707:(CM), or previously an Arnold-Chiari malformation (ACM). There are four types of Chiari malformation, and they represent very different disease processes with different symptoms and prognosis. These conditions can be found in asymptomatic patients as an incidental finding, or can be so severe as to be life-threatening. This condition is now being diagnosed more frequently by radiologists, as more patients undergo MRI scans of their heads, especially upright MRI, which is more than twice as sensitive for detecting this condition. Cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (CTE) is a term used by radiologists to describe cerebellar tonsils that are "low lying" but that do not meet the radiographic criteria for definition as a Chiari malformation. The currently accepted radiographic definition for a Chiari malformation is that cerebellar tonsils lie at least 5mm below the level of the foramen magnum. Some clinicians have reported that some patients appear to experience symptoms consistent with a Chiari malformation without radiographic evidence of tonsillar herniation. Sometimes these patients are described as having a 'Chiari 0'.
71:
728:
289:
587:
43:
695:
possibly causing compression of the lower brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord as they pass through the foramen magnum. Increased pressure on the brainstem can result in dysfunction of the centers in the brain responsible for controlling respiratory and cardiac function. The most common signs are
622:
in the frontal lobes that are close to the site of injury (anterior cerebral artery), or it may progress to central herniation. Interference with the blood supply can cause dangerous increases in ICP that can lead to more dangerous forms of herniation. Symptoms for cingulate herniation are not well
142:
Because herniation puts extreme pressure on parts of the brain and thereby cuts off the blood supply to various parts of the brain, it is often fatal. Therefore, extreme measures are taken in hospital settings to prevent the condition by reducing intracranial pressure, or decompressing (draining) a
710:
There are many suspected causes of tonsillar herniation including: decreased or malformed posterior fossa (the lower, back part of the skull) not providing enough room for the cerebellum; hydrocephalus or abnormal CSF volume pushing the tonsils out; or dural tension pulling the brain caudally.
577:
from temporal lobe herniation into the tentorial hiatus with associated compression on the cerebral peduncles. Upwards herniation, on the other hand, can be radiographically characterized by obliteration of the quadrigeminal cistern. Intracranial hypotension syndrome has been known to mimic
718:
For further evaluation of tonsillar herniation, CINE flow studies are used. This type of MRI examines flow of CSF at the cranio-cervical joint. For persons experiencing symptoms but without clear MRI evidence, especially if the symptoms are better in the supine position and worse upon
743:, the prognosis for a meaningful recovery of neurological function is poor. The patient may become paralyzed on the same side as the lesion causing the pressure, or damage to parts of the brain caused by herniation may cause paralysis on the side opposite the lesion. Damage to the
569:. The result is usually fatal. Other symptoms of this type of herniation include small, fixed pupils with paralysis of upward eye movement giving the characteristic appearance of "sunset eyes". Also found in these patients, often as a terminal complication is the development of
561:. Transtentorial herniation can occur when the brain moves either up or down across the tentorium, called ascending and descending transtentorial herniation respectively; however descending herniation is much more common. Downward herniation can stretch branches of the
1322:
Stocchetti N, Taccone FS, Citerio G, Pepe PE, Le Roux PD, Oddo M, Polderman KH, Stevens RD, Barsan W, Maas AI, Meyfroidt G, Bell MJ, Silbergleit R, Vespa PM, Faden AI, Helbok R, Tisherman S, Zanier ER, Valenzuela T, Wendon J, Menon DK, Vincent JL (April 2015).
138:
occur at the borders of brain compartments. In such cases local pressure is increased at the place where the herniation occurs, but this pressure is not transmitted to the rest of the brain, and therefore does not register as an increase in ICP.
1408:
1393:
152:
696:
intractable headache, head tilt, and neck stiffness due to tonsillar impaction. The level of consciousness may decrease and also give rise to flaccid paralysis. Blood pressure instability is also evident in these patients.
1227:
Freeman MD, Rosa S, Harshfield D, Smith F, Bennett R, Centeno CJ, Kornel E, Nystrom A, Heffez D, Kohles SS (2010). "A case-control study of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (Chiari) and head/neck trauma (whiplash)".
