585:
884:
911:
258:(CNMP), which mated the CM60A1 mortar to twin co-axial machine guns or a single co-axial 20 mm autocannon. This turret could store about 43 mortar projectiles. The CM60A1 was unique in that it was the first turret-mounted, breech-loading, dual-purpose mortar to be mass-produced. Its turret mount gave it continuous traverse and, unlike muzzle-loading infantry mortars, it could engage targets of opportunity at close range that could not otherwise be suppressed with indirect fire.
572:
31:
742:
1129:
1102:
1016:
728:
702:
546:
519:
500:
624:
871:
816:
802:
768:
676:
843:
715:
663:
637:
598:
559:
533:
788:
689:
508:
755:
650:
611:
245:. However, these vehicles had been designed for conventional combat on European battlefields and proved poorly suited to Algerian conditions; their heavy anti-tank armament also risked collateral damage and was of limited usefulness in fighting off guerrilla raids. The French Army wanted a much lighter, more efficient vehicle that was easier to maintain and initially adopted the
830:
1075:
1048:
987:
958:
857:
897:
269:
Brandt's Mle CM60A1 design proved to be an immediate export success, as South Africa placed an order for 350 AML-60s in 1961, over half of which were to be assembled locally with French technical assistance. A South
African military delegation visited France between November 22 and 28 that year to
261:
The CM60A1 had a hydraulic recoil system and could be loaded with standard mortar ammunition for indirect fire support, as well as specialized direct fire ammunition. It could still be muzzle loaded from outside the vehicle, but was unique in its opening breech locked by a falling block much like
336:
By the mid to late 1970s, the CM60A1 had been largely superseded by the similar Cloche Spéciale (CS) 60, which was distinguished by its ribbed barrel. The CS 60 utilized more ergonomic ammunition, which allowed for up to 56 mortar projectiles to be stored in the HE-60-7 turret, as opposed to the
249:
for this purpose. Nevertheless, Ferrets could only be armed with a single general-purpose machine gun, and were regarded as inadequate for offensive purposes. A number of French defence contractors took up the challenge of creating yet another new vehicle of similar dimensions to the Ferret but
265:
Ranging was visual and conducted through the turret sights. Due to the lack of a modern fire control system in the HE-60-7 turrets, range to target had to be estimated by the vehicle crew. This required a series of precise but time-consuming calculations to be made by the crew commander for
262:
direct fire artillery. The firing pin was automatically withdrawn when the breech was unlocked, reducing the likelihood of misfires. Different variants of the CM60A1 were produced with electrical or mechanical firing mechanisms. A hydraulic buffer provided a recoil of 135 mm.
372:
following a series of accidents and misfires. At some point prior to 1980, incidents involving the mortar type had become so common that its use was prohibited. The mortars were removed from Irish AML-60s shortly afterwards and replaced with a single heavy machine gun.
473:
and had a range of 1,600 metres, and the M61 shell, which has a range of 2,000 metres. Specialized smoke, coloured marker, and practice variants of the M61 projectiles were also used. Other projectiles included
337:
CM60A1's 43. Nevertheless, both mortar types continued to be marketed in a wide range of commercial turrets for the export market. In the late 1970s, the CM60A1 was successfully mounted on a variant of the
201:. The CM60A1 could be fired at a very low angle of elevation, giving it a dual purpose as direct fire artillery. Its hydraulic recoil mechanism reduces peak loads, allowing it to be mounted in very light
376:
As of 1980, over 1,600 CM60A1 mortars had been produced. A much larger, long-ranged variant of the CM60A1 and CS 60, with a barrel extension incorporated onto the existing armament, was known as the
2136:
1983:
2225:
270:
discuss the manufacture of the HE-60-7 turrets and armament under licence. By 1965, South Africa had purchased 450 CM60A1s for the future production of its modified
250:
carrying a mortar, which was regarded as more effective than a large gun system at breaking up ambushes and suppressing dispersed FLN positions. The result, the
390:
CM60A1s have seen extensive combat, primarily with the AML-60 and Eland-60 light armoured cars. French forces deployed AML-60s armed with CM60A1 mortars during
2009:
2110:
1059:
Algeria, Burundi, Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Iraq, Ireland, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Zaire, others
2140:
1987:
488:
South Africa manufactured its own range of high explosive, canister, and illumination rounds for the K1, as well as a unique smoke projectile.
