3696:
3768:
31:
1356:
1484:, then the observed universe contains the extra dimension, and then no reference to the bulk is appropriate. In the bulk model, at least some of the extra dimensions are extensive (possibly infinite), and other branes may be moving through this bulk. Interactions with the bulk, and possibly with other branes, can influence our brane and thus introduce effects not seen in more standard cosmological models.
833:
3732:
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3708:
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1520:
are localized on the brane, but gravity has no such constraint and propagates on the full spacetime, called the bulk. Much of the gravitational attractive power "leaks" into the bulk. As a consequence, the force of gravity should appear significantly stronger on small (subatomic or at least
1449:
1646:
for a nontechnical explanation of RS1). These particular models of brane cosmology have attracted a considerable amount of attention. For instance, the related Chung-Freese model, which has applications for
2372:
957:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1521:
sub-millimetre) scales, where less gravitational force has "leaked". Various experiments are currently under way to test this. Extensions of the large extra dimension idea with
1455:
2284:
1328:
2909:
1576:
2511:
1743:
Aghababaie, Y.; Burgess, C. P.; Parameswaran, S. L.; Quevedo, F. (March 2004). "Towards a naturally small cosmological constant from branes in 6-D supergravity".
1596:
1453:
1398:
243:
1613:
for "brane") expanding in 5-dimensional space then there is a possibility to obtain one scale for particle theory corresponding to the 5-dimensional
803:
3695:
2467:
1132:
2504:
177:
1796:
Burgess, C. P.; van Nierop, Leo (March 2013). "Technically
Natural Cosmological Constant From Supersymmetric 6D Brane Backreaction".
2876:
1452:
1341:
2288:
2094:
Chung, Daniel J. H.; Freese, Katherine (2000-08-25). "Can geodesics in extra dimensions solve the cosmological horizon problem?".
3798:
1391:
3106:
2841:
2157:"A Recycled Universe: Crashing branes and cosmic acceleration may power an infinite cycle in which our universe is but a phase"
974:
182:
3468:
1336:
1050:
549:
3048:
2554:
2497:
1526:
979:
902:
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2818:
3493:
2549:
574:
3073:
3788:
1384:
1360:
907:
796:
2699:
2994:
2646:
1126:
1106:
914:
859:
2230:
Visinelli, Luca; Bolis, Nadia; Vagnozzi, Sunny (March 2018). "Brane-world extra dimensions in light of GW170817".
2177:
Khachatryan, V.; et al. (2011). "Search for
Microscopic Black Hole Signatures at the Large Hadron Collider".
1642:
1637:
1537:
One of the earliest documented attempts to apply brane cosmology as part of a conceptual theory is dated to 1983.
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2429:
952:
777:
409:
369:
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329:
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3015:
2989:
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1701:
474:
251:
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3020:
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2619:
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1648:
1089:
969:
739:
544:
161:
93:
1688:
in
December 2010 severely constrains the black holes produced in theories with large extra dimensions. The
3793:
3418:
3159:
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2828:
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2322:
1706:
789:
499:
218:
135:
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2311:
1602:
649:
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3121:
3116:
2914:
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2607:
2602:
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a number of articles where he showed that if the
Universe is considered as a thin shell (a mathematical
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1038:
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89:
76:
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524:
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2007:
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1307:
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213:
151:
85:
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3010:
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1199:
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spatial directions and flat along three others, and proposed a particular five-dimensional model.
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1997:
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1952:
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1501:
1427:
1419:
1320:
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1111:
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824:
704:
619:
519:
479:
359:
324:
197:
81:
3328:
3005:
1684:, as required by the RandallâSundrum models, has been reported. An analysis of results from the
679:
3583:
3488:
3323:
3233:
3203:
2999:
2894:
2846:
2740:
2463:
2129:
1725:
1621:. Gogberashvili also showed that the four-dimensionality of the Universe is the result of the
1618:
1505:
1481:
1289:
664:
569:
404:
314:
284:
2369:â Cosmological consequences of the brane world scenario are reviewed in a pedagogical manner.