1937:
2323:
2318:
2335:
2313:
1486:
976:
2581:
771:. Investigation is underway regarding the use of neuroprotective agents during the prolonged post-traumatic period of brain hypersensitivity associated with the syndrome.
1682:
277:
1677:
1048:
1479:
308:. There are two major classes of herniation: supratentorial and infratentorial. Supratentorial refers to herniation of structures normally found above the
675:
is pushed through the tentorial notch upward. This is also known as ascending transtentorial herniation since it occurs across the tentorium cerebelli.
457:
a.k.a. CN IV). The symptoms occur in this order because the parasympathetic fibers surround the motor fibers of CN III and are hence compressed first.
2305:
643:, the brain squeezes through a fracture or a surgical site in the skull. Also called "external herniation", this type of herniation may occur during
647:, surgery in which a flap of skull is removed, the protruding brain region preventing the piece of skull from being replaced during the operation.
2295:
1472:
433:
and fail to constrict in response to light as it should. Pupillary dilation often precedes the somatic motor effects of CN III compression called
2615:
2275:
1948:
2416:
2300:
1932:
1111:
818:
2138:
2126:
1588:
983:
2357:
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1197:
731:
MRI showing damage due to herniation. This patient was left with residual disabilities including those involving movement and speech.
618:
by the falx cerebri. This does not put as much pressure on the brainstem as the other types of herniation, but it may interfere with
464:
will result in ischemia of the ipsilateral primary visual cortex and contralateral visual field deficits in both eyes (contralateral
2060:
1863:
1018:
2516:
1155:
Cornell (1998). Introduction to neuropathology. Reaction to injury: Brain histology (Report). Cornell
University Medical College.
437:
or third nerve palsy. This palsy presents as deviation of the eye to a "down and out" position due to loss of innervation to all
2551:
2179:
573:
due to the compression of the pituitary stalk. Radiographically, downward herniation is characterized by obliteration of the
1694:
1670:
1500:
167:
1886:
234:
806:
2373:
2258:
2174:
2116:
1665:
2342:
1716:
1077:
748:
2454:
2449:
1852:
179:
1008:
1045:
2330:
1880:
1552:
2222:
2597:
2556:
2409:
2280:
2248:
2200:
2049:
1628:
736:
533:
represents uncal herniation without alteration in the level of consciousness and other sequelae mentioned above.
514:. The rupture of these vessels leads to linear or flamed shaped hemorrhages. The disrupted brainstem can lead to
461:
2627:
2501:
2347:
2121:
1535:
2352:
166:, a characteristic positioning of the limbs indicative of severe brain damage. These patients have a lowered
2610:
2576:
2533:
2474:
2441:
2285:
2041:
1859:
1711:
1701:
1545:
656:
518:, respiratory center depression and death. Other possibilities resulting from brain stem distortion include
498:
With increasing pressure and progression of the hernia there will be distortion of the brainstem leading to
450:
120:
2632:
2622:
2506:
2433:
2217:
2209:
2164:
1840:
1812:
1660:
780:
712:
465:
434:
217:
and pulmonary symptoms may also be present as the brain loses function, but might also be associated with
194:
116:
108:
83:
is a potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull that occurs when a part of the
2566:
2561:
2523:
2232:
2106:
1924:
1902:
1817:
1740:
1650:
1637:
1562:
442:
155:
112:
2663:
2511:
2402:
2169:
1986:
1875:
297:
727:
70:
2528:
2491:
2098:
1745:
1600:
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704:
623:
defined. Usually occurring in addition to uncal herniation, cingulate herniation may present with
558:
554:
515:
488:
484:
476:
391:
96:
1115:
739:. Brain herniation can cause severe disability or death. In fact, when herniation is visible on a
495:
in reference to the herniation and contralateral hemiparesis with reference to the cerebral crus.
2543:
2486:
2268:
2253:
2241:
1991:
1942:
1779:
1642:
1530:
1273:"Rapid progression of traumatic bifrontal contusions to transtentorial herniation: A case report"
1253:
764:
624:
574:
570:
430:
191:
171:
163:
1464:
631:. Cingulate herniation is frequently believed to be a precursor to other types of herniation.