399:
2210:
2094:
2069:
1967:
1835:
1810:
1764:
1684:
1659:
1629:
1480:
1455:
1196:
2173:
234:
2044:
1942:
1889:
1864:
469:
Two different models of high explosive ammunition were typically fired from the CM60A1: the M35/47 shell, which was developed for the
1788:
1739:
1419:
1277:
274:
armoured cars, along with a licence for both the mortar and its associated ammunition, which was granted by the French government's
197:. Unlike conventional infantry mortars, it was not designed to be mounted on a bipod and a baseplate, but rather in the turrets of
590:
491:
At some point, France developed an armour-piercing shell for the CM60A1, but it is unclear whether this entered production.
1705:
2013:
422:, often manned by French or Portuguese mercenaries. Nigerian AML-60s were exposed to considerable combat during the
2215:
378:
210:
198:
109:
1473:
Battle on the Lomba 1987: The Day a South
African Armoured Battalion shattered Angola's Last Mechanized Offensive
329:, and Spain. Some governments favoured the purchase of the lightly armed AML-60 model as opposed to the heavier
2205:
2195:
407:
403:
1584:
2114:
1781:
South
African Arms and Armour - A concise guide to armaments of the South African Army, Navy, and Air Force.
1354:
202:
144:
526:
CM60A1 mortars have been exported widely with AML-60, Eland-60, and Ratel-60 armoured fighting vehicles.
2200:
522:
Closeup of an AML-60 turret, showing the CM60A1 on the left and two co-axial machine guns on the right.
2220:
431:
410:, the AML-60 equipped Portuguese reconnaissance platoons, mainly deployed for convoy escort. In 1975
1269:
848:
439:
435:
398:. South African Eland-60s were used for counter-insurgency and frequently engaged militants of the
362:
246:
302:
2113:. Newtown, Connecticut, United States: Forecast International, Incorporated. 1998. Archived from
1905:
Malmassari, Paul (August 1996). "UN Armored Cars/Reconnaissance
Vehicles (since the beginning)".
423:
226:
282:. The South African Army also referred to this weapon as the M2 (not to be confused with the US
1562:
Relations between South Africa and France with special reference to military matters, 1960-1990
1535:
2169:
2090:
2065:
2040:
1963:
1938:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1831:
1806:
1784:
1760:
1735:
1680:
1655:
1625:
1476:
1451:
1425:
1415:
1273:
1192:
1160:
419:
2166:
Surviving the Ride: A pictorial history of South
African Manufactured Mine-Protected vehicles
1261:
391:
1395:
Perret-Gentil, J. (September 1961). "Une nouvelle auto-mitrailleuse
Panhard (A.M.L. 245)".
233:. France had initially favoured the deployment of swift, lightly armoured cars against the
30:
1008:
945:
470:
346:
44:
1262:
1677:
Ireland and
International Peacekeeping Operations 1960–2000: A Study of Irish Motivation
1621:
1377:
1323:
518:
446:
254:, entered service in 1961. AML-60s were fitted with an HE-60-7 turret developed by the
499:
2189:
475:
481:
The CM60A1 could fire any type of ammunition used by the Brandt Mle 1935 and the US
733:
707:
551:
322:
238:
230:
80:
1984:"Pakistan: Military takes security of Airports, Prisons and Defence Installations"
1296:
1223:
1709:
1035:
974:
577:
330:
251:
242:
206:
1560:
507:
1064:
629:
369:
358:
338:
214:
194:
154:
2010:"Eurosatory 2016 - Regional Focus: Middle East and Africa [ES2016D1]"
2039:(October 1992 ed.). Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 240.
1429:
1091:
1003:
511:
482:
350:
283:
271:
1327:. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 17–22. September–October 1995.
921:
278:(DTAT). CM60A1s manufactured in South Africa under licence were designated
889:
876:
821:
807:
773:
681:
450:
298:
1450:(1983 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. pp. 269–713.
