215:
apparent lack of direct measures for behaviours of concern. Additionally, the empirical research that has been conducted has tended to not be consistent as it has measured different outcome variables. An article in the
International Journal of Education advised that caution should be employed when educators are determining the efficacy of such programs for improving students' academic performance, and that educators should be sceptical when deciding if this is the right program to implement into a school setting if they are hoping for substantial improvements in students academic outcomes.
198:, also known as the Doman-Delacato theory of development, which claims that if motor skills are not acquired in the correct order, the result will be a lifelong deficit in learning ability, and also claims that these deficits can be overcome by going back and learning the skipped skills; this theory, and claims to improve learning based on it, were discredited in the 1970s and 1980s. An example of this in the Brain Gym method is to have children practice crawling.
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this program claims to improve learning, studies have not found any clear evidence for this. Many of their claims are based on anecdotal evidence instead of providing empirical evidence. For instance, yawning was included in the program’s regime due to an individual believing that yawning on purpose helped their vision. They were, however, unable to provide any research supporting this claim.
47:
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ideas. Moreover, a number of peer-reviewed research studies have not found any significant evidence that supports the ideas put forth by the promoters of Brain Gym. There is no evidence using strict scientific method that brain gym exercises have any benefit. While Brain Gym
International claims that
162:
commenting on the wave of "brain training" programs being brought to market at that time, the organization was used as an example of commercializing neuroscience in a way that scientists found unsupportable but that received widespread adoption for a time. The program was adopted widely in schools in
152:
In the 1970s, Paul and Gail
Dennison developed a set of physical exercises to improve children's ability to learn and to be based in neuroscience; they called their approach "educational kinesthesiology". The company makes money training people in the methods, and licenses the right to use the "Brain
190:
so the two sides work together better; there is also a notion of integrating the "top" parts of the brain with the "lower" parts of the brain to integrate thought and emotion, as well as integrating visual, auditory, and motor skills. Another idea is that of "brain buttons" - spots on the neck that
214:
Moreover, the theoretical foundations that were used to develop Brain Gym have actually been rejected by research findings. The few empirical studies that do exist which seem to support Brain Gym have methodological issues and concerns such as a no control groups, lack of pre-test data and an
175:
The Brain Gym program calls for children to repeat certain simple movements such as crawling, yawning, making symbols in the air, and drinking water; these are intended to "integrate", "repattern", and increase blood flow to the brain.
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of the
Educational Kinesiology Foundation, a California nonprofit corporation that was incorporated in 1987 and that received its IRS ruling as a nonprofit in 1992. "Brain Gym" is a registered trademark owned by the company.
259:
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Gym" trademark to people whom it trains; the trained people use branded books and other materials they buy from the company. Schools pay the trained people to work in schools, training teachers and working with students.
810:
These exercises are being taught with scientific explanations. There have been a few peer reviewed scientific studies into the methods of Brain Gym, but none of them found a significant improvement in general academic
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if touched in certain ways, are purported to stimulate the flow of blood to the brain. There is no good quality evidence to suggest that any of these exercises are effective.
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In 2005 the company claimed to be selling its programs in 80 countries and by 2007 it had been widely covered in the press. In a 2013 article in
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362:"BRAIN GYM Trademark of Educational Kinesiology Foundation - Registration Number 2003128 - Serial Number 75007413 :: Justia Trademarks"
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Spaulding, Lucinda S.; Mostert, Mark P.; Beam, Andrea P. (January 19, 2010). "Is Brain Gym® an
Effective Educational Intervention?".
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665:"Neuroscience and Education: A Review of Educational Interventions and Approaches Informed by Neuroscience"
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167:, the UK schools inspectorate, singled out Brain Gym as a "gimmick" and warned schools against using it.
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Though the organization claims the methods are grounded in good neuroscience, the underlying ideas are
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834:"THE EFFECT OF BRAIN GYM® ON ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES"
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Howard-Jones, Paul A. (October 15, 2014). "Neuroscience and education: myths and messages".
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Hyatt, K. J. (April 1, 2007). "Brain Gym®: Building
Stronger Brains or Wishful Thinking?".
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752:"Brain-based Pedagogy in Today's Diverse Classrooms: A Perfect Fit—But Be Careful!"