2637:
2469:
2464:
2031:
1997:
1969:
1960:
1892:
1868:
1735:
1583:
1441:
1356:
1304:
1245:
1014:
957:
939:
895:
868:
814:
760:
382:
In uncal herniation, a common subtype of transtentorial herniation, the innermost part of the
371:
202:
55:
2658:
2025:
2020:
1805:
1800:
1346:
1336:
1294:
1284:
1237:
947:
931:
860:
611:
566:
499:
414:
1205:
691:, transforaminal herniation, or "coning", the cerebellar tonsils move downward through the
586:
2076:
1767:
1052:
615:
454:
418:
403:
333:
309:
288:
198:
1112:"The neuroscience on the web series: CMSD 336 neuropathologies of language and cognition"
107:
connects with the brain). Herniation can be caused by a number of factors that cause a
2133:
2082:
1910:
1619:
1496:
1351:
1324:
1299:
1272:
952:
919:
768:
692:
562:
550:
446:
438:
242:
230:
222:
214:
100:
1417:
864:
2652:
2159:
2111:
1981:
1750:
1706:
1557:
752:
507:
480:
407:
383:
42:
2605:
2425:
1655:
1525:
1508:
1452:
1257:
619:
607:
603:
546:
337:
226:
92:
64:
1241:
17:
2586:
1614:
1575:
1517:
1436:
644:
492:
426:
399:
272:
257:
238:
131:
124:
104:
88:
84:
887:
614:. Cingulate herniation can be caused when one hemisphere swells and pushes the
2571:
2496:
1725:
1595:
1402:
1341:
700:
660:
503:
301:
158:, with elbows, wrists and fingers flexed, and legs extended and rotated inward
1085:
943:
1835:
1786:
1774:
1757:
1689:
1447:
1289:
1178:
1007:
Smith, Julian; Joe J. Tjandra; Gordon J. A. Clunie; Kaye, Andrew H. (2006).
523:
422:
395:
344:
206:
187:
60:
1360:
1308:
1249:
961:
899:
872:
402:
formed by the dura mater of the meninges. Tissue may be stripped from the
2015:
2007:
1973:
1827:
1730:
744:
672:
519:
305:
262:
218:
210:
135:
1385:
935:
151:
920:"Clinical and Experimental Observations Upon Cheyne-Stokes Respiration"
740:
2054:
1795:
1762:
1397:
398:, most notably the midbrain. The tentorium is a structure within the
350:
267:
27:
Potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull
2310:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
312:, and infratentorial refers to structures normally found below it.
1179:
Traumatic brain injury: Definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology.
726:
585:
387:
323:
287:
183:
150:
213:
as a result of increased intracranial pressure are not uncommon.
143:
hematoma which is putting local pressure on a part of the brain.
813:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 69.
756:
628:
511:
175:
2398:
1468:
565:(pontine arteries), causing them to tear and bleed, known as a
2394:
1044:
Orlando
Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004.
1325:"Neuroprotection in acute brain injury: an up-to-date review"
851:
Gruen P (May 2002). "Surgical management of head trauma".
130:
Herniation can also occur in the absence of high ICP when
610:, the dura mater at the top of the head between the two
529:
Uncal herniation may advance to central herniation. The
479:, which results from compression of the contralateral
735:
Treatment involves removal of the etiologic mass and
300:
is an extension of the dura mater that separates the
103:(the hole in the base of the skull through which the
1375:
1114:. California State University, Chico. Archived from
390:, can be squeezed so much that it moves towards the
197:. Vomiting can also occur due to compression of the
91:. The brain can shift across such structures as the
2596:
2582:
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
2542:
2432:
2231:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2147:
2097:
2069:
2040:
2006:
1968:
1957:
1923:
1901:
1826:
1636:
1627:
1613:
1573:
1516:
1507:
1427:
1379:
54:
35:
1271:Rehman T, Ali R, Tawil I, Yonas H (October 2008).
