1883:
631:
preference for coarse sand with low levels of fine particles. For instance, Branchiostoma nigeriense along the west coast of Africa, Branchiostoma caribaeum in
Mississippi Sound and along the coast from South Carolina to Georgia, B. senegalense in the offshore shelf region off North West Africa, and B. lanceolatum along the Mediterranean coast of southern France all demonstrate this preference (Webb and Hill, 1958; Webb, 1958; Boschung and Gunter, 1962; Cory and Pierce, 1967; Gosselck and Spittler, 1979; Caccavale et al., 2021b; Desdevises et al., 2011). However, Branchiostoma floridae from Tampa Bay, Florida, appears to be an exception to this trend, favoring fine sand bottoms instead (Stokes and Holland, 1996a; Stokes, 1996).
6444:
2212:
1942:
6474:
2120:
6485:
1918:
162:
6469:
1101:
6451:
6479:
2263:
140:
6463:
794:
2026:
1042:
6457:
1287:. By the mid-20th century they had fallen out of favor for a variety of reasons, including a decline of comparative anatomy and embryology, and due to the belief that lancelets were more derived than they appeared, e.g., the profound asymmetry in the larval stage. More recently, the fundamental symmetric and twisted development of vertebrates is the topic of the
3213:
1343:
802:
system are asymmetrical. After metamorphosis the anatomy becomes more symmetrical, but some asymmetrical traits are still present also as adults, such as the nervous system and the location of the gonads which are found on the right side in
Asymmetron and Epigonichthys (in Branchiostoma gonads develop on both sides of body).
943:
Both the Joseph cells and Hesse organs are in the neural tube, the Joseph cells forming a dorsal column, the Hesse organs in the ventral part along the length of the tube. The Joseph cells extend from the caudal end of the anterior vesicle (or cerebral vesicle) to the boundary between myomeres 3
1333:
The animals are edible and harvested in some parts of the world. They are eaten both fresh, tasting like herring, and as a food additive in dry form after being roasted in oil. When their gonads start to ripen in the spring it affects their flavor, making them taste bad during their breeding season.
780:
Alexander
Kowalevsky first described the key anatomical features of the adult amphioxus (hollow dorsal nerve tube, endostyle, segmented body, postanal tail). De Quatrefages first completely described the nervous system of amphioxus. Other important contributions to amphioxus adult anatomy were given
630:
Adult amphioxus typically inhabit the seafloor, burrowing into well-ventilated substrates characterized by a soft texture and minimal organic content. While various species have been observed in different types of substrate, such as fine sand, coarse sand, and shell deposits, most exhibit a distinct
5900:
Putnam, N. H.; Butts, T.; Ferrier, D. E. K.; Furlong, R. F.; Hellsten, U.; Kawashima, T.; Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Shoguchi, E.; Terry, A.; Yu, J. K.; Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L.; Dubchak, I.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J.; Gibson-Brown, J. J.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Horton, A. C.; De Jong, P. J.; Jurka, J.; Kapitonov,
994:
The putative photoreceptor cells, Row 1, are arranged in two diagonal rows, one on either side of the pigment cup, symmetrically positioned with respect to the ventral midline. The cells are flask-shaped, with long, slender ciliary processes (one cilium per cell). The main bodies of the cells
801:
The larvae are extremely asymmetrical, with the mouth and anus on the left side, and the gill slits on the right side. Organs associated with the pharynx are positioned either exclusively on the left or on the right side of the body. In addition, segmented muscle blocks and parts of the nervous
634:
All amphioxus species exhibit gonochorism, with only rare instances of hermaphroditism reported in
Branchiostoma lanceolatum and B. belcheri. In these cases, a small number of female gonads were observed within male individuals, typically ranging from 2 to 5 gonads out of a total of 45–50. An
784:
Kowalevsky also released the first complete description of amphioxus embryos, while
Schultze and Leuckart were the first to describe the larvae. Other important contributions to amphioxus embryonic anatomy were given by Hatschek, Conklin and later by Tung (experimental embryology).
769:(1866). At the taxonomic rank of order, lancelets are sometimes placed in the order Amphioxi Bonaparte, 1846, Amphioxiformes Berg, 1937, or Branchiostomiformes Fowler, 1947. Another name sometimes used for high-ranked taxa for the lancelets is Acrania Haeckel, 1866.
819:
and the pigmentation of their larvae. They have a translucent, somewhat fish-like body, but without any paired fins or other limbs. A relatively poorly developed tail fin is present, so they are not especially good swimmers. While they do possess some
1088:
It is suspected GFP plays multiple roles with lancelets such as attracting plankton towards their mouth. Considering that lancelets are filter feeders, the natural current would draw nearby plankton into the digestive tract. GFP is also expressed in
940:. The Hesse organs (also known as dorsal ocelli) consist of a photoreceptor cell surrounded by a band of microvilli and bearing melanopsin, but half enveloped by a cup-shaped pigment cell. The peak sensitivity of both cells is ~470 nm (blue).
1216:
Both adults and larvae exhibit a "cough" reflex to clear the mouth or throat of debris or items too large to swallow. In larvae the action is mediated by the pharyngeal muscles while in the adult animal it is accomplished by atrial contraction.
1370:
subphylum of the chordates, with tunicates being the sister group of the vertebrates. This revised phylogeny of chordates suggests that tunicates have secondarily lost some of the morphological characters that were formerly considered to be
1248:. Despite the name, little if any respiration occurs in the "gill" slits, which are solely devoted to feeding. The circulatory system does resemble that of primitive fish in its general layout, but is much simpler, and does not include a
584:. For example, the gill-slits of lancelets are used for feeding only, and not for respiration. The circulatory system carries food throughout their body, but does not have red blood cells or hemoglobin for transporting oxygen. Lancelet
3097:
Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Firbas, Panos N.; Maeso, Ignacio; Tena, Juan J.; Bogdanovic, Ozren; Perry, Malcolm; Wyatt, Christopher D. R.; de la Calle-Mustienes, Elisa; Bertrand, Stephanie; Burguera, Demian; Acemel, Rafael D. (December 2018).
690:
were the first researchers to describe a method of obtaining amphioxus embryos by induction of spawning in captivity and in vitro fertilization. Spawning can be artificially induced in the lab by electric or thermal shock.
592:
of vertebrates: by comparing genes from lancelets with the same genes in vertebrates, changes in gene expression, function and number as vertebrates evolved can be discovered. The genome of a few species in the genus
1362:). Consistent with this view, at least 10 morphological features are shared by lancelets and vertebrates, but not tunicates. Newer research suggests this pattern of evolutionary relationship is incorrect. Extensive
5014:
Shaner, Nathan C.; Lambert, Gerard G.; Chammas, Andrew; Ni, Yuhui; Cranfill, Paula J.; Baird, Michelle A.; Sell, Brittney R.; Allen, John R.; Day, Richard N.; Israelsson, Maria; Davidson, Michael W. (May 2013).
635:
extraordinary occurrence of complete sex reversal was documented in B. belcheri, where a female amphioxus raised in laboratory conditions underwent a transformation into a male (Zhang et al., 2001).
1375:(shared, derived characters) of vertebrates and lancelets. Lancelets have turned out to be among the most genetically diverse animals sequenced to date, due to high rates of genetic changes like
924:
as light receptors. All of these organs and structures are located in the neural tube, with the frontal eye at the front, followed by the lamellar body, the Joseph cells, and the Hesse organs.
3368:
Stokes, M. Dale; Holland, Nicholas D. (1996). "Reproduction of the
Florida Lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae): Spawning Patterns and Fluctuations in Gonad Indexes and Nutritional Reserves".
877:
The nerve cord is only slightly larger in the head region than in the rest of the body, so that lancelets do not appear to possess a true brain. However, developmental gene expression and
1858:(family tree) of lancelets, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by Igawa, T.; M. Nozawa; D.G. Suzuki; J.D. Reimer; A.R. Morov; Y. Wang; Y. Henmi; K. Yasui (2017):
1213:, and passed back to the rest of the digestive tract. Having passed through the gill slits, the water enters an atrium surrounding the pharynx, then exits the body via the atriopore.
1209:
action pushes the mucus in a film over the surface of the gill slits, trapping suspended food particles as it does so. The mucus is collected in a second, dorsal groove, known as the
6108:
3411:
Fuentes, Michael; Benito, Elia; Bertrand, Stephanie; et al. (2007). "Insights into spawning behavior and development of the european amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)".
2626:
675:
season, which varies slightly between species — usually corresponding to spring and summer months. All lancelets species spawn shortly after sunset, either synchronously (e.g.
5901:
V. V.; Kohara, Y.; Kuroki, Y.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Osoegawa, K.; Pennacchio, L. A.; Salamov, A. A.; Satou, Y.; Sauka-Spengler, T.; Schmutz, J.; Shin-i, T. (Jun 2008).
1189:-like strands that hang in front of the mouth and act as sensory devices and as a filter for the water passing into the body. Water passes from the mouth into the large
569:
9596:
9441:
9202:
9050:
6080:
2772:
Zhang, Qi-Lin; Zhang, Guan-Ling; Yuan, Ming-Long; Dong, Zhi-Xiang; Li, Hong-Wei; Guo, Jun; Wang, Feng; Deng, Xian-Yu; Chen, Jun-Yuan; Lin, Lian-Bing (2018-12-18).
1882:
1297:
As a result of their use in science, methods of keeping and breeding lancelets in captivity have been developed for several of the species, initially the
European
6035:
Stach, T.G. (2004). "Cephalochordata (Lancelets)". In M. Hutchins; Garrison, R.W.; Geist, V.; Loiselle, P.V.; Schlager, N.; McDade, M.C.; Duellman, W.E. (eds.).
9635:
9215:
9089:
7026:
5686:
6298:
920:
Lancelets have four known kinds of light-sensing structures: Joseph cells, Hesse organs, an unpaired anterior eye and lamellar body, all of which utilize
757:
All living lancelets are all placed in the family
Branchiostomatidae, class Leptocardii, and subphylum Cephalochordata. The family was first named by
9583:
9415:
9189:
9024:
4822:
4072:
Igawa, Takeshi; Nozawa, Masafumi; Suzuki, Daichi G.; Reimer, James D.; Morov, Arseniy R.; Wang, Yiquan; Henmi, Yasuhisa; Yasui, Kinya (2017-04-25).
2716:"Worms and gills, plates and spines: the evolutionary origins and incredible disparity of deuterostomes revealed by fossils, genes, and development"
1294:
With the advent of molecular genetics lancelets are once again regarded as a model of vertebrate ancestors, and are used again as a model organism.
6443:
9609:
9454:
9307:
9063:
3685:
Boschung, Herbert T.; Shaw, Richard F. (1988). "Occurrence of planktonic lancelets from
Louisiana's continental shelf, with a review of pelagic
1232:
the food particles, a feature not found in vertebrates. Although it performs many functions of a liver, it is not considered a true liver but a
4886:
Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Kubokawa, Kaoru; McCarthy, James K.; Murakami, Akio; Porrachia, Magali; Rouse, Greg W.; Holland, Nicholas D. (2007-10-01).