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the UK and appeared on many UK government websites as of 2006, although in 2018
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One of the underlying ideas is that the exercises are intended to balance the
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777:"How neuroscience is being used to spread quackery in business and education"
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870:
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387:"House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee Evidence Check"
17:
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Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities
698:"Physical Exercise and Movement-Based Interventions for Dyslexia"
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Alternative
Therapies for developmental and learning disabilities
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318:"Results Detail: C1397468: Educational Kinesiology Foundation"
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The claims associated with this organization have underlying
547:"Ofsted warns teachers against 'gimmicks' such as Brain Gym"
860:
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Teaching and
Learning Research Programme. Archived from
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Bad science : quacks, hacks, and big pharma flacks
723:"Neuroscience and Education: Issues and Opportunities"
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Educational organizations based in the United States
670:. The Education Endowment Foundation. Archived from
294:. Educational Kinesiology Foundation. Archived from
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270:Smart Moves: Why Learning Is Not All In Your Head
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340:"Profile: Educational Kinesiology Foundation"
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639:Rose, Hilary; Rose, Steven (June 23, 2016).
575:(First American ed.). Faber and Faber.
39:
506:"Commercialising neuroscience: Brain sells"
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841:International Journal of Special Education
525:"Brain Gym exercises do pupils no favours"
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27:Brain training and body movement programme
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832:Watson, Andrea; Kelso, Ginger (2014).
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702:Perspectives on Language and Literacy
641:"The false promise of neuroeducation"
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65:Paul E. Dennison and Gail E. Dennison
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750:McCall, Linda Ann H. (Spring 2012).
730:Economic and Social Research Council
866:The Skeptic's Dictionary: Brain Gym
663:Howard-Jones, Paul (January 2014).
194:Another set of underlying ideas is
696:Denton, Carolyn A. (Winter 2011).
320:. Secretary of State of California
25:
1038:1987 establishments in California
795:"Sense about Science – Brain Gym"
139:"Brain Gym International" is the
108:Methods purported to aid learning
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981:
523:Goldacre, Ben (March 18, 2006).
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759:The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin
472:Remedial and Special Education
131:and body movement programme.
73:Nonprofit 501(c)3 in Education
1:
645:Times Educational Supplement
484:10.1177/07419325070280020201
598:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
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861:Official Brain Gym website
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964:Posit Science Corporation
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430:10.1080/09362830903462508
392:. House of Commons. 2009.
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30:Not to be confused with
1033:Brain training programs
924:Brain Gym International
117:Brain Gym International
40:Brain Gym International
808:on November 22, 2009.
739:on September 28, 2007.
567:Goldacre, Ben (2010).
196:psychomotor patterning
1008:Experiential learning
969:Brain Power (program)
265:Sensorimotor learning
240:Experiential learning
535:on October 15, 2014.
250:Kinesthetic learning
235:Conductive education
802:Sense about Science
783:. The Conversation.
677:on October 11, 2016
553:. December 4, 2018.
298:on October 13, 2016
225:Applied kinesiology
202:Scientific Research
41:
512:. August 10, 2013.
1018:Special education
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914:Arrowsmith School
292:"Brain Gym - FAQ"
188:brain hemispheres
127:is a proprietary
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16:(Redirected from
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939:Fast ForWord
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245:Fast ForWord
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135:Organization
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96:Area served
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959:NeuroNation
765:(3): 42–47.
708:(1): 27–31.
681:November 6,
368:November 6,
346:November 6,
342:. Guidestar
324:November 6,
302:November 6,
1002:Categories
949:LearningRx
944:Fit Brains
276:References
255:LearningRx
141:trade name
781:Matt Wall
492:145748559
438:143272201
416:CiteSeerX
125:Brain Gym
100:Worldwide
18:Brain Gym
1028:Pedagogy
987:Category
954:Lumosity
904:programs
618:25315391
364:. Justia
219:See also
148:Business
78:Location
62:Founders
811:skills.
626:3346477
171:Methods
113:Website
105:Product
85:Ventura
54:Founded
929:Cogmed
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165:Ofsted
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488:S2CID
434:S2CID
390:(PDF)
847:: 9.
683:2016
614:PMID
577:ISBN
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348:2016
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304:2016
70:Type
57:1987
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
