre sensato de Chile pretendĂa la Patagonia» (Translation: "no reasonable Chilean man wanted Patagonia"),
1646:
1631:
999:
959:
17:
1656:
1421:"Treaty between the Argentine Republic and Chile, defining the Boundaries between the two Countries (translated)"
1179:
745:
260:, arguing that Pedro de Valdivia obtained rights from the Spanish crown to establish a captaincy limited by the
1106:
916:
1038:
931:
801:
774:
621:
1641:
1626:
1589:, among other documents, it contents also the English and the Spanish version of the Boundary Treaty 1881.
777:
suggested that many Patagonian lakes draining to the Pacific were part of the Atlantic basin but had been
447:
420:
247:
Titles of the Republic of Chile to Sovereignty and Dominion of the Extreme South of the American Continent
1314:
Jules Verne, "Die SchiffbrĂĽchigen der Jonathan", p. 17, Edition 1984, Pawlak Taschenbuch Verlag, Berlin,
343:
The 1855/1856 treaty's Article 40 established a 12-year sunset for its commerce and navigation articles.
659:, and from there west along the 52° parallel until the last watershed divide point defined by article 1.
552:
749:
584:
544:
521:
201:
188:
225:. In blue and green are the boundaries claimed by Argentinian and Chilean historians respectably as
778:
599:
321:
385:
1230:
1019:
974:
maintained the Chilean interpretation of the treaty, at least in so far as the land border line.
770:
656:
648:
629:
603:
576:
556:
428:
366:
261:
579:, to hand over as much territory as was needed to avoid Argentina siding with Bolivia and Peru.
516:
Regarding the position of the USA towards the region, on 28 December 1831, the US Navy Captain
1568:
1544:
1515:
1361:
1315:
1298:
1277:
1252:
1162:
1141:
1124:
Estudio histĂłrico sobre el descubrimiento y conquista de la Patagonia y de la Tierra del Fuego
652:
257:
253:
431:. These tribes had strong connections with Chile and therefore gave Chile influence over the
1222:
490:
470:
466:
168:
150:
146:
1490:
1045:
1009:
797:
443:
403:
697:
The law of the sea at the time of the 1881 treaty was different from the articles of the
572:
398:
1605:
1059:
DiscusiĂłn de los tĂtulos del Gobierno de Chile a las tierras del Estrecho de Magallanes
942:
904:
in 1897 and published posthumously in 1909, after it had been rewritten by Verne's son
879:
761:
724:
633:
451:
413:
370:
1598:
1615:
920:
728:
494:
325:
313:
297:
284:
269:
132:
1586:
1449:
923:
905:
517:
436:
301:
184:
74:
1593:
1472:
715:
324:
surveyed navigational conditions in the Strait of Magellan and recommended that a
37:
1483:
249:
in which he put forward that Chile had valid arguments to claim all of Patagonia.
1514:
See Michael Morris, "The Strait of Magellan", Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1989,
901:
872:
1889 Zeballos-Matta Declaration (occupation of disputed areas confers no rights)
551:
agreed to put the question to arbitration. However, the new Argentine president
498:
788:, changing their outlets to the west. In 1902, war was again avoided when King
789:
785:
782:
754:
1427:. London: HMSO, issued by the Foreign Office. 23 July 1881. p. 1103–1105
1272:, Sweet and Maxwell, Ltd., London, 1947, p. 225. Cited in Michael A. Morris,
919:
island, whose motto is "Neither God nor master". He refused any contact with
731:
one. Chile has never accepted that and the Chilean view was confirmed by the
1532:
1345:
1330:
1189:
844:
486:
250:
239:
176:
128:
100:
78:
1543:
See "The Strait of Magellan", Michael Morris, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
280:
1346:
Commander Silas Duncan and the Falkland Island Affair, Accessed 2007-10-02
1108:
TĂtulos de la RepĂşblica de Chile a la soberanĂa i dominio de la Estremidad
915:
The novel tells the story of a mysterious man named Kaw-djer who lives on
1014:
927:
409:
374:
155:
1587:
Beagle channel conflict: Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration
402:
Map of the advance of the Argentina frontier until the establishment of
123:
560:
424:
361:
328:
be established at the strait to support future traffic along the route.
265:
1234:
1210:
858:
Chilean (black) and Argentine (yellow) views of the Strait of Magellan
675:
Furthermore, the treaty defines the status of the Strait of Magellan:
309:
305:
196:
442:
In the 1870s, Argentina built a more than 500-km long trench called
1226:
990:
is the last still pending issue to apply the 1881 Boundary Treaty.
571:
guerrillas. To avoid fighting Argentina as well, Chilean President
941:
714:
607:
432:
397:
357:
279:
216:
180:
122:
113:
1437:
British and foreign state papers. v. 72 1880/1881, pp. 1103–1105
564:
632:(South of the 52°S) as Chilean as well as the islands south of
223:
East Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and Strait of Magellan Dispute
934:
because it will end the state of terra nullius in the region.
