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this trauma victim's heart was still beating. At approximately 11:00 pm, Rush went into shock and his blood pressure fell to 60, and Hardy took him into the operating room. Rush's heart stopped just before the team attached him to the heart-lung machine. Hardy then polled the other four doctors regarding whether they should continue with the transplant knowing that they would now use a chimpanzee heart and would likely receive much public criticism. He asked each doctor quietly, "Are you prepared to proceed?" The first doctor agreed, the next abstained, and the last two nodded their consent. The five doctors began the heart transplant using the largest of the four chimpanzees.
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in the morning on Friday, January 24, 1964, Hardy completed the stitching to connect the chimpanzee heart into Rush's chest and used a defibrillator to achieve a steady beat. This heart beat smoothly for a half hour, assisted by a pacemaker for the next half hour, but then could not be restarted even
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On Jan. 23, it appeared as though Rush might receive a stroke of good luck, for there was a trauma victim in the hospital's ICU who was brain-dead and whose family had given permission for him to be a heart donor. However, the legal definition of death at the time required the heartbeat to stop, and
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Mrs. J.H. Thompson, who was either his sister or stepsister was asked to sign the consent form which made no mention that an animal heart might be used. A 2012 article stated, "Such was the medicolegal situation at that time that this 'informed' consent was not considered in any way inadequate."
117:, his face was mottled with blood clots, and he only had a faint pulse. These symptoms were likely caused by his heart's inability to pump sufficient blood. Rush had had hypertensive heart disease for years and likely had suffered a heart attack before being found unconscious.
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assumed the donor heart was that of a human being and widely distributed the story. The hospital was thereby put in the position of issuing a correction, which embarrassed both the hospital and Hardy. He was further embarrassed at a medical convention two weeks later.
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Hardy later wrote, "I had noted that when one loses his academic post, for whatever reason, he is not likely to get another one of comparable significance. I decided to wait until
Shumway and his group transplanted a heart in man."
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Hardy later stated that he had verbally discussed the procedure in detail with relatives including the possibility that a chimpanzee heart might be used, although in fact Mrs. Thompson was the only relative present.
266:), James D. Hardy, MD; Carlos M. Chavez, MD; Fred D. Kurrus, MD; William A. Neely, MD; Sadan Eraslan, MD; M. Don Turner, PhD; Leonard W. Fabian, MD; Thaddeus D. Labecki, MD; 188(13): 1132-1140; June 29, 1964.
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jointly established conditions for a heart transplant which included that, since the procedure was highly experimental, they could only consider a patient close to death who had no other chance of survival.
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305:, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006, chapter 7 "Mississippi Gambling," Dr. James Hardy pages 120-27, specifically for Boyd Rush’s case bottom of page 123 to top of page 126.
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After this transplant attempt, the hospital's director of public information put out a guarded statement which included the phrase "the dimensions of the only available donor heart." The
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in transplanting chimpanzee kidneys into human patients, Hardy acquired four chimpanzees instead for the possibility of a heart transplant. He and the
Medical School Dean
372:". . It was an antiquated piece of legislation, which regarded a heartbeat rather than brain activity, as the one true signifier of human life (in the early 1960s). . "
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heart since no human donor heart was readily available. This heart beat in Rush's chest for approximately one hour, and then failed. Rush never regained consciousness.
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432:, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, David K. C. Cooper MD, PhD, 2012 Jan; 25(1): 49–57, section on "JAMES HARDY AND THE FIRST HEART XENOTRANSPLANT."
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The operation started at approximately 11:00 pm on
January 23, but the chimp heart was inserted in Boyd's body at approximately 2:00 am. on Jan. 24, 1964.
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22:(July 4, 1895 – January 24, 1964) was an American upholsterer who was the recipient of the world's first heart transplant on January 24, 1964, at
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who had been rendered brain dead after she and her mother had been struck by a drunk driver. Her father gave permission for the transplant.