5530:
de
Lussanet, M.H.E.; Osse, J.W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
5242:
968:
gene, has been proposed as the homolog of vertebrate paired eyes,or the pineal eye on vertebrates, the pigment cup as the homolog of the RPE (
6036:
5158:
5081:
4798:
4655:
4484:
4209:
4147:
3214:"The size range of suspended particles trapped and ingested by the filter-feeding lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (Cephalochordata: Acrania)"
2651:
2508:
5375:"A Novel Serpin with Antithrombin-Like Activity in Branchiostoma japonicum: Implications for the Presence of a Primitive Coagulation System"
7031:
4254:"Serial blockface SEM suggests that stem cells may participate in adult notochord growth in an invertebrate chordate, the Bahamas lancelet"
3032:
Xu, Anlong; Chen, Shangwu; Dong, Meiling; Wu, Fenfang; Fu, Yonggui; Yuan, Shaochun; You, Leiming; Zhou, Sisi; Qiujin Zhang (2014-12-19).
6217:
6209:
4722:"Molecular analysis of the amphioxus frontal eye unravels the evolutionary origin of the retina and pigment cells of the vertebrate eye"
871:
means 'head'). The fine structure of the notochord and the cellular basis of its adult growth are best known for the Bahamas lancelet,
777:
Observations of amphioxus anatomy began in the middle of the 19th century. First, the adult then the embryonic anatomy were described.
8395:
7109:
6186:
6084:
4678:
Wicht, Helmut; Lacalli, Thurston C. (2005). "The nervous system of amphioxus: Structure, development, and evolutionary significance".
3595:
Garcia-Fernàndez, Jordi; Benito-Gutierrez, Èlia (June 2008). "It's a long way from amphioxus: descendants of the earliest chordate".
5824:
5514:
494:
431:
5797:
3311:
1346:
The lancelet is a small, translucent, fish-like animal that is one of the closest living invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates.
6473:
815:
are among the largest. Except for the size, the species are very similar in general appearance, differing mainly in the number of
9661:
9516:
9251:
7146:
6205:
3664:
3578:
Cenni zoologici ossia descrizione sommaria delle specie nuove di animali discoperti in diverse contrade del regno nell' anno 1834
2915:"An amphioxus homeobox gene: sequence conservation, spatial expression during development and insights into vertebrate evolution"
1440:
995:
lie outside of the pigment cup, while the cilia extend into the pigment cup before turning and exiting. The cells bear the opsin
878:
7141:
6291:
5970:
805:
Depending on the exact species involved, the maximum length of lancelets is typically 2.5 to 8 cm (1.0–3.1 in).
4823:"Frontal Eye Circuitry, Rostral Sensory Pathways and Brain Organization in Amphioxus Larvae: Evidence from 3D Reconstructions"
3711:
Poss, Stuart G.; Boschung, Herbert T. (1996). "Lancelets (Cephalochordata: Branchiostomatidae): how many species are valid?".
724:. It was not until 1834 that Gabriel Costa brought the phylogenetic position of the group closer to the agnathan vertebrates (
580:
to those of modern fish, but in a more primitive form. Therefore, they provide a number of examples of possible evolutionary
9614:
9459:
9312:
9068:
1291:. According to this theory, there is a deep agreement between the vertebrates and cephalochordates, and even all chordates.
1061:(GFP) inside their oral tentacles and near the eye spot. Depending on the species, it can also be expressed in the tail and
1014:
that project into the left and right ventrolateral nerves. For Row 2 neurons, axon projections have been traced to the
2211:
9622:
9467:
9076:
7225:
7215:
7198:
7036:
1150:, spending most of the time half-buried in sand with only their frontal part protruding. They eat a wide variety of small
7043:
4421:"Molecular regionalization of the developing amphioxus neural tube challenges major partitions of the vertebrate brain"
643:
Their habitat preference reflects their feeding method: they only expose the front end to the water and filter-feed on
9557:
9376:
9150:
8985:
5308:"Identification, Evolution and Expression of an Insulin-Like Peptide in the Cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum"
3884:
D'Aniello, Salvatore; Bertrand, Stephanie; Escriva, Hector (2023-09-18). Pérez Valle, Helena; Rodgers, Peter (eds.).
161:
9220:
9094:
6484:
6323:
6284:
6243:
6199:
969:
6478:
1941:
859:
that are closely packed in collagen fibers to form a toughened rod. The lancelet notochord, unlike the vertebrate
9640:
7011:
6178:
5306:
Yu, Jr-Kai Sky; Lecroisey, Claire; Le Pétillon, Yann; Escriva, Hector; Lammert, Eckhard; Laudet, Vincent (2015).
2207:
1659:
1575:
1400:
diverged from other lancelets more than 100 million years ago while others have suggested that it occurred about
1118:
1058:
1010:
neurons in direct contact with Row 1 cells. Row 3 and 4 cells are also neurons. Cells of all four rows have
811:
706:
148:
2119:
1680:
765:
had introduced the name Leptocardii as a subclass. Finally, the subphylum name Cephalochordata is attributed to
9689:
7021:
4720:
Vopalensky, P.; Pergner, J.; Liegertova, M.; Benito-Gutierrez, E.; Arendt, D.; Kozmik, Z. (18 September 2012).
4641:
2135:
1834:
1799:
1745:
1735:
1701:
1533:
758:
290:
6151:
6124:
2669:"Decay of Branchiostoma: implications for soft-tissue preservation in conodonts and other primitive chordates"
1715:
762:
248:
6468:
6450:
2115:
1813:
1779:
1755:
1691:
1628:
1607:
1596:
1354:; in turn, these two groups together (sometimes called Notochordata) were considered the sister group to the
7230:
7069:
6462:
6093:"Branchiostoma japonicum and B. belcheri are Distinct Lancelets (Cephalochordata) in Xiamen Waters in China"
4951:"The evolution of genes encoding for green fluorescent proteins: insights from cephalochordates (amphioxus)"
2258:
1789:
1670:
1648:
1565:
1363:
31:
5174:
Rigon, Francesca; Stach, Thomas; Caicci, Federico; Gasparini, Fabio; Burighel, Paolo; Manni, Lucia (2013).
2042:
1638:
1586:
1523:
1513:
1112:
The fluorescent proteins from lancelets have been adapted for use in molecular biology and microscopy. The
1075:
alone has 16 GFP-encoding genes. However, the GFP produced by lancelets is more similar to GFP produced by
8940:
8388:
7102:
3503:"Year-Round Reproduction and Induced Spawning of Chinese Amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri, in Laboratory"
2278:
2227:
2020:
1725:
1617:
1554:
1543:
1489:
1432:
1426:
1220:
The remainder of the digestive system consists of a simple tube running from the pharynx to the anus. The
1071:
981:
9562:
9155:
5990:
4861:
2668:
1193:, which is lined by numerous gill-slits. The ventral surface of the pharynx contains a groove called the
9493:
7193:
2640:
Freeborn, Michelle (2015-01-01). Roberts, Clive Douglas; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D. (eds.).
2620:
2003:
1823:
1479:
1367:
617:) has been listed in the registry of "Endangered Animals of Japanese Marine and Fresh Water Organisms".
9354:
5442:"The cult of amphioxus in German Darwinism; or, Our gelatinous ancestors in Naples' blue and balmy bay"
3267:
Riisgard, Hans Ulrik; Svane, Ib (1999). "Filter Feeding in Lancelets (Amphioxus), vertebrate Biology".
532:
period. A number of fossil chordates have been suggested to be closely related to lancelets, including
8990:
3034:"Decelerated genome evolution in modern vertebrates revealed by analysis of multiple lancelet genomes"
1244:
Lancelets have no respiratory system, breathing solely through their skin, which consists of a simple
9666:
9521:
9389:
9363:
9256:
9104:
8998:
8972:
7064:
7016:
6703:
6116:
5914:
5850:
5721:
5386:
5319:
5187:
4962:
4837:
4733:
4587:
4085:
3948:
3825:
3656:
3514:
3420:
3225:
3111:
3045:
2977:
2964:; Fujiyama, Asao; Bronner-Fraser, Marianne; Toyoda, Atsushi; Shin-I, Tadasu; Schmutz, Jeremy (2008).
2857:
2680:
2588:
1210:
840:
and a tail that runs past the anus. Also like vertebrates, the muscles are arranged in blocks called
6018:
6004:
1917:
1283:
began promoting them as a model for the ancestor of all vertebrates. By 1900 lancelets had become a
6270:
6237:
5281:
2564:
Hubbs, Carl L. (1922). "A list of the lancelets of the world with diagnoses of five new species of
1936:
1127:
852:
546:
279:
7658:
7210:
7188:
7176:
7151:
6752:
6600:
6048:
5948:
5882:
5665:
5600:
5557:
5539:
4931:
4915:
4556:
4470:
3851:
3620:
3483:
3393:
3350:
3292:
3249:
3194:
3011:
2942:
2751:
2426:
1288:
1233:
743:
711:
577:
324:
156:
9498:
4419:
Albuixech-Crespo B, López-Blanch L, Burguera D, Maeso I, Sánchez-Arrones L, et al. (2017).
3768:
Bemerkungen uber den Bau des Amphioxus lanceolatus eines Fisches aus der Ordnung der Cyclostomen
2844:
Igawa, T.; M. Nozawa; D.G. Suzuki; J.D. Reimer; A.R. Morov; Y. Wang; Y. Henmi; K. Yasui (2017).
1267:, and quite unlike those of vertebrates. Also unlike vertebrates, there are numerous, segmented
4226:
9648:
9570:
9480:
9228:
9163:
8381:
8080:
8000:
7350:
7220:
7183:
7171:
7161:
7095:
6926:
6874:
6831:
6825:
6788:
6776:
6746:
6401:
6307:
5940:
5932:
5874:
5866:
5820:
5812:
5780:
5657:
5639:
5592:
5510:
5479:
5461:
5422:
5404:
5355:
5337:
5273:
5265:
5223:
5205:
5154:
5129:
5077:
5054:
5036:
4996:
4978:
4923:
4907:
4853:
4794:
4788:
4769:
4751:
4695:
4651:
4623:
4605:
4548:
4540:
4480:
4474:
4452:
4401:
4383:
4344:
4326:
4285:
4205:
4143:
4137:
4111:
4054:
4015:
3976:
3917:
3612:
3542:
3444:
3436:
3385:
3342:
3334:
3284:
3241:
3186:
3145:
3127:
3079:
3061:
3003:
2995:
2934:
2883:
2813:
2795:
2743:
2735:
2696:
2647:
2608:
2504:
1198:
1081:
1022:
908:
areas jointly correspond to a single, combined region in the amphioxus, which has been termed
9601:
9508:
9446:
9298:
9243:
9233:
9114:
5148:
4645:
4303:
Candiani, Simona; Moronti, Luca; Ramoino, Paola; Schubert, Michael; Pestarino, Mario (2012).
4074:"Evolutionary history of the extant amphioxus lineage with shallow-branching diversification"
3464:"Fine Structural Study of the Cortical Reaction and Formation of the Egg Coats in a Lancelet"
2846:"Evolutionary history of the extant amphioxus lineage with shallow-branching diversification"
738:(from the Greek, branchio = "gills", stoma = "mouth"). In 1836, Yarrell renamed the genus as
9653:
9485:
9055:
7135:
7059:
6970:
6953:
6667:
6582:
6057:
5922:
5858:
5770:
5760:
5729:
5647:
5631:
5584:
5549:
5469:
5453:
5412:
5394:
5345:
5327:
5257:
5213:
5195:
5119:
5044:
5028:
4986:
4970:
4899:
4845:
4759:
4741:
4687:
4613:
4595:
4530:
4520:
4442:
4432:
4391:
4375:
4334:
4316:
4275:
4265:
4234:
4101:
4093:
4046:
4007:
3966:
3956:
3907:
3897:
3843:
3833:
3604:
3532:
3522:
3475:
3428:
3377:
3326:
3276:
3233:
3176:
3135:
3119:
3069:
3053:
2985:
2926:
2873:
2865:
2803:
2785:
2727:
2688:
2600:
2492:
2418:
2384:
1421:
860:
558:
analysis suggests that modern lancelets probably diversified much more recently, during the
453:
381:
9368:
9207:
6456:
5373:
Escriva, Hector; Chao, Yeqing; Fan, Chunxin; Liang, Yujun; Gao, Bei; Zhang, Shicui (2012).