1191:(1979 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. pp. 313–368.
1960:
Mobility
Conquers: The Story Of 61 Mechanised Battalion Group 1978-2005
1164:. Defence Update G.m.b.H., 1984, 1984–85 Volume Collected Issues 48–58.
1118:
1040:
950:
720:
668:
642:
603:
564:
538:
458:
326:
314:
310:
294:
290:
134:
979:
862:
793:
694:
503:
Map with Brandt CM60A1 operators in blue with former operators in red
454:
427:
318:
1884:(1988 ed.). Greenville: Crescent Publications. pp. 68–70.
193:, or simply as the Brandt 60mm LP gun-mortar, is a 60 mm (2.36 in.)
35:
Muzzle of a Brandt Mle CM60A1 gun-mortar (left) on an HE-60-7 turret
1937:(2002 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. p. 209.
1591:
1732:
The
History of the French Foreign Legion: From 1831 to Present Day
1024:
916:
902:
760:
655:
616:
415:
411:
2012:. London: Jane's Information Group. 13 June 2016. Archived from
835:
747:
395:
306:
1375:
Henry, Michel (July–December 1972). "French Armor in
Algeria".
1268:(1976 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. pp.
289:
Throughout the 1960s, CM60A1s were exported with the AML-60 to
357:. A gun-mortar almost identical to the CM60A1 was produced by
1958:
Steenkamp, Willem; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (September 2016).
1559:
Moukambi, Victor (December 2008). Grundlingh, A.M. (ed.).
225:
The Brandt Mle CM60A1 was developed as a result of French
1853:
Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967-70
1708:. South African Armour Museum. 2012-12-06. Archived from
1414:. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 158–59.
1297:
Interconair Armies & Weapons, Collected Issues 40-49
349:. South Africa later mounted K1 mortars on its fleet of
1759:(2015 ed.). Helion & Co. Ltd. pp. 39–37.
1803:
Modern African Wars (2): Angola and Mozambique 1961–74
1755:
Tom Cooper & Albert Grandolini (19 January 2015).
1590:. Amman: Raboukh Trading Company. 2012. Archived from
2164:
Camp, Steve; Helmoed-Römer, Heitman (November 2014).
1475:(2014 ed.). Helion and Company. pp. 48–92.
514:
armoured car with its K1/M2 mortar at full elevation.
1734:(2005 ed.). Amber Books Ltd. pp. 181–185.
368:
The CM60A1 was the topic of some controversy in the
1654:(2005 ed.). Tiger Lily Books. pp. 56–78.
1381:. Fort Knox, Kentucky: US Army Armor Center: 12–15.
1227:. The Journal, 1982, Collected Issues 17–28. p. 44.
416:
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
171:
163:
153:
143:
133:
120:
115:
105:
94:
86:
76:
71:
63:
58:
50:
40:
21:
2089:. Solihull: Helion & Company. pp. 14–16.
426:between 1967 and 1970, with one being captured by
353:infantry fighting vehicles, which were designated
2087:Great Lakes Holocaust: First Congo War, 1996–1997
1907:Armored Car: The Wheeled Fighting Vehicle Journal
1679:. Philadelphia: Routledge Books. pp. 81–82.
2168:. Pinetown: 30 Degrees South. pp. 172–184.
1880:Cullen, Tony; Drury, Ian; Bishop, Chris (1988).
2139:. Sandstone Estates. 2012-12-06. Archived from
1962:. Solihull: Helion & Company. p. 142.
1565:(Thesis). Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University
1412:A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware
2159:
2157:
418:(UNITA), where they saw action as part of the
1339:AFV Weapons Profile 039 Panhard Armoured Cars
1030:South Africa, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Zimbabwe
736:: Eland-60 retired, Ratel-60 still in service
8:
1909:. Salem, Oregon: David Haugh Publisher: 8–9.
445:AML-60s have been deployed as part of three
276:Direction technique des armements terrestres
256:Compagnie Normande de Mécanique de Précision
175:2,000 metres (2,200 yd) - indirect fire
1700:
1698:
1696:
1618:Panhard Armoured Car: AML 60, AML 90, Eland
1554:
1552:
796:: Some retained from Portugal; all retired.