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
759:. Damage to the cardio-respiratory centers in the
602:, the most common type, the innermost part of the
982:. Oregon Neurosurgery Specialists. Archived from
1164:
1162:
719:standing/upright, an upright MRI may be useful.
894:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
425:on the side of the affected nerve, causing the
2410:
1480:
1181:Emedicine.com. Retrieved on January 28, 2007.
1046:"Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries."
8:
1198:"Brain Herniation Syndromes - 2 Nursing CEs"
663:to move up through the tentorial opening in
506:) in the median and paramedian zones of the
1105:
1103:
2417:
2403:
2395:
2205:
2196:
1965:
1633:
1624:
1513:
1487:
1473:
1465:
1376:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
162:Brain herniation frequently presents with
69:
50:MRI showing injury due to brain herniation
41:
32:
1350:
1340:
1298:
1288:
1191:
1189:
1187:
951:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
87:is squeezed across structures within the
886:Dinallo, Sean; Waseem, Muhammad (2022),
800:
798:
796:
491:tract fibers. This leads to Ipsilateral
792:
699:Congenital tonsillar herniation of the
2276:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1949:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
417:(a.k.a. CN III), which may affect the
853:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
711:Connective tissue disorders, such as
578:downwards transtentorial herniation.
7:
2127:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
924:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
811:Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology
655:Increased pressure in the posterior
557:are squeezed through a notch in the
253:Causes of brain herniation include:
233:), irregular respirations (commonly
2358:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
25:
2061:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1864:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
502:(tearing of small vessels in the
2517:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
2081:For more detailed coverage, see
2059:For more detailed coverage, see
2030:For more detailed coverage, see
1996:For more detailed coverage, see
1947:For more detailed coverage, see
1013:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 446.
809:. In Brant WE, Helms CA (eds.).
805:Barr RM, Gean AD, Le TH (2007).
363:6) Upward (upward cerebellar or
2552:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
977:"Cerebral Herniation Syndromes"
471:Another important finding is a
460:Compression of the ipsilateral
1055:Retrieved on January 16, 2008.
689:downward cerebellar herniation
221:. These symptoms are known as
1:
2374:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2259:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2117:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
865:10.1016/S1052-5149(02)00013-8
606:is scraped under part of the
2343:Progressive muscular atrophy
1242:10.3109/02699052.2010.490512
1076:Shepard S (20 August 2004).
918:Eyster, J. A. (1906-10-12).
749:reticular activating network
2455:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2450:Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
1853:Primary progressive aphasia
590:Subfalcine herniation on CT
180:persistent vegetative state
2680:
2175:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1881:Posterior cortical atrophy
1702:Striatonigral degeneration
1553:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
413:The uncus can squeeze the
292:Types of brain herniation.
2628:Injury of accessory nerve
2281:Spinal muscular atrophies
2249:Primary lateral sclerosis
2107:Intracranial hypertension
1887:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1342:10.1186/s13054-015-0887-8
1202:Dynamic Nursing Education
737:decompressive craniectomy
641:transcalvarial herniation
635:Transcalvarial herniation
462:posterior cerebral artery
394:and puts pressure on the
358:Infratentorial herniation
317:Supratentorial herniation
182:also occurs. One or both
49:
40:
2502:Post-concussion syndrome
2348:Progressive bulbar palsy
2139:Intracranial hypotension
2122:Choroid plexus papilloma
1536:Herpesviral encephalitis
612:hemispheres of the brain
2611:Peripheral nerve injury
2577:Posterior cord syndrome
2534:Penetrating head injury
2475:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2442:Intracranial hemorrhage
1860:Frontotemporal dementia
1546:Encephalitis lethargica
1290:10.1186/1757-1626-1-203
522:, slow heart rate, and
449:(a.k.a. CN VI) and the
439:ocular motility muscles
429:of the affected eye to
121:intracranial hemorrhage
99:, and even through the
2633:Brachial plexus injury
2623:Wallerian degeneration
2557:Brown-SĂ©quard syndrome
2507:Second-impact syndrome
2434:Traumatic brain injury
2165:Hepatic encephalopathy
1136:Robins Basic Pathology
781:Second-impact syndrome
732:
713:Ehlers Danlos syndrome
591:
531:sliding uncus syndrome
483:containing descending
466:homonymous hemianopsia
435:oculomotor nerve palsy
374:(downward cerebellar)
293:
168:level of consciousness
159:
117:traumatic brain injury
2567:Central cord syndrome
2562:Cauda equina syndrome
2524:Diffuse axonal injury
2223:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2180:Static encephalopathy
1903:Mitochondrial disease
1741:Spasmodic torticollis
1651:Basal ganglia disease
807:"Craniofacial trauma"
747:, which contains the
730:
715:, can be associated.