1543:
1473:
16:
Several theories in particle physics and cosmology related to superstring theory and M-theory
3712:
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3498:
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2408:
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2068:
2015:
1962:
1925:
1880:
1849:
P. Burgess, C.; van Nierop, L.; Parameswaran, S.; Salvio, A.; Williams, M. (February 2013).
1823:
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1622:
1513:
1509:
1415:
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1159:
1010:
879:
674:
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309:
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279:
156:
45:
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3628:
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dimensions, but ordinary particles are confined in a potential well which is narrow along
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1179:
1043:
759:
714:
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223:
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2373:
Dimensional
Shortcuts â evidence for sterile neutrino; (August 2007; Scientific American)
940:
599:
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2404:
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2253:
2200:
2117:
2064:
2011:
1921:
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1819:
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1581:
1284:
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729:
689:
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349:
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304:
289:
192:
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3093:
2745:
2661:
2539:
2520:
2356:
2216:
2141:
1974:
1929:
1522:
1423:
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1154:
724:
709:
684:
669:
639:
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559:
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489:
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424:
414:
384:
228:
50:
22:
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2027:
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1774:
30:
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3724:
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3068:
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2866:
2803:
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2420:
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1249:
1224:
1209:
1065:
754:
589:
469:
419:
389:
374:
233:
2041:
Gogberashvili, M. (1999). "Four dimensionality in noncompact KaluzaâKlein model".
3663:
3633:
3613:
3473:
3428:
3383:
3348:
3298:
3063:
3032:
2793:
2750:
2482:â Lectures (24 pages) presented at the First Aegean Summer School on Cosmology,
2019:
1906:
Rubakov, V. A.; Shaposhnikov, M. E. (1983). "Do we live inside a domain wall?".
1884:
1022:
1015:
749:
719:
699:
554:
509:
464:
429:
379:
2261:
2125:
1827:
3608:
3548:
3483:
3146:
3126:
3025:
2984:
2798:
2072:
1966:
1264:
694:
629:
564:
256:
2459:
2133:
1662:
proposals appeared. The ekpyrotic theory hypothesizes that the origin of the
3523:
3313:
3253:
2899:
2773:
2694:
2689:
2684:
1655:
1477:
1465:
1214:
604:
394:
334:
120:
115:
110:
1943:
Gogberashvili, M. (1998). "Hierarchy problem in the shell universe model".
3169:
3058:
3053:
2783:
2778:
2715:
2631:
2412:
1689:
1476:
space, called the "bulk" (also known as "hyperspace"). If the additional
1431:
947:
849:
842:
130:
125:
2425:â These notes (32 pages) give an introductory review on brane cosmology.
2788:
2768:
2725:
2720:
2442:
2395:
2339:
2287:. The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics blog. Archived from
2108:
2055:
2002:
1957:
1851:"Accidental SUSY: Enhanced Bulk Supersymmetry from Brane Back-reaction"
1850:
1757:
1610:
1497:
60:
832:
1630:
3719:
2244:
2760:
2483:
2191:
1867:
1810:
1625:
requirement found in mathematics since the extra component of the
1606:
1469:
1447:
1443:
55:
1692:
has also been used to put weak limits on large extra dimensions.
2489:
2493:
1525:
in the bulk appear to be promising in addressing the so-called
2436:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 592. pp. 458â477.
1988:
Gogberashvili, M. (2000). "Our world as an expanding shell".
1726:"Session D9 - Experimental Tests of Short Range Gravitation"
1540:
The authors discussed the possibility that the
Universe has
1633:
fields coincides with one of the conditions of stability.