3165:"A New Population of the Amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) in the Enshu-Nada Sea in Japan"
139:
8797:
8551:
8517:
8444:
8361:
8267:
8118:
8021:
7878:
7411:
6939:
6902:
6782:
6733:
6554:
6356:
2262:
1444:
1396:
studies have come to different conclusions on their divergence, with some suggesting that
1393:
1094:
837:
672:
555:
4949:
Yue, Jia-Xing; Holland, Nicholas D.; Holland, Linda Z.; Deheyn, Dimitri D. (2016-06-17).
4887:
1443:. Other sources recognize about thirty species. It is likely that currently unrecognized
9381:
6252:
5918:
5854:
5725:
5652:
5390:
5323:
5241:
Yuan, Shaochun; Ruan, Jie; Huang, Shengfeng; Chen, Shangwu; Xu, Anlong (February 2015).
5191:
4966:
4841:
4737:
4591:
4089:
3952:
3912:
3885:
3829:
3518:
3424:
3229:
3115:
3049:
2981:
2861:
2715:
2684:
761:
in 1846, though he used the incorrect spelling "Branchiostomidae". One year previously,
8977:
8666:
8638:
8545:
8026:
7822:
7734:
7712:
7675:
7166:
6914:
6892:
6837:
6819:
6770:
6762:
6739:
6697:
6673:
6418:
5991:"UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO) - Branchiostoma mortonense Kelly, 1966"
5775:
5748:
5474:
5441:
5417:
5374:
5350:
5307:
5218:
5175:
5049:
5016:
4991:
4950:
4764:
4721:
4618:
4575:
4447:
4420:
4396:
4363:
4339:
4304:
4280:
4253:
4106:
4073:
4034:
3971:
3936:
3537:
3502:
3140:
3099:
3074:
3033:
2878:
2845:
2808:
2773:
2692:
2385:"Ueber den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden, und über das natürliche System der Fische"
1436:
are viable (among the deepest split species known to be able to produce such hybrids).
1376:
1372:
1310:
1284:
1221:
856:
836:
In common with vertebrates, lancelets have a hollow nerve cord running along the back,
613:
In Asia, lancelets are harvested commercially as food for humans. In Japan, amphioxus (
507:
6264:
6221:
896:. Recent studies involving a comparison with vertebrates indicate that the vertebrate
9683:
8909:
8814:
8677:
8621:
8171:
8075:
7574:
6863:
6710:
6685:
6634:
6547:
6429:
6409:
6076:
5709:
5017:"A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum"
4525:
4508:
3813:
3312:"My Favorite Animal, Amphioxus: Unparalleled for Studying Early Vertebrate Evolution"
2961:
2930:
2755:
2422:
2163:
2078:
1769:
1503:
1412:
1406:
1280:
1190:
1175:
1147:
1123:
1065:, though this is only reported in the Asymmetron genus. Multiple fluorescent protein
766:
734:
687:
668:
595:
572:
are interested in them because they provide evolutionary insight into the origins of
312:
305:
231:
81:
5839:"Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates"
5669:
5604:
4935:
4560:
3354:
3253:
3198:
2430:
2025:
847:
Unlike vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is not protected by bone but by a simpler
9575:
8789:
8744:
8649:
8593:
8430:
8277:
8272:
8160:
8016:
7902:
7788:
7691:
7670:
7540:
7491:
7447:
7428:
6975:
6854:
6794:
6679:
6612:
6507:
6096:
6092:
5952:
5886:
5619:
5561:
3855:
3624:
3015:
2946:
2604:
1807:
1709:
1318:
1229:
1026:
952:
The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of photoreceptor cells (termed
882:
754:
for the Amphioxiformes, along with "lancelet", especially in the English language.
651:
is capable of trapping particles from microbial to small phytoplankton size, while
206:
5575:
Kinsbourne, M. (2013). "Somatic twist: a model for the evolution of decussation".
5243:"Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system"
4174:. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews
2914:
2714:
Nanglu, Karma; Cole, Selina R.; Wright, David F.; Souto, Camilla (February 2023).
2525:
2450:
1174:
in the wild, but captive larvae of several species can be maintained on a diet of
647:
by means of a branchial ciliary current that passes water through a mucous sheet.
17:
9548:
9283:
9141:
6104:
6005:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Branchiostoma mortonense Kelly, 1966"
5765:
5399:
5332:
4437:
3961:
3639:
3576:
3527:
3463:
9627:
9472:
9428:
9348:
9292:
9168:
9081:
9037:
8706:
8606:
8238:
8209:
8195:
8185:
7770:
7586:
7499:
7281:
6962:
6948:
6884:
6813:
6618:
6573:
6520:
6365:
5837:
Delsuc, Frédéric; Brinkmann, Henner; Chourrout, Daniel; Philippe, Hervé (2006).
5502:
4035:"Establishment of left-right asymmetric innervation in the lancelet oral region"
2530:. Vol. 44th Ed. British Museum Catalogue: G. Woodfall and son. p. 308.
1912:
1359:
1163:
1113:
961:
751:
664:
540:
268:
56:
9339:
8963:
5108:"Keeping amphioxus in the laboratory: an update on available husbandry methods"
4270:
4097:
2869:
1100:
793:
554:, but their close relationship to lancelets has been doubted by other authors.
8902:
8841:
8694:
8579:
8533:
8467:
8335:
8320:
8315:
8296:
8291:
8219:
8166:
8136:
8128:
8070:
7944:
7936:
7919:
7699:
7611:
7564:
7504:
7466:
7440:
7286:
7271:
6980:
6879:
6724:
6661:
6606:
6588:
6387:
6378:
6193:
5635:
5620:"The chordate amphioxus: an emerging model organism for developmental biology"
5457:
5261:
3237:
3123:
2774:"A Phylogenomic Framework and Divergence History of Cephalochordata Amphioxus"
2589:"Lancelets (cephalochordata: Branchiostomattdae): How Many Species Are Valid?"
1965:
1878:
1851:
1469:
1388:
1351:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1138:, which is the brightest known monomeric green or yellow fluorescent protein.
937:
933:
863:, extends into the head. This gives the subphylum, Cephalochordata, its name (
581:
573:
559:
298:
101:
66:
5936:
5870:
5643:
5553:
5465:
5408:
5341:
5269:
5209:
5200:
5176:"Evolutionary diversification of secondary mechanoreceptor cells in tunicata"
5040:
4982:
4911:
4857:
4755:
4699:
4609:
4544:
4387:
4330:
4238:
3440:
3413:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
3389:
3338:
3288:
3245:
3190:
3131:
3100:"Amphioxus functional genomics and the origins of vertebrate gene regulation"
3065:
2999:
2938:
2799:
2790:
2739:
2700:
2612:
1135:
9402:
9176:
9011:
8833:
8523:
8497:
8424:
8301:
8248:
8243:
8214:
8203:
8152:
8147:
8099:
8011:
8004:
7798:
7793:
7755:
7604:
7596:
7525:
7477:
7398:
7385:
7366:
7361:
7320:
6934:
6691:
6655:
6646:
6560:
4746:
4600:
4321:
4171:
4033:
Kaji, Takao; Aizawa, Shinichi; Uemura, Masanori; Yasui, Kinya (2001-07-09).
3995:
2900:
2361:
1855:
1417:
1194:
1030:
1015:
1007:
987:
The pigment cup is oriented concave dorsally. Its cells contain the pigment
977:
901:
893:
885:
848:
825:
821:
589:
196:
173:
106:
5944:
5878:
5784:
5661:
5596:
5483:
5426:
5359:
5277:
5227:
5133:
5058:
5000:
4927:
4849:
4773:
4627:
4552:
4456:
4405:
4379:
4348:
4289:
4115:
4058:
4019:
3980:
3921:
3847:
3616:
3608:
3546:
3448:
3346:
3330:
3149:
3083:
3007:
2887:
2817:
2747:
1317:
and the circumtropical (however, genetic evidence suggest the Atlantic and
8373:
6236:
5124:
5107:
4011:
1041:
9542:
9333:
9277:
9135:
8957:
8803:
8731:
8719:
8481:
8405:
8325:
8309:
8232:
8224:
8179:
8142:
8123:
8112:
8094:
8088:
7949:
7890:
7866:
7763:
7644:
7533:
7417:
7308:
7299:
7205:
6897:
6842:
6799:
6594:
6393:
6333:
4576:"Light-transduction in melanopsin-expressing photoreceptors of Amphioxus"
3886:"Amphioxus as a model to study the evolution of development in chordates"
1865:
1401:
1355:
1186:
1167:
1151:
1018:
973:
905:
897:
889:
729:
644:
563:
529:
510:
216:
125:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
35:
6061:
5927:
5902:
5862:
4919:
3902:
3766:
3432:
2990:
2965:
679:, about once every two weeks during spawning season) or asynchronously (
9194:
8916:
8755:
8601:
8285:
8261:
8253:
8190:
8104:
7924:
7911:
7844:
7835:
7780:
7705:
6985:
6525:
6515:
6497:
6019:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Epigonichthys Peters, 1876"
5733:
5032:
3996:"Left-right asymmetry specification in amphioxus: review and prospects"
3487:
3397:
3296:
3181:
3164:
3057:
1264:
1131:
1076:
988:
841:
816:
725:
715:
551:
129:
111:
86:
9433:
9042:
7087:
4974:
4830:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4535:
4509:"Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina"
4368:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2731:
2542:
1342:
742:(from the Greek: "pointed on both sides"), now considered an obsolete
8822:
8779:
8768:
8418:
8330:
8064:
7354:
7264:
7251:
7122:
7119:
6348:
5838:
5588:
4903:
4050:
3838:
1383:
1366:
analysis has shown convincingly that the Cephalochordata is the most
1206:
1171:
1159:
944:
and 4, where the Hesse organs begin and continue nearly to the tail.
585:
534:
183:
9588:
9420:
8934:
6276:
4691:
4170:
Barnes, M.K.S (7 June 2015). Tyler-Walters, H.; K. Hisc ock (eds.).
4139:
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6: Deuterostomia
3937:"Insights from amphioxus into the evolution of vertebrate cartilage"
3479:
3381:
3280:
2527:
Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. Forty-fourth Edition
1228:, branches off from the underside of the gut, with a lining able to
1097:
by converting higher energy blue light to less harmful green light.
9407:
9181:
9029:
9016:
6163:
6136:
2901:
Worm-like Marine Animal Providing Fresh Clues About Human Evolution
2409:
Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa".
1350:
The lancelets were traditionally seen as the sister lineage to the
1033:
release modulates locomotor patterns such as feeding and swimming.
704:
The first representative organism of the group to be described was
6804:
6041:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale. pp. 485–493.