669:cerebellar herniation
600:subfalcine herniation
589:
473:false localizing sign
291:
156:Decorticate posturing
154:
115:(ICP): these include
113:intracranial pressure
2512:Dementia pugilistica
2170:Toxic encephalopathy
1876:Lewy bodies dementia
1110:McCaffrey P (2001).
685:tonsillar herniation
679:Tonsillar herniation
582:Cingulate herniation
555:cerebral hemispheres
406:in a process called
241:and in severe cases
195:in response to light
2529:Abusive head trauma
2492:Cerebral laceration
2218:Friedreich's ataxia
1601:Meningoencephalitis
1541:Limbic encephalitis
1010:Textbook of Surgery
936:10.1084/jem.8.5.565
705:Chiari malformation
703:is also known as a
575:suprasellar cistern
559:tentorium cerebelli
516:decorticate posture
172:Glasgow Coma Scores
97:tentorium cerebelli
36:Cerebral herniation
2544:Spinal cord injury
2487:Cerebral contusion
2254:Pseudobulbar palsy
1992:Status epilepticus
1943:Multiple sclerosis
1780:Myoclonic epilepsy
1643:movement disorders
1589:Acute disseminated
1531:Viral encephalitis
1428:External resources
1088:on 8 February 2007
1051:2008-02-27 at the
767:and (secondarily)
765:respiratory arrest
733:
625:abnormal posturing
592:
571:diabetes insipidus
543:central herniation
537:Central herniation
294:
174:of three to five.
164:abnormal posturing
160:
147:Signs and symptoms
2646:
2645:
2638:Traumatic neuroma
2598:Peripheral nerves
2470:Epidural hematoma
2465:Subdural hematoma
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2188:
2187:
2093:
2092:
2032:Template:Headache
1998:Template:Epilepsy
1919:
1918:
1893:Vascular dementia
1736:Status dystonicus
1609:
1608:
1584:Encephalomyelitis
1462:
1461:
1196:Hudson K (2006).
1177:Dawodu ST. 2007.
820:978-0-7817-6135-2
761:medulla oblongata
755:, will result in
651:Upward herniation
549:and parts of the
500:Duret hemorrhages
340:or transfalcine)
326:(transtentorial)
203:medulla oblongata
78:
77:
30:Medical condition
18:Brain compression
16:(Redirected from
2671:
2482:Brain herniation
2419:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2206:
2197:
2155:Brain herniation
1966:
1806:Intention tremor
1801:Essential tremor
1666:Postencephalitic
1634:
1625:
1514:
1495:Diseases of the
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:. Archived from
1193:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:. Archived from
1073:
1056:
1042:
1025:
1024:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
988:
981:
972:
966:
965:
955:
915:
909:
908:
907:
906:
888:"Cushing Reflex"
883:
877:
876:
848:
831:
830:
828:
827:
802:
751:which regulates
567:Duret hemorrhage
477:Kernohan's notch
475:, the so-called
451:superior oblique
415:oculomotor nerve
378:Uncal herniation
367:transtentorial)
81:Brain herniation
74:
73:
45:
33:
21:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2592:
2538:
2428:
2423:
2393:
2380:
2306:Congenital DSMA
2227:
2184:
2143:
2089:
2077:Sleep disorders
2065:
2042:Cerebrovascular
2036:
2002:
1959:
1953:
1915:
1897:
1822:
1768:Choreoathetosis
1641:
1618:
1605:
1569:
1503:
1493:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1423:
1422:
1388:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1236:(7–8): 988–94.