744:
Some errors that would allow a Pacific coast for Argentina in
1211:"Argentina and Chile: The Struggle for Patagonia 1843–1881"
843:
9 Argentine different interpretations of the treaty at the
1594:
The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case Argentina, Chile
1089:
Los TĂtulos HistĂłricos: Historia de Las Fronteras de Chile
711:
Treaty of Arbitration between Chile and Argentina of 1902
300:
in 1843, and later moved that settlement to the site of
831:
Two views of the east entrance of the Strait of Magellan
1335:, sent to Navy Secretary Levi Woodbury, on 4 April 1832
485:
The colonial powers, United Kingdom and France, viewed
651:, south of the parallel 52°S, the limit would go from
875:
1893 Protocol (to resolve some of the pending issues)
819:
1904 Argentina changed its view of the Beagle Channel
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
966:
also applied the Chilean interpretation and the two
316:. As stated in a book about the Strait of Magellan:
195:, for Chile, with the aim of establishing a precise
347:
Interests of Chile, Argentina, and the great powers
84:
70:
55:
47:
31:
Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina
18:
Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina
1606:Der Schiedsspruch in der Beagle-Kanal-Streitigkeit
595:The treaty defined the border in three articles.
1533:El carácter ambiguo del texto del tratado de 1881
1391:Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social
1599:Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas
547:and the Argentine Minister of Foreign Relations
533:established effective control over the Falklands
423:. The cattle were sometimes traded in Chile for
628:Articles 2 and 3 recognise the area around the
252:These claims traced Chilean claims back to the
292:Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan
8:
446:, which Argentina had undertaken during the
138:
30:
29:
1473:The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case
1461:Chile en el Canal Beagle y Mares Australe
1331:Report by Silas Duncan, Commander U.S.S.
1039:Continuidad : Historia y GeografĂa
1074:Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile
373:'s description of the area as a useless
272:limited further expansion to the south.
1190:Las negociaciones Barros Arana-Irigoyen
1030:
806:
796:The dispute that arose in the northern
199:between the two countries based on the
1601:Chapter 32 to 34, in Spanish Language
1297:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988,
1005:Beagle Channel cartography since 1881
276:Occupation of the Straits of Magellan
7:
1161:, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1989,
1140:, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1989,
140:réclamée par la république Argentine
1182:, President of Chile at the time:
153:. This map does not reflect actual
964:Argentine maps of the first decade
748:and an Atlantic coast to Chile in
512:archipelago belonged to nobody ...
25:
1087:Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1985).
1057:Dalmacio VĂ©lez Sarsfield (1853).
606:and the highest mountains of the
1105:Amunátegui, Miguel Luis (1985).
851:
836:
824:
812:
450:from 1876 to 1878 to defeat the
106:
93:
36:
1567:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
1385:Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2014).
1360:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
1276:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
1251:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
893:The Survivors of the "Jonathan"
638:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
504:The Survivors of the "Jonathan"
159:borders of Chile and Argentina.
1270:International Straits, Vol. II
1037:See Libro de Defensa de Chile
598:It defined the border down to
507:his view of Tierra del Fuego:
296:The Republic of Chile founded
183:was signed on 23 July 1881 in
1:
1122:Morla Vicuña, Carlos (1903).
988:Southern Patagonian Ice Field
735:in the Beagle dispute :
320:An 1837 French expedition of
193:Francisco de Borja EcheverrĂa
1662:19th century in Buenos Aires
769:as the frontier and not the
529:Port Louis, Falkland Islands
1503:Les Naufragés du "Jonathan"
1484:Les Voyages Extraordinaires
1459:Juan Agustin Rodriguez S.,
1425:Hathi Trust Digital Library
1126:. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
910:Les naufragés du "Jonathan"
808:Some problems of the treaty
339:1856 Argentina–Chile treaty
149:with the same color as the
1678:
1592:British Arbitration 1902:
1585:British Arbitration 1977:
1463:, Grafica Progresion, 1985
1209:Perry, Richard O. (1980).
1076:. Editorial Universitaria.
1072:Eyzaguirre, Jaime (1967).
1000:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
708:
640:was divided in two parts.