361:for the FN 4RM/62F AB armoured cars of the
2226:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
2064:. Bloomington: Author House. p. 203.
1882:The Encyclopedia of World Military Weapons
1399:. Lausanne: Imprimeries Reunies SA: 42–46.
430:forces. AML-60s also saw service with the
345:. It was also offered for export with the
333:due to its comparatively attractive cost.
18:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1300:. Interconair Media Group, 1978 p. 45-60.
1645:
1643:
1641:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1441:
1439:
1390:
1388:
1349:
1347:
1255:
1253:
517:
506:
498:
1341:(Windsor, Berks: Profile Publications).
1264:Jane's World Armoured Fighting Vehicles
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1152:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
923:Use of Brandt's Mle CM60A1 Gun-Mortar
167:300 metres (330 yd) - direct fire
1652:Irish Army Orders of Battle 1923–2004
1224:African Defence Journal, Issues 17–28
7:
1805:(1988 ed.). Osprey Publishing.
1291:
1289:
1471:Mannall, David (19 November 2014).
1355:"L'AUTOMITRAILLEUSE LEGERE PANHARD"
414:donated some of its AML-60s to the
400:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
1757:Libyan Air Wars: Part 1: 1973–1985
1321:"Cavalry Mortars — A Better Way".
449:peacekeeping missions since 1964:
235:Algerian National Liberation Front
14:
1127:
1100:
1073:
1046:
1014:
985:
956:
909:
895:
882:
869:
855:
841:
828:
814:
800:
786:
766:
753:
740:
726:
713:
700:
687:
674:
661:
648:
635:
622:
609:
596:
591:Democratic Republic of the Congo
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
164:Effective firing range
29:
1830:. Zebra Press. pp. 97–98.
159:Depends on mounting; up to 360°
1448:Jane's Weapon Systems, 1983–84
1189:Jane's Weapon Systems, 1979–80
1161:Defence Update (International)
172:Maximum firing range
95:
1:
2137:"Restoration of the Eland-60"
478:and M63 illumination rounds.
2211:Cold War artillery of France
1933:Christopher F. Foss (2001).
1260:Christopher F. Foss (1976).
266:ascertaining firing angles.
139:60 millimetres (2.4 in)
1935:Jane's Armour and Artillery
1410:Chant, Christopher (1987).
211:armoured personnel carriers
2242:
1675:Ishizuka, Katsumi (2004).
199:armoured fighting vehicles
110:Brandt 60 mm LR Gun-mortar
128:
51:Place of origin
28:
1783:Struik Publishers 1988.
1779:Heitman, Helmoed-Römer.
905:: Retired prior to 2002.
865:: Retired prior to 2002.
824:: Retired prior to 2002.
810:: Retired prior to 2002.
408:Portuguese Colonial Wars
404:South African Border War
124:1.21 metres (48 in)
2062:A Pathologist Remembers
1851:Jowett, Philip (2016).
1650:Adrian English (2005).
1616:Dunstan, Simon (2019).
1446:Pretty, Ronald (1983).
1187:Pretty, Ronald (1980).
851:: Retired in the 1980s.
442:between 1967 and 1975.
229:experiences during the
2037:Zimbabwe in transition
2035:Simon Baynham (1992).
1397:Revue Militaire Suisse
523:
515:
504:
1826:Nortje, Piet (2003).
1730:David Jordan (2005).
1538:. Armstrade.sipri.org
1113:South Africa, Rwanda
521:
510:
502:
237:(FLN), including the
2085:Cooper, Tom (2013).
2060:Mills, Alan (2013).
432:Royal Cambodian Army
379:Brandt LR Gun-mortar
185:, also known as the
2143:on February 1, 2014
1990:on 29 November 2014
1859:Press. p. 24.
1337:Ogorkiewicz, R. M.