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1208:on 10 July 2011
1195:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1118:on 6 April 2007
1109:
1108:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1059:
1053:Wayback Machine
1043:
1028:
1021:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
986:
979:
974:
973:
969:
917:
916:
912:
904:
902:
885:
884:
880:
850:
849:
834:
825:
823:
821:
804:
803:
794:
789:
777:
725:
681:
653:
637:
616:cingulate gyrus
584:
553:of both of the
539:
455:trochlear nerve
453:(innervated by
445:(innervated by
441:except for the
419:parasympathetic
404:cerebral cortex
380:
310:tentorial notch
286:
251:
229:(with widening
223:Cushing's Triad
199:vomiting center
149:
68:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:classification
2613:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:(Quadriplegia)
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2328:
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2321:
2316:
2308:
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2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:Cerebral edema
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:Template:Sleep
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1911:Leigh syndrome
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1832:
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1820:
1815:
1810:
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1699:
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1697:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1647:
1645:
1638:Extrapyramidal
1631:
1622:
1620:encephalopathy
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1571:
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1568:
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1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1497:nervous system
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:Classification
1373:
1372:External links
1370:
1367:
1366:
1314:
1263:
1219:
1183:
1170:
1158:
1138:
1129:
1099:
1057:
1026:
1019:
999:
967:
930:(5): 565–613.
910:
878:
832:
819:
791:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
773:
769:cardiac arrest
724:
721:
693:foramen magnum
687:, also called
680:
677:
659:can cause the
652:
649:
636:
633:
583:
580:
563:basilar artery
551:temporal lobes
538:
535:
524:pupil dilation
447:abducens nerve
443:lateral rectus
379:
376:
361:
360:
345:Transcalvarial
320:
319:
285:
284:Classification
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
250:
247:
243:cardiac arrest
231:pulse pressure
215:Cardiovascular
148:
145:
101:foramen magnum
76:
75:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
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2:
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2513:
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2505:
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2198:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Reye syndrome
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Hydrocephalus
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
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2011:
2009:
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1962:
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1946:
1944:
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1939:
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1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1925:Demyelinating
1922:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
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1858:
1854:
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1847:
1844:
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1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Restless legs
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:Blepharospasm
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Hemiballismus
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:Brain abscess
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Critical Care
1326:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:Cases Journal
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1168:Toronto Notes
1165:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1082:Emedicine.com
1079:
1078:"Head trauma"
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:1-4051-2627-2
1016:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1000:
989:on 2017-04-17
985:
978:
971:
968:
963:
959:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:(2): 339–43.
858:
854:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
822:
816:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
786:
782:
779:
778:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:consciousness
750:
746:
742:
738:
729:
722:
720:
716:
714:
708:
706:
702:
697:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
621:
620:blood vessels
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
581:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
534:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:mesencephalon
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
489:corticobulbar
486:
485:corticospinal
482:
481:cerebral crus
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:input to the
420:
416:
411:
409:
408:decortication
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:temporal lobe
377:
375:
373:
368:
366:
359:
356:
355:
354:
352:
347:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
327:
325:
318:
315:
314:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
283:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Cheyne-Stokes
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
153:
146:
144:
140:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:and increase
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
66:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
2606:Nerve injury
2481:
2461:Extra-axial
2446:Intra-axial
2368:
2267:
2240:
2201:Degenerative
2154:
1938:Inflammatory
1885:
1818:Stiff-person
1656:Parkinsonism
1629:Degenerative
1526:Encephalitis
1509:Inflammation
1499:, primarily
1446:
1435:
1407:
1392:
1332:
1328:
1317:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1233:
1230:Brain Injury
1229:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1201:
1173:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1081:
1009:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
984:the original
975:Halliday A.