5903:"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype"
5544:
3218:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2966:"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype"
2570:
Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
1341:
1268:
1249:
1225:
1202:
1155:
1099:
1090:
1062:
1040:
1011:
921:
720:
6206:"Scripps scientists discover fluorescence in key marine creature"
5971:"World Register of Marine Species- Cephalochordates species list"
4204:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 18–21.
9394:
9003:
8847:
8745:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
6318:
4790:
The Evo-Devo Origin of the Nose, Anterior Skull Base and Midface
4473:; ten Donkelaar, Hans J.; Charles Nicholson (14 November 2014).
4305:"A neurochemical map of the developing amphioxus nervous system"
1259:
The excretory system consists of segmented "kidneys" containing
1066:
965:
667:
animals, i.e. having two sexes, and they reproduce via external
8938:
8377:
7383:
7091:
6280:
528:
Lancelets diverged from other chordates during or prior to the
6253:"Amphioxus: Taxonomy, brief facts, life cycle and embryology"
3212:
Smith, Allison J.; Nash, Troy R.; Ruppert, Edward E. (2000).
1069:
have been recorded in lancelet species throughout the world.
932:
Joseph cells are bare photoreceptors surrounded by a band of
420:
8639:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
4644:; Dupin, Elisabeth (23 November 2013). Paul Trainor (ed.).
3163:
Tomiyama, Minoru; Azuma, Nobuyuki; Kubokawa, Kaoru (1998).
2469:
Fowler, H.W. (1965). "A catalog of World Fishes. Part II".
1416:
have been estimated to have diverged from each other about
576:. Lancelets contain many organs and organ systems that are
483:
468:
5618:
Holland, L.Z.; Laudet, V.; Schubert, M. (September 2004).
3935:
Meulemans, Daniel; Bronner-Fraser, Marianne (2007-08-29).
506:), consist of 32 described species of "fish-like" benthic
474:
5798:
Lancelet (amphioxus) genome and the origin of vertebrates
4888:"Endogenous Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Amphioxus"
4574:
del Pilar Gomez, M.; Anyfgueyra, J. M.; Nasi, E. (2009).
972:), the putative photoreceptors as homologs of vertebrate
459:
402:
390:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
1404:
million years ago. According to the younger estimation,
2960:
Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Satoh, Nori; Holland, Peter W. H.;
2455:. Naples: Stamperia e Cartiere del Fibreno. p. 97.
828:, mouth, and tail, they have no true complex skeleton.
655:
preferentially traps bigger particles (>4 μm).
6109:
Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology
4793:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 152.
4647:
Neural Crest Cells: Evolution, development and disease
4364:"The origin and evolution of chordate nervous systems"
2641:
1049:
GFP near the eye spot and in the oral tentacles.) (b.
495:
486:
480:
477:
465:
456:
432:
423:
408:
396:
393:
6967:
6922:
6889:
6871:
6721:
6643:
6570:
6537:
6425:
6414:
6405:
6398:
6383:
6361:
6344:
6046:
Stokes, M.D.; Holland, N.D. (1998). "The Lancelet".
5147:
Rogers, Lesley J.; Andrew, Richard (25 March 2002).
3644:. Vol. 2. London: John van Voorst. p. 472.
3581:. Naples: Tipografia di Azzolino e Comp. p. 90.
2587:
Poss, Stuart G.; Boschung, Herbert T. (1996-01-01).
1933:
1909:
417:
405:
399:
387:
275:
264:
9532:
9323:
9267:
9125:
8947:
8832:
8813:
8788:
8777:
8753:
8729:
8704:
8675:
8647:
8619:
8592:
8577:
8532:
8506:
8480:
8465:
8443:
8054:
7935:
7910:
7901:
7877:
7855:
7820:
7779:
7754:
7747:
7732:
7684:
7657:
7642:
7595:
7573:
7553:
7524:
7517:
7490:
7475:
7464:
7427:
7396:
7319:
7280:
7249:
7052:
7004:
6913:
6862:
6853:
6761:
6720:
6642:
6633:
6569:
6536:
6506:
6496:
6332:
4200:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
3590:
3588:
471:
462:
414:
384:
5749:"Functional genomics thickens the biological plot"
5497:
5495:
5493:
4000:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
3737:Entwickelungsgeschichte des Amphioxus lanceolatus
2625:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1420:million years ago. Despite this deep separation,
1170:. Little is known about the diet of the lancelet
750:. Today, the term "amphioxus" is still used as a
6247:. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 774.
5076:(3 ed.). Rastogi Publications. p. 76.
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
3462:Holland, Nicholas D.; Holland, Linda Z. (1989).
1021:. The tegmental neuropil has been compared with
5106:Carvalho, J.E.; F. Lahaye; M. Schubert (2017).
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
4726:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4580:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2444:
2442:
2440:
6195:A movie of the amphioxus embryonic development
5681:
5679:
5153:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72 ff.
4225:Walker, Warren F.; Noback, Charles R. (2021).
2493:"New taxonomic names of fish-like vertebrates"
1321:populations should be recognized as separate)
1178:, although this apparently is not optimal for
8389:
7103:
6292:
3501:Guang Li; ZongHuang Shu; Yiquan Wang (2013).
2404:
2402:
8:
4252:Holland, Nicholas; Somorjai, Ildiko (2020).
3564:. Berlin: Gottlieb August Lange. p. 41.
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2667:Briggs, Derek E.G.; Kear, Amanda J. (1993).
2486:
2484:
2464:
2462:
2378:
2376:
1439:The following are the species recognised by
1325:. They can reach an age of up to 7–8 years.
5708:Holland, Nicholas; Stokes, M. Dale (1998).
5446:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
3706:
3704:
2646:. Vol. Two. Te Papa Press. p. 6.
1197:, which, connected to a structure known as
8935:
8829:
8785:
8761:
8737:
8712:
8687:
8659:
8631:
8589:
8585:
8538:
8510:
8490:
8477:
8473:
8440:
8396:
8382:
8374:
8051:
7907:
7883:
7859:
7828:
7751:
7744:
7740:
7663:
7654:
7650:
7579:
7557:
7550:
7521:
7487:
7483:
7472:
7461:
7433:
7404:
7393:
7380:
7292:
7257:
7246:
7110:
7096:
7088:
6859:
6639:
6503:
6299:
6285:
6277:
5250:Developmental & Comparative Immunology
1508:Costa 1834 non Newport 1845 non Banks 1905
1279:Lancelets became famous in the 1860s when
138:
42:
5926:
5774:
5764:
5651:
5543:
5473:
5416:
5398:
5349:
5331:
5217:
5199:
5123:
5048:
4990:
4763:
4745:
4617:
4599:
4534:
4524:
4476:The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates
4446:
4436:
4395:
4338:
4320:
4279:
4269:
4105:
3970:
3960:
3911:
3901:
3837:
3536:
3526:
3180:
3139:
3073:
2989:
2877:
2807:
2789:
2543:"The lancelets and lampreys of Australia"
7448:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
5074:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates
5027:(5) (published 24 March 2013): 407–409.
3562:Spicilegia Zoologica. Fasciculus decimus
792:
683:, gradual spawning through the season).
8524:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
6152:"A special issue of Amphioxus research"
6125:"A special issue of Amphioxus research"
5817:Vertebrate Palaeontology, Third Edition
2372:
1358:(also called Urochordata and including
980:, and Row 2 neurons as homologs of the
964:. The frontal eye, which expresses the
7442:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
7412:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
4172:"Lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)"
2618:
2471:Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum
781:by Heinrich Rathke and John Goodsir.
6216:(Press release). San Diego, CA:
6185:(Press release). St. Louis, MO:
5964:
5962:
5687:"Amphioxus Branchiostoms lanceolatum"
5150:Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4142:. Springer. pp. 93–94, 108–109.
4136:Wanninger, Andreas (11 August 2015).
3730:
3728:
3726:
3027:
3025:
2767:
2765:
1045:Green fluorescence in Lancelets. (a.
444:
7:
9105:4c2b8f61-5b7a-4caf-aa4b-1037907a0bb6
7713:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
5624:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
4513:Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
3657:"Branchiostomatidae Bonaparte, 1846"
3641:A History of British Fishes. Vol. II
2903:Newswise, Retrieved on July 8, 2008.
3814:"The Amphioxus and Its Development"
2452:Catalogo metodico dei pesci europei
2251:
2200:
2193:
2108:
2074:
1995:
1961:
1902:
1871:
1861:
1252:. There are no blood cells, and no
1134:green fluorescent protein known as
671:. They only reproduce during their
7310:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
6187:Washington University in St. Louis
6105:"Error in the genealogy of humans"
6038:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
4787:Jankowski, Roger (19 March 2013).
2693:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01532.x
2449:Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien (1846).
1301:, but later also the West Pacific
1053:green fluorescence in the gonads.)
1025:control regions of the vertebrate
25:
6115:(Press release). Bergen, Norway:
5819:8. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
1108:) under a fluorescent microscope.
732:), including it in the new genus
8667:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
8354:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
6483:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6442:
4821:Lacalli, T. C. (29 March 1996).
4526:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.001
4039:Journal of Comparative Neurology
3665:World Register of Marine Species
3575:Costa, Oronzio-Gabriele (1834).
2423:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x
2261:
2210:
2118:
2024:
1940:
1916:
1881:
1382:Among the three extant (living)
1185:Lancelets have oral cirri, thin
1093:, signifying it may be used for
879:transmission electron microscopy
452:
380:
350:Branchiostomiformes Fowler, 1947
160:
3752:Annales des sciences naturelles
1854:presented here illustrates the
999:, except for a few which carry
7541:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
6179:"Amphioxus and the T-box gene"
5969:WoRMS Editorial Board (2013).
5440:Hopwood, Nick (January 2015).
4650:. Academic Press. p. 10.
3750:de Quatrefages, M. A. (1845).
2605:10.1080/00212210.1996.10688872
1:
3739:. Mém Acad Sci St Petersburg.
1154:organisms, such as bacteria,
936:. These cells bear the opsin
928:Joseph cells and Hesse organs
361:Asymmetrontidae Whitley, 1932
8153:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
7044:List of transitional fossils
5766:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030219
5400:10.1371/journal.pone.0032392
5333:10.1371/journal.pone.0119461
4438:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001573
3962:10.1371/journal.pone.0000787
3560:Pallas, Peter Simon (1774).
3528:10.1371/journal.pone.0075461
2931:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90180-p
2541:Whitley, Gilbert P. (1932).
1142:Feeding and digestive system
1057:Lancelets naturally express
832:Nervous system and notochord
364:Epigonichthyidae Hubbs, 1922
8498:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
8210:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
7950:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
7765:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
7676:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
7565:Loricifera (corset animals)
5509:. Oxford University Press.
4680:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1576:Branchiostoma californiense
910:di-mesencephalic primordium
881:indicate the presence of a
588:hold clues about the early
9706:
8925:denote paraphyletic groups
8804:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
8100:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
7846:Annelida (segmented worms)
7671:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
7587:Onychophora (velvet worms)
6324:Timeline of fish evolution
5072:Kotpal, R.L. (2008–2009).