924:
440:Cambodian Civil War
436:Khmer National Army
363:Belgian Gendarmerie
221:Development history
2117:on 14 January 2018
1065:Panhard M3 VTT 60B
922:
524:
516:
505:
424:Nigerian Civil War
402:(PLAN) during the
227:counter-insurgency
72:Production history
23:Brandt Mle CM60A1
2216:Mortars of France
2096:978-1-909384-65-1
2071:978-1-4918-7882-8
1969:978-1-911096-52-8
1857:Osprey Publishing
1837:978-1-86872-914-2
1812:978-0-85045-843-5
1766:978-1-909982-39-0
1686:978-0-7146-8440-6
1661:978-0-9720296-7-4
1631:978-1-78521-194-2
1536:"Trade Registers"
1482:978-1-909982-02-4
1457:978-0-7106-0776-8
1198:978-0-531-03299-2
1144:
1143:
1140:None (prototype)
1086:None (prototype)
998:None (prototype)
969:None (prototype)
420:Angolan Civil War
406:. Throughout the
183:Brandt Mle CM60A1
179:
178:
2233:
2180:
2179:
2175:978-1928211-17-4
2161:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1986:. Archived from
1980:
1974:
1973:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1798:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1597:on 11 March 2016
1596:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1267:
1257:
1228:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1184:
1165:
1157:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1123:Sandock-Austral
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:Sandock-Austral
1079:
1077:
1076:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1020:
1018:
1017:
991:
989:
988:
962:
960:
959:
925:
915:
913:
912:
901:
899:
898:
888:
886:
885:
875:
873:
872:
861:
859:
858:
847:
845:
844:
834:
832:
831:
820:
818:
817:
806:
804:
803:
792:
790:
789:
780:Former operators
772:
770:
769:
759:
757:
756:
746:
744:
743:
732:
730:
729:
719:
717:
716:
706:
704:
703:
693:
691:
690:
680:
678:
677:
667:
665:
664:
654:
652:
651:
641:
639:
638:
628:
626:
625:
615:
613:
612:
602:
600:
599:
589:
587:
586:
576:
574:
573:
563:
561:
560:
550:
548:
547:
537:
535:
534:
392:Operation Tacaud
97:
33:
24:
19:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2206:Vehicle weapons
2196:60 mm artillery
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2016:on 14 June 2016
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1490:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1259:
1258:
1231:
1221:
1206:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1168:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1128:
1126:
1101:
1099:
1074:
1072:
1047:
1045:
1015:
1013:
1009:Sandock-Austral
986:
984:
957:
955:
910:
908:
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497:
471:Brandt Mle 1935
467:
388:
347:Berliet VXB-170
223:
129:
64:In service
59:Service history
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2182:
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2153:
2128:
2102:
2095:
2077:
2070:
2052:
2046:978-9122015086
2045:
2027:
2001:
1975:
1968:
1950:
1944:978-0710623096
1943:
1912:
1897:
1891:978-0517653418
1890:
1872:
1866:978-1472816092
1865:
1843:
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1811:
1793:
1772:
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1747:
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1630:
1624:. p. 74.
1622:Haynes Manuals
1608:
1576:
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1435:
1420:
1402:
1384:
1378:Armor magazine
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1324:Armor magazine
1302:
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1036:Panhard AML-60
1032:
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554:
541:
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466:
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447:United Nations
387:
386:Combat history
384:
252:Panhard AML-60
247:Daimler Ferret
222:
219:
207:Panhard AML-60
205:, such as the
187:Brandt HB 60LP
177:
176:
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2167:
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2112:
2111:"EE-11 Urutu"
2106:
2103:
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2092:
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2081:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2056:
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2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1989:
1985:
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1965:
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1951:
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1808:
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1801:Peter Abbot.