970:
927:
923:
913:
903:, retrieved
891:
881:
856:
852:
824:. Retrieved
810:
734:
717:
709:
698:
688:
684:
682:
668:
664:
654:
640:
638:
608:falx cerebri
604:frontal lobe
599:
595:
593:
547:diencephalon
542:
540:
530:
528:
497:
472:
470:
459:
412:
381:
369:
364:
362:
357:
353:(posterior)
348:
342:
331:
328:
321:
316:
295:
252:
227:hypertension
190:and fail to
161:
141:
132:mass lesions
129:
93:falx cerebri
80:
79:
65:neurosurgery
2664:Neurotrauma
2587:Tetraplegia
2426:Neurotrauma
2353:Fazio–Londe
2193:Both/either
1987:Generalised
1846:Early-onset
1841:Alzheimer's
1576:spinal cord
1437:MedlinePlus
1212:6 September
763:will cause
645:craniectomy
493:hemiparesis
329:2) Central
258:Brain edema
239:bradycardia
125:brain tumor
109:mass effect
105:spinal cord
2653:Categories
2572:Paraplegia
2497:Concussion
1961:paroxysmal
1933:Autoimmune
1726:Dyskinesia
1596:Meningitis
1574:Brain and
1335:(1): 186.
1283:(1): 203.
1092:28 January
993:2017-04-16
905:2023-02-19
892:StatPearls
826:2008-11-17
787:References
701:cerebellum
661:cerebellum
504:parenchyma
338:subfalcine
302:cerebellum
1958:Episodic/
1836:Tauopathy
1787:Akathisia
1775:Myoclonus
1758:Athetosis
1690:Tauopathy
1448:eMedicine
944:0022-1007
723:Treatment
596:cingulate
487:and some
396:brainstem
392:tentorium
372:Tonsillar
334:Cingulate
304:from the
298:tentorium
278:Infection
207:headaches
205:. Severe
192:constrict
136:hematomas
61:Neurology
56:Specialty
2324:SMALED2B
2319:SMALED2A
2016:Migraine
2008:Headache
1974:epilepsy
1970:Seizures
1828:Dementia
1731:Dystonia
1453:radio/98
1361:25896893
1309:18831756
1250:20545453
1122:7 August
1049:Archived
962:19867060
900:31747208
873:12391640
775:See also
745:midbrain
673:midbrain
520:lethargy
306:cerebrum
263:Hematoma
219:bleeding
211:seizures
134:such as
2659:Hernias
2336:SMA-PME
2331:SMA-PCH
2314:SMALED1
2026:Tension
2021:Cluster
1746:Meige's
1563:Amoebic
1352:4404577
1300:2566562
1258:9553904
953:2124640
741:CT scan
671:. The
201:in the
188:dilated
186:may be
170:, with
2055:Stroke
1869:Pick's
1796:Tremor
1763:Chorea
1442:001421
1359:
1349:
1307:
1297:
1256:
1248:
1017:
960:
950:
942:
898:
871:
817:
665:upward
545:, the
431:dilate
386:, the
365:upward
351:Tectal
273:Tumour
268:Stroke
249:Causes
184:pupils
95:, the
67:
2369:both:
2301:DSMA1
2296:SMAX2
2291:SMAX1
2271:only:
2244:only:
2148:Other
2070:Other
1982:Focal
1615:Brain
1518:Brain
1418:348.4
1403:G93.5
1254:S2CID
987:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
667:, or
657:fossa
427:pupil
400:skull
388:uncus
324:Uncal
123:, or
89:skull
85:brain
1972:and
1683:PKAN
1678:NBIA
1413:9-CM
1357:PMID
1305:PMID
1246:PMID
1214:2007
1124:2007
1094:2007
1015:ISBN
958:PMID
940:ISSN
896:PMID
869:PMID
815:ISBN
757:coma
629:coma
627:and
512:pons
510:and
296:The
209:and
178:and
176:Coma
2286:SMA
2269:LMN
2242:UMN
2233:MND
2099:CSF
2050:TIA
1695:PSP
1671:NMS
1640:and
1501:CNS
1409:ICD
1394:ICD
1347:PMC
1337:doi
1295:PMC
1285:doi
1238:doi
948:PMC
932:doi
861:doi
683:In
639:In
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