4271:10.1186/s13227-020-00167-6
4098:10.1038/s41598-017-00786-5
3691:Bulletin of Marine Science
2870:10.1038/s41598-017-00786-5
2389:Archiv für Naturgeschichte
1681:Branchiostoma longirostrum
1559:Boschung & Gunter 1966
1166:, and they will also take
1114:yellow fluorescent protein
1059:green fluorescent proteins
970:retinal pigment epithelium
956:), three rows of neurons (
29:
8896:
8842:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
8798:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
8764:
8740:
8715:
8690:
8662:
8634:
8588:
8541:
8513:
8493:
8476:
8439:
8413:
8350:
8148:Asterozoans inc. starfish
8050:
8043:
7994:
7945:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
7926:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
7886:
7862:
7831:
7771:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
7743:
7666:
7653:
7582:
7560:
7549:
7500:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
7486:
7460:
7436:
7407:
7392:
7379:
7344:
7295:
7272:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
7260:
7245:
7129:
7078:
7012:Lists of prehistoric fish
6440:
6314:
5636:10.1007/s00018-004-4075-2
5458:10.1007/s40656-014-0034-x
5262:10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.004
4642:Le Douarin, Nicole Marthe
4479:. Springer. p. 371.
3994:Soukup, Vladimir (2017).
3713:Israel Journal of Zoology
3638:Yarrell, William (1836).
3238:10.1017/S0025315499001903
3124:10.1038/s41586-018-0734-6
2643:The fishes of New Zealand
2593:Israel Journal of Zoology
2491:Fowler, Henry W. (1947).
2383:Müller, Johannes (1845).
2276:
2256:
2249:
2225:
2208:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
2205:
2198:
2167:
2136:Epigonichthys maldivensis
2133:
2113:
2082:
2072:
2039:
2017:
2000:
1969:
1959:
1957: (crown group)
1931:
1907:
1900:
1876:
1869:
1835:Epigonichthys maldivensis
1800:Epigonichthys cingalensis
1746:Branchiostoma tattersalli
1736:Branchiostoma senegalense
1702:Branchiostoma moretonense
1660:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1534:Branchiostoma bazarutense
1299:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1236:of the vertebrate liver.
1119:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1006:The Row 2 cells are
707:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
681:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
659:Reproduction and spawning
347:Amphioxiformes Berg, 1937
330:
323:
261:
256:
157:Scientific classification
155:
149:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
146:
137:
45:
8903:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
8695:Actinistia (coelacanths)
7706:Rotifera (wheel animals)
7505:Priapulida (penis worms)
5554:10.1163/157075611X617102
5201:10.1186/1471-2148-13-112
5180:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4507:Lamb, Trevor D. (2013).
4239:10.1036/1097-8542.440200
3310:Escriva, Hector (2018).
2791:10.3389/fphys.2018.01833
1716:Branchiostoma nigeriense
1379:and domain combination.
1224:, a single blind-ending
1122:exhibits unusually high
824:material stiffening the
759:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
344:Amphioxi Bonaparte, 1846
30:Not to be confused with
8453:Leptocardii (lancelets)
7920:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
7892:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
7613:Tardigrada (waterbears)
7606:Arthropoda (arthropods)
7070:Vertebrate paleontology
6269:genome assembly in the
6244:Encyclopædia Britannica
4892:The Biological Bulletin
4747:10.1073/pnas.1207580109
4601:10.1073/pnas.0900708106
4322:10.1186/1471-2202-13-59
3735:Kowalevsky AO. (1867).
3468:The Biological Bulletin
2778:Frontiers in Physiology
2607:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2259:Branchiostoma japonicum
2116:Epigonichthys cultellus
1814:Epigonichthys cultellus
1780:Epigonichthys australis
1756:Branchiostoma virginiae
1692:Branchiostoma malayanum
1649:Branchiostoma japonicum
1629:Branchiostoma gambiense
1608:Branchiostoma elongatum
1597:Branchiostoma caribaeum
1307:Branchiostoma japonicum
797:Anatomy of the Lancelet
8607:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
8095:Anthozoans inc. corals
7794:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
6081:Museum of Paleontology
4850:10.1098/rstb.1996.0022
4380:10.1098/rstb.2015.0048
4362:Holland, L.Z. (2015).
3771:. Gebrüder Bornträger.
3609:10.1002/bies.200800110
3331:10.1002/bies.201800130
2279:Branchiostoma belcheri
2228:Branchiostoma floridae
1790:Epigonichthys bassanus
1671:Branchiostoma leonense
1618:Branchiostoma floridae
1582:(Californian lancelet)
1566:Branchiostoma bermudae
1555:Branchiostoma bennetti
1544:Branchiostoma belcheri
1433:Branchiostoma floridae
1364:molecular phylogenetic
1347:
1338:Phylogeny and taxonomy
1315:Branchiostoma floridae
1303:Branchiostoma belcheri
1146:Lancelets are passive
1109:
1072:Branchiostoma floridae
1054:
1047:Branchiostoma floridae
982:retinal ganglion cells
807:Branchiostoma belcheri
798:
710:. It was described by
677:Branchiostoma floridae
649:Branchiostoma floridae
544:from the Cambrian and
358:Amphioxidae Gray, 1842
9494:Paleobiology Database
8225:Hexapods inc. insects
7535:Nematoda (roundworms)
5125:10.1387/ijdb.170192ms
5118:(10–11–12): 773–783.
4012:10.1387/ijdb.170251vs
4006:(10–11–12): 611–620.
3754:. Libraires-editeurs.
3038:Nature Communications
2913:Holland, PWH (1992).
2043:Asymmetron maldivense
1824:Epigonichthys hectori
1639:Branchiostoma indicum
1587:Branchiostoma capense
1524:Branchiostoma arabiae
1514:Branchiostoma africae
1345:
1201:, produces a film of
1126:(~0.95). It has been
1103:
1044:
796:
599:have been sequenced:
336:Acrania Haeckel, 1866
8823:Testudines (turtles)
7418:Chordata (chordates)
7065:Transitional fossils
6704:Pseudopetalichthyida
6214:scrippsnews.ucsd.edu
6117:University of Bergen
3812:B. Hatschek (1893).
3797:M. Schultze (1851).
3719:(Suppl. 1): S13–S66.
3370:Invertebrate Biology
3269:Invertebrate Biology
2547:Australian Zoologist
2339:518 mya ?
2021:Asymmetron lucayanum
1839:(Foster Cooper 1903)
1762:(Virginian lancelet)
1726:Branchiostoma platae
1687:(Shellhash lancelet)
1603:(Caribbean lancelet)
1550:(Belcher's lancelet)
1496:(Sharptail lancelet)
1490:Asymmetron lucayanum
1427:Asymmetron lucayanum
1323:Asymmetron lucayanum
1211:epipharyngeal groove
1180:Asymmetron lucayanum
1051:Asymmetron lucayanum
1037:Fluorescent proteins
873:Asymmetron lucayanum
8917:Reptilia (reptiles)
8625:(jawed vertebrates)
7868:Mollusca (molluscs)
7353:of the animal root
6271:UCSC Genome Browser
6183:news-info.wustl.edu
6062:10.1511/1998.43.799
5928:10.1038/nature06967
5919:2008Natur.453.1064P
5913:(7198): 1064–1071.
5863:10.1038/nature04336
5855:2006Natur.439..965D
5726:1998AmSci..86..552S
5507:The Variety of Life
5391:2012PLoSO...732392C
5324:2015PLoSO..1019461L
5287:on 22 December 2015
5192:2013BMCEE..13..112R
4967:2016NatSR...628350Y
4842:1996RSPTB.351..243L
4738:2012PNAS..10915383V
4732:(38): 15383–15388.
4592:2009PNAS..106.9081D
4471:Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf
4202:The Vertebrate Body
4090:2017NatSR...7.1157I
3953:2007PLoSO...2..787M
3903:10.7554/eLife.87028
3871:Dev. Growth. Differ
3830:1893Natur..48..613E
3784:Proc. R. Soc. Edinb
3782:J. Goodsir (1844).
3689:(order Amphioxi)".
3519:2013PLoSO...875461L
3433:10.1002/jez.b.21179
3425:2007JEZB..308..484F
3230:2000JMBUK..80..329R
3116:2018Natur.564...64M
3050:2014NatCo...5.5896H
2991:10.1038/nature06967
2982:2008Natur.453.1064P
2976:(7198): 1064–1071.
2862:2017NatSR...7.1157I
2685:1993Letha..26..275B
1937:Palaeobranchiostoma
1830:(Hector's lancelet)
1666:(European lancelet)
718:slugs in the genus
547:Palaeobranchiostoma
333:Subphylum or class
280:Palaeobranchiostoma
9534:Branchiostomatidae
9369:Branchiostomatidae
8769:Mammalia (mammals)
8681:(lobe-finned fish)
8653:(bony vertebrates)
8081:Calcareous sponges
7266:Porifera (sponges)
6753:Ischnacanthiformes
6601:Cephalaspidomorphi
6049:American Scientist
5734:10.1511/1998.6.552
5714:American Scientist
5033:10.1038/nmeth.2413
4955:Scientific Reports
4867:on 21 October 2018
4374:(1684): 20150048.
4078:Scientific Reports
3765:H. Rathke (1841).
3182:10.2108/zsj.15.799
3169:Zoological Science
3058:10.1038/ncomms6896
2850:Scientific Reports
2720:Biological Reviews
2524:Anonymous (1842).
2004:Asymmetron inferum
1655:(Pacific lancelet)
1624:(Florida lancelet)
1480:Asymmetron inferum
1460:Branchiostomatidae
1348:
1313:and West Atlantic
1289:axial twist theory
1110:
1055:
799:
712:Peter Simon Pallas
523:Branchiostomatidae
287:Branchiostomatidae
27:Order of chordates
18:Branchiostomatidae
9677:
9676:
9649:Open Tree of Life
9481:Open Tree of Life
9229:Open Tree of Life
8941:Taxon identifiers
8932:
8931:
8914:³orders of class
8900:¹orders of class
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8720:Dipnoi (lungfish)
8615:
8614:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8461:
8460:
8371:
8370:
8346:
8345:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7513:
7512:
7456:
7455:
7375:
7374:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7085:
7084:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6927:Palaeonisciformes
6875:Onychodontiformes
6832:Petalodontiformes
6826:Iniopterygiformes
6789:Phoebodontiformes
6777:Ctenacanthiformes
6747:Diplacanthiformes
6629:
6628:
6402:Myllokunmingiidae
6308:Evolution of fish
6238:"Amphioxus"
6210:Scripps Institute
6077:"Cephalochordata"
5813:Michael J. Benton
5747:Gewin, V (2005).
5630:(18): 2290–2308.
5160:978-1-139-43747-9
5112:Int. J. Dev. Biol
5083:978-81-7133-891-7
4975:10.1038/srep28350
4836:(1337): 243–263.
4800:978-2-8178-0422-4
4657:978-0-12-404586-6
4586:(22): 9081–9086.
4486:978-3-642-18262-4
4227:"Muscular system"
4211:978-0-03-910284-5
4149:978-3-7091-1856-6
2962:Holland, Linda Z.
2732:10.1111/brv.12908
2653:978-0-9941041-6-8
2599:(sup1): S13–S66.