1488:
Why gravity is weak and the cosmological constant is small
1690:
recent multi-messenger gravitational wave event GW170817
1680:
As of now, no experimental or observational evidence of
2285:"Hunting for extra dimensions with gravitational waves"
1464:
The central idea is that the visible, four-dimensional
1460:
Animation showing multiple brane universes in the bulk
3684:
1584:
1546:
3191:
3168:
3145:
3092:
2977:
2885:
2827:
2759:
2708:
2675:
2570:
2527:
1590:
1570:
1636:In 1999, there were proposed the closely related
2325:(2003). "Cosmology and Brane Worlds: A Review".
1492:Some versions of brane cosmology, based on the
1617:and Universe thickness, and thus to solve the
2505:
1392:
797:
8:
2381:(2003). "Brane cosmology: an introduction".
2155:Musser, George; Minkel, J. R. (2002-02-11).
1676:Large extra dimension § Empirical tests
1666:occurred when two parallel branes collided.
2512:
2498:
2490:
2383:Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement
1399:
1385:
999:
873:
831:
815:
804:
790:
29:
18:
2441:
2394:
2338:
2243:
2190:
2107:
2054:
2001:
1956:
1945:International Journal of Modern Physics D
1866:
1809:
1756:
1583:
1545:
3691:
1717:
1030:
1002:
894:
823:
169:
143:
102:
68:
37:
21:
7:
2910:Bogomol'nyiâPrasadâSommerfield bound
247:= 4 supersymmetric YangâMills theory
1496:idea, can explain the weakness of
1127:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
178:Geometric Langlands correspondence
14:
1629:giving the confined solution for
1342:Timeline of cosmological theories
1107:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
1366:
1355:
1354:
3107:Eleven-dimensional supergravity
1775:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2003.12.015
1122:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
975:Future of an expanding universe
2283:Freeland, Emily (2018-09-21).
2209:10.1016/j.physletb.2011.02.032
1559:
1547:
1414:refers to several theories in
1337:History of the Big Bang theory
1133:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
2555:Second superstring revolution
2327:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1640:scenarios, RS1 and RS2. (See
1527:cosmological constant problem
1329:Discovery of cosmic microwave
980:Ultimate fate of the universe
3049:Generalized complex manifold
2550:First superstring revolution
2430:Papantonopoulos, Eleftherios
2312:Brane cosmology on arxiv.org
1930:10.1016/0370-2693(83)91253-4
1649:spacetime metric engineering
1508:. In the brane picture, the
1504:of nature, thus solving the
2432:(2002). "Brane Cosmology".
1097:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
3815:
2647:Non-critical string theory
2357:10.1088/0264-9381/20/9/202
2262:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.064039
2126:10.1103/physrevd.62.063513
1828:10.1016/j.dark.2012.10.001
1673:
1441:
860:Chronology of the universe
2159:. Scientific American Inc
2073:10.1142/S021773239900208X
2020:10.1209/epl/i2000-00162-1
1967:10.1142/S0218271802002992
1533:Models of brane cosmology
953:Expansion of the universe
3183:Introduction to M-theory
2877:WessâZuminoâWitten model
2819:HananyâWitten transition
2545:History of string theory
2460:10.1007/3-540-48025-0_15
2043:Modern Physics Letters A
1627:Einstein field equations
1117:Planck space observatory
903:Gravitational wave (GWB)
103:Non-perturbative results
3799:Astronomical hypotheses
2862:Vertex operator algebra
2562:String theory landscape
2434:Cosmological Crossroads
1885:10.1007/JHEP02(2013)120
1571:{\displaystyle (3+N)+1}
970:Inhomogeneous cosmology
3160:AdS/CFT correspondence
2915:Exceptional Lie groups
2857:Superconformal algebra
2829:Conformal field theory
2700:MontonenâOlive duality
2652:Non-linear sigma model
1707:Loop quantum cosmology
1682:large extra dimensions
1592:
1572:
1500:relative to the other
1461:
219:Conformal field theory
136:AdS/CFT correspondence
3155:Holographic principle
3122:Type IIB supergravity
3117:Type IIA supergravity
2969:-form electrodynamics
2588:Bosonic string theory
2323:van de Bruck, Carsten
1686:Large Hadron Collider
1643:RandallâSundrum model
1615:cosmological constant
1593:
1573:
1494:large extra dimension
1459:
1061:Large-scale structure
1039:Shape of the universe
262:Holographic principle
239:Twistor string theory
3074:HoĆavaâWitten theory
3021:HyperkÀhler manifold
2709:Particles and fields
2657:Tachyon condensation
2642:Matrix string theory
2413:10.1143/PTPS.148.181
1651:, followed in 2000.
