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Preparations for boukout last several days, as future initiates, relatives, and residents of nearby villages gather in large numbers in the village. Members of the diaspora also take part, so that hundreds or even thousands of people are present. The event is accompanied by masked dances and various
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Organized by the elders who hold power over the other villagers and control all means of production, the ceremony provides initiates with political, economic, and religious independence. Until they have partaken in boukout, young people may not marry or receive land, and are somewhat excluded from
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in August 2007, it had been 36 years since boukout had been performed. It is never known precisely when boukout will take place, although the event is announced by the elders two or three years before the fact, after having discovered a series of phenomena that constitute the necessary signs.
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There is evidence that this ritual has existed at least since the 12th century. Before the colonization, boukout was the only method of formal education in the area, preparing young men to take their place in society as well as teaching them how to defend it.
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The actual initiation takes place in private in a sacred wood. At one time, this secluded initiation period lasted several months, but the time has since been shortened significantly.
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Peter Mark; Mark, Peter (April 1993). "The Wild Bull and the Sacred Forest. Form, Meaning, and Change in
Senegambian Initiation Masks".
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Peter Mark; Ferdinand de Jong; Clémence Chupin (Winter 1998). "Ritual and
Masking Traditions in Jola Men's Initiation".
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The period between ceremonies can be lengthy, often lasting twenty years. When the ceremony took place in
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the community. The uninitiated are not considered men, as boukout is seen to bestow masculinity.
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Initiation in Baïla: A Piece of
History Revisited by Thousands of Young People in Jola Country
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Peter Mark (Spring 1988). "Ejumba: The
Iconography of the Diola Initiation Mask".
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demonstrations of bravery. Finally, the heads of future inititiates are shaved.
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Initiation
Ceremony: The Boukout Begins This Saturday in Baïla, 36 Years Later
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Les Diola. Essai d’analyse fonctionnelle sur une population de basse-Casamance
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Louis-Vincent Thomas (October 1965). "Bukut chez les Diola-Niomoun".
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168:. Object and Intellect: Interpretations of Meaning in African Art.
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The
Boukout School of Knowledge, Life Skills, and Jola Education
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Genèse du pouvoir charismatique en Basse-Casamance, Sénégal
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16:Rite of passage among the Jola ethnic group
31:Demonstration of the bravery of the elders
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39:Multicoloured ritual masks and necklaces
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268:(in French) (108). Dakar: IFAN: 97–119.
277:(in French). Dakar: IFAN. p. 821.
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