2510:978-1-60483-187-0
2411:Zoologica Scripta
2352:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2238:
2237:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2053:
1939:? († 273.01 mya)
1840:
1829:
1819:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1707:
1697:
1686:
1676:
1665:
1654:
1644:
1634:
1623:
1613:
1602:
1592:
1581:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1464:
1452:Class Leptocardii
1082:Aequorea victoria
513:in the subphylum
439:), also known as
372:
371:
294:
252:
235:
16:(Redirected from
9697:
9670:
9669:
9657:
9656:
9644:
9643:
9631:
9630:
9628:NHMSYS0021053186
9618:
9617:
9605:
9604:
9592:
9591:
9579:
9578:
9566:
9565:
9553:
9552:
9551:
9525:
9524:
9512:
9511:
9502:
9501:
9489:
9488:
9476:
9475:
9473:NHMSYS0000065830
9463:
9462:
9450:
9449:
9437:
9436:
9424:
9423:
9411:
9410:
9398:
9397:
9385:
9384:
9382:Branchiostomidae
9372:
9371:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9355:Branchiostomidae
9344:
9343:
9342:
9325:Branchiostomidae
9316:
9315:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9260:
9259:
9247:
9246:
9237:
9236:
9224:
9223:
9211:
9210:
9198:
9197:
9185:
9184:
9172:
9171:
9159:
9158:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9118:
9117:
9108:
9107:
9098:
9097:
9085:
9084:
9082:NHMSYS0020787064
9072:
9071:
9059:
9058:
9046:
9045:
9033:
9032:
9020:
9019:
9007:
9006:
8994:
8993:
8981:
8980:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8936:
8830:
8786:
8782:
8762:
8758:
8738:
8734:
8713:
8709:
8688:
8684:
8682:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8632:
8628:
8626:
8602:Myxini (hagfish)
8590:
8586:
8582:
8539:
8511:
8491:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8441:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8375:
8052:
8008:
7908:
7884:
7860:
7829:
7825:
7752:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7664:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7580:
7558:
7551:
7522:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7434:
7405:
7401:
7394:
7381:
7358:
7293:
7258:
7254:
7247:
7158:
7138:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7089:
7060:Prehistoric life
6971:Pycnodontiformes
6969:
6954:Acipenseriformes
6924:
6891:
6873:
6860:
6723:
6668:Brindabellaspida
6645:
6640:
6583:Pteraspidomorphi
6572:
6539:
6504:
6488:
6487:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6427:
6416:
6407:
6400:
6385:
6363:
6346:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6278:
6260:
6248:
6240:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6220:. Archived from
6196:
6190:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6162:. Archived from
6147:
6145:
6144:
6135:. Archived from
6120:
6100:
6088:
6083:. Berkeley, CA:
6065:
6042:
6023:
6022:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5966:
5957:
5956:
5930:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5834:
5828:
5810:
5804:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5768:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5683:
5674:
5673:
5655:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5589:10.1037/a0033662
5572:
5566:
5565:
5547:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5499:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5402:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5335:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5280:. Archived from
5247:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5203:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5103:
5088:
5087:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4904:10.2307/25066625
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4860:. Archived from
4827:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4749:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4603:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4538:
4528:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4324:
4309:BMC Neuroscience
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4197:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4133:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4051:10.1002/cne.1039
4030:
4024:
4023:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3841:
3839:10.1038/048613a0
3809:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3530:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3316:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3184:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2993:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2841:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2793:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2616:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2380:
2265:
2252:
2214:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2169:
2168:
2122:
2109:
2100:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2028:
1996:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1944:
1935:
1920:
1911:
1903:
1885:
1872:
1862:
1838:
1827:
1817:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1705:
1695:
1684:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1621:
1612:(Sundevall 1852)
1611:
1600:
1590:
1579:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1462:
1079:than jellyfish (
866:
838:pharyngeal slits
502:
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
446:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
289:
277:
266:
247:
230:
165:
164:
142:
123:
53:
49:Temporal range:
43:
21:
9705:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9694:
9690:Cephalochordata
9680:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9665:
9660:
9652:
9647:
9639:
9634:
9626:
9621:
9613:
9608:
9600:
9595:
9587:
9582:
9574:
9569:
9561:
9556:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9528:
9520:
9515:
9507:
9505:
9497:
9492:
9484:
9479:
9471:
9466:
9458:
9453:
9445:
9440:
9432:
9427:
9419:
9414:
9406:
9401:
9393:
9388:
9380:
9375:
9367:
9362:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9319:
9311:
9306:
9297:
9296:
9291:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9263:
9255:
9250:
9242:
9240:
9232:
9227:
9219:
9214:
9206:
9201:
9193:
9188:
9180:
9175:
9167:
9162:
9154:
9149:
9140:
9139:
9134:
9121:
9113:
9111:
9103:
9101:
9093:
9088:
9080:
9075:
9067:
9062:
9054:
9049:
9041:
9036:
9028:
9023:
9015:
9010:
9002:
8997:
8989:
8984:
8976:
8971:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8943:
8933:
8928:
8908:²subclasses of
8852:
8828:
8809:
8778:
8773:
8754:
8749:
8730:
8725:
8705:
8700:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8671:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8643:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8611:
8578:
8557:
8552:Aplousobranchia
8528:
8518:Stolidobranchia
8502:
8484:
8483:
8466:
8457:
8445:Cephalochordata
8435:
8409:
8402:
8372:
8367:
8342:
8268:Phylactolaemata
8056:
8046:
8045:
8031:
8022:Xenambulacraria
7998:
7954:
7931:
7897:
7879:Kryptotrochozoa
7873:
7851:
7821:
7808:
7799:Monoblastozoa (
7775:
7733:
7720:
7692:Micrognathozoa
7680:
7643:
7618:
7591:
7569:
7545:
7509:
7476:
7465:
7452:
7423:
7397:
7388:
7371:
7348:
7332:
7315:
7284:
7276:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7156:
7134:
7125:
7116:
7086:
7081:
7074:
7048:
6992:
6940:Polypteriformes
6909:
6903:Tetrapodomorpha
6849:
6783:Hybodontiformes
6757:
6734:Acanthodiformes
6716:
6625:
6565:
6555:Paraconodontida
6532:
6500:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6482:
6460:
6448:
6438:
6357:Cephalochordate
6328:
6310:
6305:
6251:
6235:
6227:
6225:
6204:
6194:
6177:
6169:
6167:
6150:
6142:
6140:
6123:
6103:
6091:
6075:
6072:
6045:
6034:
6031:
6029:Further reading
6026:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5849:(7079): 965–8.
5836:
5835:
5831:
5811:
5807:
5803:, 19 June 2008.
5796:
5792:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5692:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5577:Neuropsychology
5574:
5573:
5569:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5501:
5500:
5491:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5318:(3): e0119461.
5305:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5105:
5104:
5091:
5084:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4692:10.1139/z04-163
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4431:(4): e2001573.
4418:
4417:
4413:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4135:
4134:
4123:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4032:
4031:
4027:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3848:2027/hvd.hn25lj
3811:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3724:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3480:10.2307/1541578
3461:
3460:
3456:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3382:10.2307/3227024
3367:
3366:
3362:
3325:(12): 1800130.
3314:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3281:10.2307/3227011
3266:
3265:
3261:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3110:(7734): 64–70.
3096:
3095:
3091:
3031:
3030:
3023:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2843:
2842:
2825:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2617:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2497:Notulae Naturae
2490:
2489:
2482:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2315:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2239:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2057:
2056:
2055:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1804:(Kirkaldy 1894)
1445:cryptic species
1394:Molecular clock
1340:
1331:
1277:
1242:
1144:
1104:Live lancelet (
1095:photoprotection
1039:
950:
930:
918:
864:
834:
791:
775:
763:Johannes Müller
702:
697:
661:
641:
628:
623:
556:Molecular clock
515:Cephalochordata
500:
496:
455:
451:
433:
413:
383:
379:
246:
229:
227:Cephalochordata
159:
133:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9703:
9701:
9693:
9692:
9682:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9658:
9645:
9632:
9619:
9606:
9593:
9580:
9567:
9554:
9538:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9513:
9503:
9490:
9477:
9464:
9451:
9438:
9425:
9412:
9399:
9386:
9373:
9360:
9345:
9329:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9304:
9289:
9273:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9248:
9238:
9225:
9212:
9199:
9186:
9173:
9160:
9147:
9131:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9109:
9099:
9086:
9073:
9060:
9047:
9034:
9021:
9008:
8995:
8982:
8978:Amphioxiformes
8969:
8953:
8951:
8949:Amphioxiformes
8945:
8944:
8939:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8926:
8920:
8912:
8906:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8838:
8836:
8827:
8826:
8819:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8794:
8792:
8783:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8765:
8759:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8741:
8735:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8716:
8710:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8691:
8685:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8617:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8583:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8549:
8546:Phlebobranchia
8542:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8521:
8514:
8508:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8471:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8449:
8447:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8378:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8358:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8233:Platyhelminths
8229:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8157:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8060:
8058:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8027:Centroneuralia
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7922:
7916:
7914:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7887:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7863:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7832:
7826:
7823:Lophotrochozoa
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7760:
7758:
7749:
7738:
7735:Platytrochozoa
7730:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7709:
7697:
7694:(Limnognathia)
7688:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7648:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7609:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7530:
7528:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7481:
7470:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7324:
7323:(Triploblasts)
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7306:
7304:and relatives)
7296:
7290:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7261:
7255:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7231:Mesomycetozoea
7228:
7223:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7167:Diaphoretickes
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6931:
6930:
6919:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6893:Porolepiformes
6882:
6877:
6868:
6866:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6838:Symmoriiformes
6834:
6828:
6822:
6820:Eugeneodontida
6810:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6771:Elasmobranchii
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6740:Climatiiformes
6736:
6729:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6698:Acanthothoraci
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6674:Petalichthyida
6670:
6664:
6658:
6651:
6649:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6609:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6548:Protoconodonta
6543:
6541:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6501:
6494:
6493:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6423:
6419:Myllokunmingia
6396:
6391:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6338:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6261:
6249:
6233:
6218:U.C. San Diego
6202:
6191:
6175:
6148:
6121:
6101:
6089:
6071:
6070:External links
6068:
6067:
6066:
6043:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6010:
5996:
5982:
5958:
5892:
5829:
5805:
5790:
5739:
5710:"The Lancelet"
5700:
5689:. EMBRC France
5675:
5610:
5583:(5): 511–515.
5567:
5538:(2): 193–216.
5532:Animal Biology
5522:
5515:
5489:
5452:(3): 371–393.
5432:
5365:
5298:
5256:(2): 297–305.
5233:
5166:
5159:
5139:
5089:
5082:
5064:
5021:Nature Methods
5006:
4941:
4878:
4813:
4799:
4779:
4705:
4686:(1): 122–150.
4670:
4656:
4633:
4566:
4499:
4485:
4462:
4411:
4354:
4295:
4244:
4231:Access Science
4217:
4210:
4185:
4162:
4148:
4121:
4064:
4045:(4): 394–405.
4025:
3986:
3927:
3876:
3861:
3804:
3789:
3774:
3757:
3742:
3722:
3700:
3677:
3655:WoRMS (2024).
3647:
3630:
3603:(6): 665–675.
3584:
3567:
3552:
3493:
3474:(2): 111–122.
3454:
3419:(4): 484–493.
3403:
3360:
3302:
3259:
3224:(2): 329–332.
3204:
3175:(5): 799–803.
3155:
3089:
3021:
2952:
2925:(2): 653–661.
2905:
2893:
2823:
2761:
2726:(1): 316–351.
2706:
2679:(4): 275–287.
2659:
2652:
2632:
2579:
2556:
2533:
2516:
2509:
2480:
2458:
2436:
2417:(4): 435–436.