1582:
1544:
1518:strong nuclear force
1373:Astronomy portal
1331:background radiation
1308:List of cosmologists
214:Theory of everything
3112:Type I supergravity
3016:CalabiâYau manifold
3011:Ricci-flat manifold
2990:KaluzaâKlein theory
2731:RamondâRamond field
2637:String field theory
2452:2002LNP...592..458P
2405:2002PThPS.148..181L
2349:2003CQGra..20R.201B
2254:2018PhRvD..97f4039V
2201:2011PhLB..697..434C
2118:2000PhRvD..62f3513C
2065:1999MPLA...14.2025G
2012:2000EL.....49..396G
1990:Europhysics Letters
1922:1983PhLB..125..136R
1877:2013JHEP...02..120B
1820:2013PDU.....2....1B
1767:2004NuPhB.680..389A
1702:KaluzaâKlein theory
1664:observable universe
1603:Merab Gogberashvili
1468:is restricted to a
1073:Structure formation
965:Friedmann equations
855:Age of the universe
819:Part of a series on
252:KaluzaâKlein theory
188:Monstrous moonshine
69:Perturbative theory
38:Fundamental objects
3789:Physical cosmology
3079:K-theory (physics)
2956:ADE classification
2593:Superstring theory
1588:
1568:
1502:fundamental forces
1474:higher-dimensional
1462:
1428:superstring theory
1112:Dark Energy Survey
1056:Large quasar group
825:Physical cosmology
3682:
3681:
3464:van Nieuwenhuizen
3000:Why 10 dimensions
2905:ChernâSimons form
2872:KacâMoody algebra
2852:Conformal algebra
2847:Conformal anomaly
2741:Magnetic monopole
2736:KalbâRamond field
2578:NambuâGoto action
2486:, September 2001.
2469:978-3-540-43778-9
2179:Physics Letters B
2096:Physical Review D
2049:(29): 2025â2031.
1951:(10): 1635â1638.
1619:hierarchy problem
1591:{\displaystyle N}
1506:hierarchy problem
1457:
1409:
1408:
1080:
1079:
922:
921:
814:
813:
545:van Nieuwenhuizen
3806:
3771:
3770:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3192:String theorists
3132:Lie superalgebra
3084:Twisted K-theory
3042:Spin(7)-manifold
2995:Compactification
2837:Virasoro algebra
2620:Heterotic string
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2481:
2445:
2424:
2398:
2368:
2342:
2333:(9): R201âR232.
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2111:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2058:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1960:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1916:(2â3): 136â138.
1903:
1897:
1896:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1760:
1751:(1â3): 389â414.