602:as the line marked by the
336:
289:
173:Tratado de LĂmites de 1881
727:country, and Chile was a
543:In 1874 Chilean minister
539:Negotiation and agreement
384:nation. –
235:declared its independence
127:French map of 1862 shows
35:
1622:Argentina–Chile treaties
1565:"The Strait of Magellan"
1358:"The Strait of Magellan"
1249:"The Strait of Magellan"
900:, is a novel written by
1397:: 74–95. Archived from
1356:See Michael A. Morris,
1247:See Michael A. Morris,
932:individualist anarchism
802:Puna de Atacama Lawsuit
775:Francisco Perito Moreno
622:Cordillera de los Andes
569:Andrés Avelino Cáceres'
256:in the 16th century by
165:Boundary Treaty of 1881
1637:Argentina–Chile border
1295:The Strait of Magellan
1274:The Strait of Magellan
1180:AnĂbal Pinto Garmendia
1159:The Strait of Magellan
1138:The Strait of Magellan
960:international tribunal
947:
800:was resolved with the
746:Ăšltima Esperanza Sound
720:
575:authorized his envoy,
448:Conquest of the Desert
421:Camino de los chilenos
406:
287:
230:
172:
160:
139:
59:23 July 1881
27:Territorial settlement
1604:Karin Oellers-Frahm:
1192:retrieved 10.Mai.2009
1061:. Imprenta Argentina.
945:
773:. Argentine explorer
718:
647:: In the area of the
401:
290:Further information:
283:
220:
191:, for Argentina, and
126:
1652:History of Patagonia
864:Additional protocols
753:of the British King
733:Court of Arbitration
545:Guillermo Blest Gana
369:and was inspired by
227:uti possidetis iuris
202:uti possidetis juris
189:Bernardo de Irigoyen
1563:Michael A. Morris,
1293:Michael A. Morris,
699:1982 Law of the Sea
429:alcoholic beverages
32:
1489:2006-08-18 at the
1237:– via JSTOR.
1044:2009-07-26 at the
1020:War of the Pacific
948:
771:continental divide
740:Treaty settlement.
721:
649:Strait of Magellan
630:Strait of Magellan
604:continental divide
577:Diego Barros Arana
557:War of the Pacific
553:Nicolás Avellaneda
407:
367:Diego Barros Arana
288:
262:Strait of Magellan
231:
161:
1647:1881 in Argentina
1632:Boundary treaties
1551:, pp. 120 and 121
750:San Sebastián Bay
258:Pedro de Valdivia
254:conquest of Chile
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
1669:
1657:July 1881 events
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1541:
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1512:
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1401:on July 25, 2014
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1376:
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1343:
1337:
1328:
1322:
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1306:
1305:, pp. 68 and 104
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1239:
1238:
1206:
1193:
1176:
1170:
1157:Michael Morris,
1155:
1149:
1148:, pp. 22 and ff.
1136:Michael Morris,
1134:
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1127:
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1113:
1112:
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1096:
1095:
1091:. Andrés Bello.
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1069:
1063:
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1054:
1048:
1035:
908:under the title
896:, also known as
855:
840:
828:
816:
767:Snowy Cordillera
719:A map from 1884.
705:Further disputes
491:Tierra del Fuego
471:Thomas O. Osborn
467:Thomas A. Osborn
322:Dumont D'Urville
151:Falkland Islands
147:Tierra del Fuego
142:
112:
110:
109:
99:
97:
96:
66:
64:
51:Bilateral treaty
42:A map from 1884.
40:
33:
21:
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1612:
1611:
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1491:Wayback Machine
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1169:, pp. 62 and 63
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1046:Wayback Machine
1036:
1032:
1028:
1010:Beagle conflict
996:
970:as well as the
968:papal proposals
940:
889:
866:
859:
856:
847:
841:
832:
829:
820:
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798:Puna de Atacama
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902:Jules Verne
786:glaciations
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452:araucanized
414:araucanized
221:Map of the
87:signatories
1616:Categories
1495:Magellania
1405:January 3,
1026:References
898:Magellania
887:Literature
790:Edward VII
783:quaternary
755:Edward VII
709:See also:
233:Argentina
213:Background
175:) between
63:1881-07-23
1431:10 August
1368:, p. 62:
1333:Lexington
1188:cited in
845:Cape Horn
757:in 1902.
680:Article 5
665:Article 3
645:Article 2
615:Article 1
535:in 1833.
524:Lexington
520:with the
487:Patagonia
394:Argentina
240:Patagonia
177:Argentina
129:Patagonia
101:Argentina
79:Argentina
1522:, p. 59.
1487:Archived
1042:Archived
1015:Wallmapu
994:See also
938:Analysis
928:paradise
725:Atlantic
685:purpose.
478:Straits.
410:Mapuches
375:moorland
356:Chilean
310:European
156:de facto
85:Original
71:Location
1284:, p. 65
1259:, p. 63
982:strait.
962:, that
921:western
729:Pacific
561:Bolivia
455:Indians
425:weapons
417:Indians
362:culture
308:by the
268:in the
266:Mapuche
169:Spanish
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591:Treaty
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197:border
145:) and
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56:Signed
1501:, or
1231:JSTOR
917:Nueva
878:1902
608:Andes
358:trade
352:Chile
181:Chile
114:Chile
1569:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1531:See
1516:ISBN
1448:§31
1433:2019
1407:2019
1362:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1163:ISBN
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986:The
565:Peru
563:and
522:USS
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48:Type
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