2398:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:46.0 mya
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:28.7 mya
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:27.0 mya
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:16.4 mya
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1820:
1810:
1796:
1794:(Günther 1884)
1786:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1698:
1688:
1677:
1667:
1656:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1614:
1604:
1601:Sundevall 1853
1593:
1591:Gilchrist 1902
1583:
1572:
1562:
1561:(Mud lancelet)
1551:
1540:
1538:Gilchrist 1923
1530:
1520:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1484:Nishikawa 2004
1463:Bonaparte 1846
1377:exon shuffling
1373:synapomorphies
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1311:Gulf of Mexico
1285:model organism
1276:
1275:Model organism
1273:
1261:protonephridia
1241:
1238:
1222:hepatic caecum
1199:Hatschek's pit
1148:filter feeders
1143:
1140:
1038:
1035:
949:
946:
929:
926:
917:
914:
833:
830:
812:B. lanceolatum
790:
787:
774:
771:
701:
698:
696:
693:
663:Lancelets are
660:
657:
653:B. lanceolatum
640:
637:
627:
624:
622:
619:
608:B. lanceolatum
508:filter feeding
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
359:
353:
352:
351:
348:
345:
339:
338:
337:
328:
327:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
309:
302:
284:
273:
259:
258:
254:
253:
241:
237:
236:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
153:
152:
144:
143:
135:
134:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9702:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9668:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9559:
9555:
9550:
9544:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9504:
9500:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9365:
9361:
9356:
9350:
9346:
9341:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9314:
9309:
9305:
9300:
9294:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9239:
9235:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9116:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8974:
8970:
8965:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8937:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8911:
8910:Sarcopterygii
8907:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8898:
8895:
8849:
8846:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8815:Archelosauria
8812:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8781:
8776:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8760:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8728:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8708:
8703:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8678:Sarcopterygii
8674:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8622:Gnathostomata
8618:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8576:
8553:
8550:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8485:(Urochordata)
8479:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8464:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8431:Deuterostomia
8428:
8426:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8407:
8399:
8394:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8363:
8362:dubious phyla
8359:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8161:Hemichordates
8158:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8076:Glass sponges
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8053:
8049:
8042:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8017:Deuterostomia
8015:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8003:of Bilateria
8002:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7836:Cycliophora (
7834:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7819:
7804:
7802:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7731:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7575:Panarthropoda
7572:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7194:Stramenopiles
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7157:(major groups
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7113:
7108:
7106:
7101:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7027:cartilaginous
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6763:Cartilaginous
6760:
6754:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6711:Stensioellida
6708:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6686:Ptyctodontida
6683:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6535:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6445:
6432:
6431:
6430:Zhongxiniscus
6424:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6410:Haikouichthys
6403:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6342:
6341:Basal member
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6290:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6239:
6234:
6224:on 2013-05-15
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6166:on 2012-03-05
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6139:on 2012-03-05
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6085:U.C. Berkeley
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5972:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5825:0-632-05637-1
5822:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5794:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5701:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5516:0-19-860426-2
5512:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:(3): e32392.
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:(2): 95–100.
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4879:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4671:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4173:
4166:
4163:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:(1252): 613.
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3799:Z. Wiss. Zool
3793:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3697:(2): 229–240.
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:Branchiostoma
3681:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:(9): e75461.
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:Branchiostoma
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:Branchiostoma
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:Epigonichthys
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:? († 518 mya)
1914:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:(Benham 1901)
1826:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:Epigonichthys
1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:Boschung 1983
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1664:(Pallas 1774)
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:(Willey 1897)
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:(Willey 1901)
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:Branchiostoma
1500:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:Epigonichthys
1409:
1408:
1407:Branchiostoma
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1329:As human food
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Ernst Haeckel
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:Other systems
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:phytoplankton
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:quantum yield
1121:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:Rows 2–4
955:
947:
945:
941:
939:
935:
927:
925:
923:
916:Visual system
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:, a possible
887:
884:
880:
875:
874:
870:
862:
858:
854:
851:made up of a
850:
845:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
818:
814:
813:
808:
803:
795:
788:
786:
782:
778:
772:
770:
768:
767:Ernst Haeckel
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:Branchiostoma
746:of the genus
745:
741:
737:
736:
735:Branchiostoma
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
708:
699:
694:
692:
689:
688:Linda Holland
686:Nicholas and
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:fertilization
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
632:
625:
620:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
602:
598:
597:
596:Branchiostoma
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
536:
531:
526:
524:
521:, and family
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
504:
491:
450:
442:
438:
437:
428:
377:
363:
360:
357:
356:
354:
349:
346:
343:
342:
340:
335:
334:
332:
331:
329:
326:
322:
315:
314:
313:Epigonichthys
310:
308:
307:
306:Branchiostoma
303:
301:
300:
296:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
281:
274:
271:
270:
263:
262:
260:
255:
250:
245:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Deuterostomia
205:
203:Superphylum:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
154:
151:
150:
145:
141:
136:
131:
127:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9533:
9324:
9268:
9126:
8948:
8922:
8915:
8901:
8848:Aves (birds)
8790:Lepidosauria
8650:Euteleostomi
8594:Cyclostomata
8452:
8429:Superphylum
8360:Potentially
8355:
8308:
8284:
8278:Gymnolaemata
8273:Stenolaemata
8262:Ectoproctans
8260:
8231:
8202:
8178:
8172:Pterobranchs
8159:
8135:
8111:
8087:
8063:
8057:within phyla
8055:Major groups
7925:
7912:Bryozoa s.l.
7903:Lophophorata
7891:
7867:
7845:
7837:
7800:
7789:Orthonectida
7764:
7711:
7704:
7693:
7612:
7605:
7534:
7492:Scalidophora
7441:
7429:Ambulacraria
7416:
7329:(see below↓)
7309:
7301:
7265:
7216:Opisthokonta
7017:spiny sharks
6976:Halecomorphi
6795:Xenacanthida
6680:Phyllolepida
6613:Pituriaspida
6574:Ostracoderms
6508:Cyclostomata
6498:Jawless fish
6447:
6428:
6417:
6408:
6386:
6371:
6364:
6347:
6265:
6256:
6242:
6226:. Retrieved
6222:the original
6213:
6182:
6168:. Retrieved
6164:the original
6159:
6155:
6141:. Retrieved
6137:the original
6132:
6128:
6112:
6097:ResearchGate
6095:– via
6053:
6047:
6037:
6013:
5999:
5985:
5974:. Retrieved
5910:
5906:
5895:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5816:
5808:
5801:Ars Technica
5800:
5793:
5756:
5753:PLOS Biology
5752:
5742:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5691:. Retrieved
5627:
5623:
5613:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5506:
5503:Tudge, Colin
5449:
5445:
5435:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5282:the original
5253:
5249:
5236:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5149:
5142:
5115:
5111:
5073:
5067:
5024:
5020:
5009:
4961:(1): 28350.
4958:
4954:
4944:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4862:the original
4833:
4829:
4816:
4804:. Retrieved
4789:
4782:
4729:
4725:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4661:. Retrieved
4646:
4636:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4490:. Retrieved
4475:
4465:
4428:
4425:PLOS Biology
4424:
4414:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4230:
4220:
4201:
4176:. Retrieved
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4138:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3864:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3783:
3777:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3745:
3736:
3716:
3712:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3660:
3650:
3640:
3633:
3600:
3596:
3577:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3107:
3103:
3092:
3041:
3037:
2973:
2969:
2955:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2896:
2853:
2849:
2781:
2777:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2642:
2635:
2621:cite journal
2596:
2592:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2500:
2496:
2474:
2470:
2451:
2414:
2410:
2395:(1): 91–141.
2392:
2388:
2277:
2257:
2226:
2206:
2134:
2114:
2041:
2040:
2019:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1954:
1932:
1908:
1895:
1877:
1849:
1833:
1822:
1812:
1808:nomen dubium
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1710:nomen dubium
1700:
1690:
1679:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1616:
1606:
1595:
1585:
1580:Andrews 1893
1574:
1564:
1553:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1494:Andrews 1893
1488:
1478:
1474:Andrews 1893
1468:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1349:
1332:
1322:
1319:Indo-Pacific
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1278:
1258:
1243:
1219:
1215:
1184:
1179:
1145:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1027:hypothalamus
1008:serotonergic
1005:
1000:
996:
993:
986:
957:
953:
951:
942:
931:
919:
909:
883:diencephalic
876:
872:
868:
846:
835:
810:
806:
804:
800:
783:
779:
776:
756:
747:
739:
733:
719:
705:
703:
685:
680:
676:
662:
652:
648:
642:
633:
629:
614:
612:
607:
603:
601:B. floridae,
600:
594:
568:
545:
539:
533:
527:
522:
518:
514:
448:
440:
375:
373:
311:
304:
297:
286:
278:
267:
243:
226:
190:
147:
40:
9429:iNaturalist
9349:Wikispecies
9299:Leptocardia
9293:Wikispecies
9269:Leptocardia
9127:Leptocardii
9038:iNaturalist
8834:Archosauria
8707:Rhipidistia
8423:(unranked)
8336:Tusk shells
8321:Cephalopods
8292:Polychaetes
8239:Turbellaria
8220:Crustaceans
8196:Secernentea
8186:Chromadorea
8167:Acorn worms
8137:Echinoderms
8129:Vertebrates
8071:Demosponges
8005:is disputed
7467:Protostomia
7355:is disputed
7282:ParaHoxozoa
7037:lobe-finned
6963:Neopterygii
6949:Chondrostei
6885:Rhipidistia
6864:Lobe-finned
6814:Holocephali
6619:Osteostraci
6521:Hyperoartia
6366:Cathaymyrus
6334:Forerunners
6156:biolsci.org
6129:biolsci.org
6056:: 552–560.
5759:(6): e219.
5291:16 December
4871:14 December
4663:25 November
4492:25 November
4155:21 November
4084:(1): 1157.
3947:(8): e787.
3670:11 February
2919:Development
2856:(1): 1157.
1913:Cathaymyrus
1818:Peters 1877
1784:(Raff 1912)
1774:Peters 1876
1548:(Gray 1847)
1360:sea squirts
1352:vertebrates
1263:instead of
1230:phagocytize
1164:zooplankton
1106:B. floridae
962:glial cells
948:Frontal eye
752:common name
714:in 1774 as
615:B. belcheri
604:B. belcheri
574:vertebrates
541:Cathaymyrus
519:Leptocardii
269:Cathaymyrus
244:Leptocardii
223:Subphylum:
8580:Vertebrata
8534:Enterogona
8468:Olfactores
8316:Gastropods
8297:Clitellata
8204:Arthropods
8143:Sea lilies
8089:Cnidarians
8007:; see also
7937:Brachiozoa
7700:Syndermata
7659:Gnathifera
7357:; see also
7302:Trichoplax
7300:Placozoa (
7287:Planulozoa
7022:placoderms
6981:Ginglymodi
6915:Ray-finned
6880:Coelacanth
6725:Acanthodii
6662:Arthrodira
6647:Placoderms
6635:Jawed fish
6607:Galeaspida
6589:Thelodonti
6388:Haikouella
6379:Olfactores
6257:GeoChemBio
6228:2007-11-01
6170:2006-06-08
6143:2006-06-08
5976:2013-10-22
5720:(6): 552.
5186:(1): 112.
4806:7 December
4536:1885/84715
4519:: 52–119.
4264:(22): 22.