1740:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1458:
1416:particle physics
1401:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1051:Galaxy formation
1011:Lambda-CDM model
1000:
992:Components
874:
835:
816:
806:
799:
792:
208:Related concepts
33:
19:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3187:
3164:
3141:
3088:
3036:
3006:KĂ€hler manifold
2973:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2881:
2842:Mirror symmetry
2823:
2809:Brane cosmology
2755:
2704:
2671:
2627:N=2 superstring
2613:Type IIB string
2608:Type IIA string
2583:Polyakov action
2566:
2523:
2518:
2470:
2428:
2379:Langlois, David
2377:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2040:
2039:
2035:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1909:Physics Letters
1905:
1904:
1900:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1798:Phys. Dark Univ
1795:
1794:
1790:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1698:
1678:
1672:
1670:Empirical tests
1638:RandallâSundrum
1580:
1579:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1510:electromagnetic
1490:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1412:Brane cosmology
1405:
1367:
1365:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1321:Subject history
1313:
1312:
1304:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1044:Galaxy filament
997:
985:
984:
936:
931:Expansion
924:
923:
908:Microwave (CMB)
887:Nucleosynthesis
871:
810:
765:
764:
275:
267:
266:
224:Quantum gravity
209:
183:Mirror symmetry
17:
12:
11:
5:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:Randjbar-Daemi
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3137:Lie supergroup
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:Quiver diagram
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2677:String duality
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2603:Type II string
2600:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2540:Cosmic strings
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2468:
2443:hep-th/0202044
2426:
2396:hep-th/0209261
2375:
2370:
2340:hep-th/0303095
2319:Brax, Philippe
2315:
2307:
2306:External links
2304:
2302:
2301:
2275:
2222:
2185:(5): 434â453.
2169:
2147:
2109:hep-ph/9910235
2086:
2056:hep-ph/9904383
2033:
2003:hep-ph/9812365
1996:(3): 396â399.
1980:
1958:hep-ph/9812296
1935:
1898:
1841:
1788:
1758:hep-th/0304256
1735:
1716:
1714:
1711:
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1531:
1489:
1486:
1442:Main article:
1439:
1438:Brane and bulk
1436:
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929:
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920:
919:
918:
917:
915:Neutrino (CNB)
905:
897:
896:
892:
891:
890:
889:
872:
870:Early universe
869:
868:
865:
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863:
862:
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852:
837:
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682:
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657:
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632:
627:
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612:
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595:Randjbar-Daemi
592:
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582:
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572:
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562:
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547:
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297:
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269:
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265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
193:Vertex algebra
190:
185:
180:
172:
171:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
100:
99:
98:
97:
79:
71:
70:
66:
65:
64:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3811:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:String theory
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Zamolodchikov
3657:
3655:
3654:Zamolodchikov
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
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3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Matrix theory
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3094:Supersymmetry
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
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2826:
2820:
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2812:
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2807:
2805:
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2800:
2797:
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2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Dual graviton
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:RNS formalism
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Type I string
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
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2553:
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2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:String theory
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
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2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
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2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2291:on 2021-01-27
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2238:(6): 064039.
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2102:(6): 063513.
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
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1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
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1746:
1745:Nucl. Phys. B
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1605:published on
1604:
1599:
1585:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:supersymmetry
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:string theory
1421:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
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1218:
1216:
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1208:
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1201:
1198:
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1193:
1191:
1188:
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1181:
1178:
1176:
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1168:
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1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
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1144:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
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1091:
1086:
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1074:
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1067:
1064:
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1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
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1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
989:
988:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
934:
928:
927:
916:
913:
909:
906:
904:
901:
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893:
888:
885:
881:
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867:
866:
861:
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856:
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851:
848:
844:
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840:
839:
838:
834:
830:
829:
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784:
779:
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774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:Zamolodchikov
743:
741:
740:Zamolodchikov
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
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713:
711:
708:
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703:
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696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
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32:
28:
27:
24:
23:String theory
20:
3761:Solar System
3204:Arkani-Hamed
3102:Supergravity
3069:Moduli space
2966:
2961:Dirac string
2887:Gauge theory
2867:Loop algebra
2808:
2804:Black string
2667:GS formalism
2433:
2386:
2382:
2330:
2326:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2278:
2235:
2232:Phys. Rev. D
2231:
2225:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2161:. Retrieved
2150:
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1993:
1989:
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1913:
1907:
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1858:
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1738:
1730:flux.aps.org
1729:
1720:
1679:
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1641:
1635:
1601:In 1998/99,
1600:
1539:
1536:
1491:
1463:
1411:
1410:
1135:Probe (WMAP)
1069:
1066:Reionization
1047:
1019:
993:
961:
944:
941:Hubble's law
932:
911:
883:
846:
285:Arkani-Hamed
244:
234:Supergravity
3749:Outer space
3737:Spaceflight
3564:Silverstein
3064:Orientifold
2799:Black holes
2794:Black brane
2751:Dual photon
2389:: 181â212.