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at Groote Schuur hospital in South Africa performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant on
December 3, 1967. The patient
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A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur
Hospital, Cape Town
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420:, Sheila McLean, Laura Williamson, University of Glasgow, UK, Ashgate Publishing, 2005, page 50.
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69:, where he was working at Jack's Cookie Company. He has also been described as a "deaf mute."
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444:, Sheila McLean, Laura Williamson, University of Glasgow, UK, Ashgate Publishing, 2005,
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His name is listed as Rusia Rush in 1917, Boyd Rusia Rush in 1942 and Boyd Rush in 1964.
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after being found in a comatose state two nights earlier. One lower leg was black with
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In 1936, he married Mary Senora "Nora" Bridges. In 1942, he and his wife were living in
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had previously performed the world's first transplant of a human lung in June 1963.
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First semi-successful heart transplant four years later by
Christiaan Barnard
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and working as a day laborer. His physical build was listed as "stout."
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On Jan. 22, Hardy amputated the gangrenous portions of Rush's left leg.
488:, Saturday morning edition, Jan. 25, 1964, front page (bottom of page).
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with cardiac massage. Rush died, never having regained consciousness.
357:
U.S., World War II Draft
Registration Cards, 1942 for Boyd Rusia Rush
302:
Every Second Counts: The Race to
Transplant the First Human Heart
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On
January 21, 1964, 68-year old Boyd Rush was transferred to the
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did regain consciousness, and lived for 18 days before dying of
459:'Baby Fae: The "Anything Goes" School of Human Experimentation'
539:, South Africa History Online, last updated Aug. 12, 2016.
392:, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jan. 27, 2014.
479:"Substitute Heart Works for an Hour in Historic Surgery,"
430:
A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation
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U.S. World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918
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James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants
139:or in the Laurel Trailer Park on the outskirts of
346:U.S. WWI Civilian Draft Registrations, 1917-1918
163:Hardy stops his work towards heart transplant
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264:Journal of the American Medical Association
92:Being impressed by the limited success of
184:Almost four years after Hardy's attempt,
111:University of Mississippi Medical Center
87:University of Mississippi Medical Center
24:University of Mississippi Medical Center
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196:. The donor heart was from 25 year-old
240:Social Security Death Index, 1935–2014
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135:Rush at the time was either living in
383:Paving the way for transplant history
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566:People from Tate County, Mississippi
442:Xenotransplantation: Law and Ethics
418:Xenotransplantation: Law and Ethics
16:American heart transplant recipient
586:Deaths from cardiovascular disease
321:(Associated Press), Feb. 21, 2003.
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571:People from Jackson, Mississippi
469:(1), February 1985, pages 15-17.
370:, Donald McRae, 2006, page 128,
154:Poor communication with relative
78:Background on organ transplants
518:Louis Washkansky (1913 – 1967)
244:Social Security Administration
30:. Furthermore, Boyd's doctor
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73:Unsuccessful heart transplant
504:", Barnard CN, 1967 Dec 30;
54:. During the U.S. draft for
576:Heart transplant recipients
48:Independence Day (July 4th)
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463:Hastings Center Report
67:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
52:Coldwater, Mississippi
28:Jackson, Mississippi
486:Jackson, Miss. (AP)
402:Every Second Counts
368:Every Second Counts
127:Just after 2:00 am
58:, he was living in
523:2017-04-04 at the
388:2015-03-03 at the
333:Rusia Rush in the
186:Christiaan Barnard
527:, Science Museum.
482:Utica Daily Press
457:George J. Annas,
60:Enid, Mississippi
46:Rush was born on
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50:, 1895, in
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224:References
36:chimpanzee
404:, McRae,
194:pneumonia
105:Boyd Rush
42:Biography
521:Archived
406:page 125
386:Archived
115:gangrene
446:page 50
141:Jackson
85:at the
34:used a
204:Notes
260:JAMA
500:, "
129:CST
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