1797:
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1789:0-86977-637-1
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
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1741:1-59228-768-9
1737:
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1712:on 2013-07-03
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1279:0-354-01022-0
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1134:South Africa
1125:
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1120:
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1109:
1107:South Africa
1098:
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1021:South Africa
1012:
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1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
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994:
983:
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978:
976:
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672:
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659:
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646:
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631:
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592:
581:
579:
578:Côte d'Ivoire
568:
566:
555:
553:
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529:
528:
527:
520:
513:
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494:
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303:Côte d'Ivoire
300:
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287:
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281:
277:
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263:
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248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
218:
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209:, or wheeled
208:
204:
203:armoured cars
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
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108:
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100:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2201:60mm mortars
2165:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2105:
2086:
2080:
2061:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2020:29 September
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1978:
1959:
1953:
1934:
1906:
1900:
1881:
1875:
1852:
1846:
1828:32 Battalion
1827:
1821:
1802:
1796:
1780:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1731:
1725:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:the original
1676:
1670:
1651:
1617:
1611:
1601:20 September
1599:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1579:
1569:27 September
1567:. Retrieved
1561:
1540:. Retrieved
1472:
1466:
1447:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1338:
1333:
1322:
1295:
1263:
1222:
1188:
1159:
1155:
734:South Africa
708:Saudi Arabia
552:Burkina Faso
525:
490:
487:
480:
468:
444:
389:
377:
375:
367:
354:
342:
335:
323:Saudi Arabia
317:, Portugal,
288:
279:
275:
268:
264:
260:
255:
239:M8 Greyhound
231:Algerian War
224:
190:
186:
182:
180:
149:-15° to +80°
81:Edgar Brandt
67:1959–present
2221:Gun-mortars
1994:15 November
1360:15 November
1083:Mle CM60A1
1056:Mle CM60A1
995:Mle CM60A1
975:EE-11 Urutu
966:Mle CM60A1
946:Berliet VXB
438:during the
341:designated
309:, Ireland,
243:Panhard EBR
213:, like the
98: built
2190:Categories
2147:2013-06-18
1855:. Oxford:
1716:2013-06-18
1706:"Lesakeng"
1542:2014-11-20
1147:References
630:Mauritania
465:Ammunition
370:Irish Army
359:FN Herstal
343:M3 VTT 60B
339:Panhard M3
215:Panhard M3
195:gun-mortar
1137:Denel K1
1110:Denel K1
931:Designer
495:Operators
483:M2 mortar
284:M2 mortar
191:MCB-60 HB
145:Elevation
2121:29 March
1791:p 44-45.
1430:14965544
1092:Ratel-60
1069:Panhard
1004:Eland-60
934:Country
928:Vehicle
890:Rhodesia
877:Malaysia
822:Ethiopia
808:Cambodia
774:Zimbabwe
682:Pakistan
512:Eland-60
476:canister
434:and the
355:Ratel-60
299:Cambodia
272:Eland-60
155:Traverse
106:Variants
87:Designed
77:Designer
1585:"Ratel"
1119:Rooikat
1080:France
1053:France
1041:Panhard
992:Brazil
963:France
951:Berliet
849:Ireland
721:Senegal
669:Nigeria
643:Morocco
604:Ecuador
565:Burundi
539:Algeria
459:UNFICYP
428:Biafran
327:Senegal
315:Nigeria
311:Morocco
295:Burundi
291:Algeria
135:Caliber
2172:
2093:
2068:
2043:
1966:
1941:
1888:
1863:
1834:
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1787:
1763:
1738:
1683:
1658:
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1272:–218.
1195:
1132:
1105:
1078:
1051:
1019:
990:
980:Engesa
961:
940:Users
914:
900:
887:
874:
863:France
860:
846:
833:
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794:Angola
791:
771:
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745:
731:
718:
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695:Rwanda
692:
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614:
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588:
575:
562:
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457:, and
455:UNIFIL
451:UNOSOM
331:AML-90
319:Rwanda
121:Length
101:1,600+
54:France
45:Mortar
16:Mortar
1595:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1025:Denel
917:Zaire
903:Spain
761:Yemen
656:Niger
617:Gabon
412:Zaire
351:Ratel
2170:ISBN
2123:2017
2091:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2022:2016
1996:2014
1964:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1603:2016
1571:2016
1477:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1426:OCLC
1416:ISBN
1362:2014
1274:ISBN
1193:ISBN
937:Gun
836:Iraq
748:Togo
396:Chad
307:Iraq
241:and
181:The
90:1959
41:Type
1270:211
1027:K1
394:in
286:).
96:No.
2192::
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301:,
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293:,
280:K1
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2178:.
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2049:.
2024:.
1998:.
1972:.
1947:.
1894:.
1869:.
1840:.
1815:.
1769:.
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1201:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