1804:(1): 1â16.
1654:Later, the
1422:related to
1090:Experiments
1023:Dark matter
1016:Dark energy
958:FLRW metric
895:Backgrounds
645:Silverstein
170:Mathematics
82:Superstring
3783:Categories
3584:Strominger
3579:Steinhardt
3574:Staudacher
3489:Polchinski
3439:Nanopoulos
3399:Mandelstam
3379:Kontsevich
3219:Berenstein
3147:Holography
3127:Superspace
3026:K3 surface
2985:Worldsheet
2900:Instantons
2528:Background
2295:2018-11-30
2245:1711.06628
2163:2008-05-03
1861:(2): 120.
1713:References
1674:See also:
1478:dimensions
1170:Copernicus
1148:Scientists
1003:Components
665:Strominger
660:Steinhardt
655:Staudacher
570:Polchinski
520:Nanopoulos
480:Mandelstam
460:Kontsevich
300:Berenstein
257:Multiverse
3713:Astronomy
3619:Veneziano
3499:Rajaraman
3394:Maldacena
3284:Gopakumar
3234:Dijkgraaf
3229:Curtright
2895:Anomalies
2774:NS5-brane
2695:U-duality
2690:S-duality
2685:T-duality
2217:118488193
2192:1012.3375
2142:119511533
2134:0556-2821
1975:119339225
1868:1210.5405
1811:1108.0345
1656:ekpyrotic
1623:stability
1472:inside a
1466:spacetime
1420:cosmology
1300:Zeldovich
1200:Friedmann
1175:de Sitter
1102:BOOMERanG
1031:Structure
996:Structure
880:Inflation
705:Veneziano
580:Rajaraman
475:Maldacena
365:Gopakumar
315:Dijkgraaf
310:Curtright
274:Theorists
162:Landscape
157:Cosmology
121:U-duality
116:T-duality
111:S-duality
94:Heterotic
3674:Zwiebach
3629:Verlinde
3624:Verlinde
3599:Townsend
3594:Susskind
3529:Sagnotti
3494:Polyakov
3449:Nekrasov
3414:Minwalla
3409:Martinec
3374:Knizhnik
3369:Klebanov
3364:Kapustin
3329:'t Hooft
3264:Fischler
3199:AganagiÄ
3170:M-theory
3059:Conifold
3054:Orbifold
3037:manifold
2978:Geometry
2784:M5-brane
2779:M2-brane
2716:Graviton
2632:F-theory
2270:88504420
2081:16923959
2028:38476733
1893:53667729
1836:92984489
1783:14612396
1696:See also
1432:M-theory
1361:Category
1280:Suntzeff
1240:LemaĂźtre
1190:Einstein
1155:Aaronson
948:Redshift
850:Universe
843:Big Bang
778:Glossary
760:Zwiebach
715:Verlinde
710:Verlinde
685:Townsend
680:'t Hooft
675:Susskind
610:Sagnotti
575:Polyakov
530:Nekrasov
495:Minwalla
490:Martinec
455:Knizhnik
450:Klebanov
445:Kapustin
415:Horowitz
345:Fischler
280:AganagiÄ
198:K-theory
131:F-theory
126:M-theory
3773:Science
3701:Physics
3687:Portals
3604:Trivedi
3589:Sundrum
3554:Shenker
3544:Seiberg
3539:Schwarz
3509:Randall
3469:Novikov
3459:Nielsen
3444:NÄstase
3354:Kallosh
3339:Gibbons
3279:Gliozzi
3269:Friedan
3259:Ferrara
3244:Douglas
3239:Distler
2789:S-brane
2769:D-brane
2726:Tachyon
2721:Dilaton