3896:: e87028.
3376:(4): 349.
3275:(4): 423.
2553:: 256–264.
2477:: 137–202.
2368:References
1966:Asymmetron
1879:Olfactores
1760:Hubbs 1922
1750:Hubbs 1922
1730:Hubbs 1922
1706:Kelly 1966
1622:Hubbs 1922
1570:Hubbs 1922
1518:Hubbs 1927
1470:Asymmetron
1398:Asymmetron
1392:is basal.
1389:Asymmetron
1254:hemoglobin
1246:epithelium
1152:planktonic
1136:mNeonGreen
1128:engineered
954:Row 1
938:melanopsin
934:microvilli
826:gill slits
665:gonochoric
582:exaptation
578:homologous
570:Zoologists
560:Cretaceous
299:Asymmetron
9549:Q61882392
9284:Q21286775
9142:Q20722244
8732:Tetrapoda
8425:Bilateria
8302:Sipuncula
8249:Monogenea
8244:Trematoda
8215:Myriapods
8180:Nematodes
8124:Tunicates
8119:Lancelets
8113:Chordates
8105:Myxozoans
8012:Nephrozoa
8001:phylogeny
7801:Salinella
7756:Rouphozoa
7597:Tactopoda
7526:Nematoida
7478:Ecdysozoa
7399:Bilateria
7386:Bilateria
7367:Benthozoa
7362:Eumetazoa
7351:phylogeny
7321:Bilateria
7211:Amoebozoa
7189:Alveolata
7177:Cryptista
7152:Eukaryota
7080:† extinct
6935:Cladistia
6692:Rhenanida
6656:Antiarchi
6561:Conodonta
6540:Conodonts
6263:View the
5937:0028-0836
5871:784007344
5693:7 January
5644:1420-682X
5545:1003.1872
5466:0391-9714
5409:1932-6203
5342:1932-6203
5270:0145-305X
5210:1471-2148
5041:1548-7105
4983:2045-2322
4912:0006-3185
4858:0962-8436
4756:0027-8424
4700:0008-4301
4610:0027-8424
4545:1350-9462
4388:0962-8436
4331:1471-2202
4315:(1): 59.
4178:7 January
3597:BioEssays
3441:1552-5015
3390:1077-8306
3339:1521-1878
3319:BioEssays
3289:1077-8306
3246:1469-7769
3191:0289-0003
3132:1476-4687
3066:2041-1723
3000:1476-4687
2939:0168-9525
2800:1664-042X
2756:252995259
2740:1464-7931
2701:0024-1164
2613:0021-2210
2362:Phylliroe
1856:phylogeny
1852:cladogram
1740:Webb 1955
1720:Webb 1955
1696:Webb 1956
1675:Webb 1956
1633:Webb 1958
1528:Webb 1957
1195:endostyle
1132:monomeric
1031:paracrine
1023:locomotor
1016:tegmental
1001:c-opsin 3
997:c-opsin 1
912:(DiMes).
902:pretectum
894:hindbrain
886:forebrain
849:notochord
822:cartilage
740:Amphioxus
716:molluscan
590:evolution
550:from the
511:chordates
449:amphioxus
376:lancelets
291:Bonaparte
197:Nephrozoa
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
124:Possible
9684:Category
9543:Wikidata
9340:Q2747865
9334:Wikidata
9278:Wikidata
9136:Wikidata
8964:Q1156226
8958:Wikidata
8482:Tunicata
8419:Animalia
8417:Kingdom
8406:chordate
8326:Bivalves
8310:Molluscs
8286:Annelids
7645:Spiralia
7252:Animalia
7206:Amorphea
7184:Rhizaria
7172:Hacrobia
7162:Excavata
7147:Bacteria
6898:Lungfish
6843:Chimaera
6595:Anaspida
6394:Tunicate
6372:Lancelet
5945:18563158
5879:16495997
5815:(2005).
5785:15941356
5670:28284725
5662:15378201
5653:11138525
5605:11646580
5597:24040928
5505:(2000).
5484:26013195
5427:22427833
5379:PLOS ONE
5360:25774519
5312:PLOS ONE
5278:24877655
5228:23734698
5134:29319123
5059:23524392
5001:27311567
4936:45913388
4928:17928516
4920:25066625
4774:22949670
4628:19451628
4561:38219705
4553:23792002
4457:28422959
4406:26554041
4349:22676056
4290:33088474
4116:28442709
4059:11406821
4020:29319110
3981:17726517
3941:PLOS ONE
3922:37721204
3913:10506793
3869:S. Yan.
3617:19408244
3547:24086537
3507:PLOS ONE
3449:17520703
3355:53528269
3347:30328120
3254:85696980
3199:85834803
3150:30464347
3084:25523484
3044:: 5896.
3008:18563158
2888:28442709
2818:30618839
2784:: 1833.
2748:36257784
2503:: 1–16.
2431:83266247
2356:See also
1955:Lancelet
1896:Lancelet
1866:Chordata
1447:remain.
1424:between
1356:Tunicata
1265:nephrons
1187:tentacle
1168:detritus
1077:copepods
1029:, where
1019:neuropil
906:midbrain
898:thalamus
892:, and a
890:midbrain
853:cylinder
842:myomeres
817:myotomes
730:lampreys
700:Taxonomy
673:spawning
645:plankton
564:Cenozoic
530:Cambrian
517:, class
441:amphioxi
325:Synonyms
217:Chordata
213:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
126:Cambrian
46:Lancelet
36:Lancelot
9509:4822464
9395:2773791
9244:7176011
9234:5665514
9221:2682552
9195:7375758
9115:4822463
9095:2682553
9004:2773790
8923:italics
8756:Amniota
8408:classes
8404:Extant
8331:Chitons
8254:Cestoda
8191:Enoplea
8065:Sponges
7838:Symbion
7781:Mesozoa
7221:Animals
7142:Archaea
7118:Extant
7053:Related
6986:Teleost
6526:Lamprey
6516:Hagfish
6266:braFlo1
6200:YouTube
6113:sars.no
5953:4418548
5915:Bibcode
5887:4382758
5851:Bibcode
5776:1149496
5722:Bibcode
5562:7399128
5475:4286652
5418:3299649
5387:Bibcode
5351:4361685
5320:Bibcode
5219:3682859
5188:Bibcode
5050:3811051
4992:4911609
4963:Bibcode
4838:Bibcode
4765:3458357
4734:Bibcode
4619:2690026
4588:Bibcode
4448:5396861
4397:4650125
4340:3484041
4281:7568382
4258:EvoDevo
4107:5430900
4086:Bibcode
3972:1950077
3949:Bibcode
3873:. 1999.
3856:4016509
3826:Bibcode
3625:9292134
3538:3784433
3515:Bibcode
3488:1541578
3421:Bibcode
3398:3227024
3297:3227011
3226:Bibcode
3141:6292497
3112:Bibcode
3075:4284660
3046:Bibcode
3016:4418548
2978:Bibcode
2947:7298022
2879:5430900
2858:Bibcode
2809:6305399
2681:Bibcode
2673:Lethaia
2576:: 1–16.
2184:⊟
2175:⊞
2099:⊟
2090:⊞
1986:⊟
1977:⊞
1422:hybrids
1234:homolog
1207:Ciliary
1191:pharynx
1160:diatoms
1130:into a
989:melanin
960:), and
869:kephalē
789:Anatomy
773:Anatomy
744:synonym
726:hagfish
695:History
639:Feeding
626:Habitat
621:Ecology
586:genomes
552:Permian
355:Family
257:Genera
240:Class:
232:Haeckel
132:records
130:Permian
118:↓
9667:196078
9654:176551
9615:685569
9602:106210
9563:178131
9522:104899
9506:uBio:
9499:352170
9486:176551
9460:159680
9447:109182
9434:318011
9408:1BRNSF
9313:201890
9257:104897
9241:uBio:
9182:1LEPTC
9156:359990
9112:uBio:
9102:NZOR:
9069:685568
9043:152875
9017:1AMPXO
8780:Sauria
8356:bolded
7199:Plants
7136:Domain
7120:animal
6349:Pikaia
5951:
5943:
5935:
5907:Nature
5885:
5877:
5869:
5843:Nature
5823:
5783:
5773:
5668:
5660:
5650:
5642:
5603:
5595:
5560:
5513:
5482:
5472:
5464:
5425:
5415:
5407:
5358:
5348:
5340:
5276:
5268:
5226:
5216:
5208:
5157:
5132:
5080:
5057:
5047:
5039:
4999:
4989:
4981:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4856:
4797:
4772:
4762:
4754:
4698:
4654:
4626:
4616:
4608:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4483:
4455:
4445:
4404:
4394:
4386:
4347:
4337:
4329:
4288:
4278:
4208:
4146:
4114:
4104:
4057:
4018:
3979:
3969:
3920:
3910:
3854:
3818:Nature
3623:
3615:
3545:
3535:
3486:
3447:
3439:
3396:
3388:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3295:
3287:
3252:
3244:
3197:
3189:
3148:
3138:
3130:
3104:Nature
3082:
3072:
3064:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2970:Nature
2945:
2937:
2886:
2876:
2816:
2806:
2798:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2699:
2650:
2611:
2507:
2429:
1767:Genus
1501:Genus
1467:Genus
1457:Family
1384:genera
1309:, the
1269:gonads
1226:caecum
1172:larvae
1162:, and
1091:larvae
1063:gonads
922:opsins
904:, and
865:κεφαλή
606:, and
535:Pikaia
436:-slits
434:LA(H)N
341:Order
293:, 1846
251:, 1845
249:Müller
234:, 1866
52:Recent
32:Lancet
9662:WoRMS
9597:IRMNG
9576:7NG6D
9517:WoRMS
9442:IRMNG
9252:WoRMS
9203:IRMNG
9056:12169
9051:IRMNG
8507:Acopa
7518:N+L+P
7226:Fungi
7123:phyla
7005:Lists
6805:Shark
5949:S2CID
5883:S2CID
5666:S2CID
5601:S2CID
5558:S2CID
5540:arXiv
5285:(PDF)
5246:(PDF)
4932:S2CID
4916:JSTOR
4865:(PDF)
4826:(PDF)
4557:S2CID
3890:eLife
3852:S2CID
3661:WoRMS
3621:S2CID
3484:JSTOR
3394:JSTOR
3351:S2CID
3315:(PDF)
3293:JSTOR
3250:S2CID
3195:S2CID
3012:S2CID
2943:S2CID
2752:S2CID
2427:S2CID
1441:WoRMS
1368:basal
1250:heart
1203:mucus
1156:fungi
1116:from
1067:genes
1012:axons
978:cones
861:spine
857:cells
721:Limax
499:-fee-
191:Clade
9641:7736
9636:NCBI
9610:ITIS
9589:5296
9584:GBIF
9558:BOLD
9455:ITIS
9421:2016
9416:GBIF
9403:EPPO
9308:ITIS
9216:NCBI
9208:1045
9190:GBIF
9177:EPPO
9151:BOLD
9090:NCBI
9064:ITIS
9025:GBIF
9012:EPPO
8986:BOLD
7999:The
7349:The
7032:bony
6855:Bony
6319:Fish
5941:PMID
5933:ISSN
5875:PMID
5867:OCLC
5821:ISBN
5781:PMID
5695:2018
5658:PMID
5640:ISSN
5593:PMID
5511:ISBN
5480:PMID
5462:ISSN
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