2535:Strings
2478:3084654
2448:Bibcode
2421:9751130
2401:Bibcode
2365:9623407
2345:Bibcode
2250:Bibcode
2197:Bibcode
2114:Bibcode
2061:Bibcode
2008:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1873:Bibcode
1816:Bibcode
1763:Bibcode
1611:synonym
1498:gravity
1482:compact
1285:Sunyaev
1270:Schmidt
1260:Penzias
1255:Penrose
1230:Huygens
1220:Hawking
1205:Galileo
773:History
690:Trivedi
670:Sundrum
635:Shenker
625:Seiberg
620:Schwarz
590:Randall
550:Novikov
540:Nielsen
525:NÄstase
435:Kallosh
420:Gibbons
360:Gliozzi
350:Friedan
340:Ferrara
325:Douglas
320:Distler
90:Type II
77:Bosonic
61:D-brane
3669:Zumino
3664:Zaslow
3649:Yoneya
3639:Witten
3559:Siegel
3534:Scherk
3504:Ramond
3479:Ooguri
3404:Marolf
3359:Kaluza
3344:Kachru
3334:HoĆava
3324:Harvey
3319:Hanson
3304:Gubser
3294:Greene
3224:Bousso
3209:Atiyah
2761:Branes
2571:Theory
2476:
2466:
2419:
2363:
2268:
2215:
2140:
2132:
2079:
2026:
1973:
1891:
1834:
1781:
1660:cyclic
1631:matter
1359:
1295:Wilson
1290:Tolman
1250:Newton
1245:Mather
1235:Kepler
1225:Hubble
1185:Ehlers
1165:Alpher
1160:Alfvén
1068:
1046:
1018:
960:
943:
935:Future
910:
882:
845:
755:Zumino
750:Zaslow
735:Yoneya
725:Witten
640:Siegel
615:Scherk
585:Ramond
560:Ooguri
485:Marolf
440:Kaluza
425:Kachru
410:HoĆava
405:Harvey
400:Hanson
385:Gubser
375:Greene
305:Bousso
290:Atiyah
86:Type I
46:String
3725:Stars
3609:Turok
3519:RoÄek
3484:Ovrut
3474:Olive
3454:Neveu
3434:Myers
3429:Mukhi
3419:Moore
3389:Linde
3384:Klein
3309:Gukov
3299:Gross
3289:Green
3274:Gates
3254:Dvali
3214:Banks
2484:Samos
2474:S2CID
2438:arXiv
2417:S2CID
2391:arXiv
2361:S2CID
2335:arXiv
2266:S2CID
2240:arXiv
2213:S2CID
2187:arXiv
2138:S2CID
2104:arXiv
2077:S2CID
2051:arXiv
2024:S2CID
1998:arXiv
1971:S2CID
1953:arXiv
1912:. B.
1889:S2CID
1863:arXiv
1832:S2CID
1806:arXiv
1779:S2CID
1753:arXiv
1607:arXiv
1470:brane
1444:Brane
1275:Smoot
1265:Rubin
1210:Gamow
1195:Ellis
1180:Dicke
695:Turok
600:RoÄek
565:Ovrut
555:Olive
535:Neveu
515:Myers
510:Mukhi
500:Moore
470:Linde
465:Klein
390:Gukov
380:Gross
370:Green
355:Gates
335:Dvali
295:Banks
56:Brane
3634:Wess
3614:Vafa
3524:Rohm
3424:Motl
3349:Kaku
3314:Guth
3249:Duff
2464:ISBN
2130:ISSN
1859:2013
1855:JHEP
1658:and
1516:and
1514:weak
1480:are
1430:and
1418:and
1215:Guth
720:Wess
700:Vafa
605:Rohm
505:Motl
430:Kaku
395:Guth
330:Duff
3644:Yau
3569:SÆĄn
3549:Sen
2456:doi
2409:doi
2387:148
2353:doi
2258:doi
2205:doi
2183:697
2122:doi
2069:doi
2016:doi
1963:doi
1926:doi
1914:125
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