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1220:, which is involved in special sensation. Moving rostrally, the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles are found connecting the midbrain to the cerebellum. Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves. This marks the end of the pons as the
1442:
Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves either target or are sourced from the brainstem nuclei. The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) are located in the midbrain. The nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve
1507:
need to be established; the pupils of the eyes must be fixed and dilated; there must be an absence of motor response to stimulation and an absence of breathing marked by concentrations of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. All of these tests must be repeated after a certain time before death can
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Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances, pupil abnormalities, changes in sensation, muscle weakness, hearing problems, vertigo, swallowing and speech difficulty, voice change, and co-ordination problems. Localizing
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in the UK have developed in order to make the decision of when to stop ventilation of somebody who could not otherwise sustain life. These determining factors are that the patient is irreversibly unconscious and incapable of breathing unaided. All other possible causes must be ruled out that might
1224:
is directly rostral and marks the caudal midbrain. Middle cerebellar peduncle is located inferior and lateral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, connecting pons to the cerebellum. Likewise, inferior cerebellar peduncle is found connecting the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum.
1936:
Ding, Song-Lin; Royall, Joshua J.; Sunkin, Susan M.; Ng, Lydia; Facer, Benjamin A. C.; Lesnar, Phil; Guillozet-Bongaarts, Angie; McMurray, Bergen; Szafer, Aaron; Dolbeare, Tim A.; Stevens, Allison; Tirrell, Lee; Benner, Thomas; Caldejon, Shiella; Dalley, Rachel A. (2017-02-01).
1340:
The brainstem plays a role in conduction. That is, all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and include the
1443:(VIII) are located in the pons. The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) are located in the medulla. The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei.
1375:
The brainstem has integrative functions being involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a very serious and often life-threatening
1208:, contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. Lateral to all these bumps previously discussed is an indented line, or
1361:, and pressure sensation. The facial sensations have similar pathways and will travel in the spinothalamic tract and the DCML. Descending tracts are the axons of upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the
656:
that is involved in various important functions of the midbrain. In particular, it contains lower motor neurons, is involved in the pain desensitization pathway, is involved in the arousal and consciousness systems, and contains the
1519:
512:
is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. Its inferior brachium (arm-like process) reaches to the
1196:. Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves. Superior to these trigones are fibers running laterally in both directions. These fibers are known collectively as the
3734:
1071:. The olives are swellings in the medulla containing underlying inferior nucleary nuclei (containing various nuclei and afferent fibers). Lateral (and dorsal) to the olives are the rootlets for
1188:. In the floor of the fourth ventricle, various nuclei can be visualized by the small bumps that they make in the overlying tissue. In the midline and directly superior to the obex is the
391:. It is also of prime importance in the conveyance of motor and sensory pathways from the rest of the brain to the body, and from the body back to the brain. These pathways include the
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otherwise indicate a temporary condition. The state of irreversible brain damage has to be unequivocal. There are brainstem reflexes that are checked for by two senior doctors so that
917:, often just referred to as the medulla, is the lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord. Its upper part is continuous with the pons.. The medulla contains the
1452:
neurological lesions in the brainstem may be very precise, although it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem anatomical structures and how to test them.
1369:. In addition, there are upper motor neurons that originate in the brainstem's vestibular, red, tectal, and reticular nuclei, which also descend and synapse in the spinal cord.
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The cranial nerves III-XII emerge from the brainstem. These cranial nerves supply the face, head, and viscera. (The first two pairs of cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum).
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also joins from which a large number of perforating arteries arise. Lateral spinal arteries also emerge to supply the posterior surface of the medulla oblongata.
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is positioned above the inferior colliculus, and marks the rostral midbrain. It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the
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tract (also called the pyramidal tract), or the upper motor neuronal axons as they head inferiorly to synapse on lower motor neuronal cell bodies within the
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The parts of the brainstem are the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata; the diencephalon is sometimes considered part of the brainstem.
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1177:. The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the gracile fasciculus from the cuneate fasciculus. Lateral to the cuneate fasciculus is the
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of fibers which marks the transition from the medulla to the spinal cord. The medulla is above the decussation and the spinal cord below.
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1169:, are the gracile and cuneate tubercles, respectively. Underlying these are their respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the
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The brainstem is very small, making up around only 2.6 percent of the brain's total weight. It has the critical roles of regulating
119:
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1216:. This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons. Lateral to the sulcus limitans is the area of the
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1889:"Vascular microanatomy of the pontomedullary junction, posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, and the lateral spinal arteries"
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desensitization pathway. Neurons synapse here. When stimulated by a signal, the synaptic connections activate neurons in the
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Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences
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are areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons due to a downward traumatic displacement of the brainstem.
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The pons meets the medulla at the pontomedullary junction. This region is supplied by the joining of the
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1749:"Midbrain dopaminergic neurons: a review of the molecular circuitry that regulates their development"
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain.
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383:. Ten pairs of cranial nerves come from the brainstem. Other roles include the regulation of the
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The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagittal section of a human brain.
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679:, this is a pathway by which many tracts project up to the cortex and down to the spinal cord.
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Diagram showing the position of the colliculi. Superior shown in green and inferior in orange.
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1887:
Mercier, PH; Brassier, G; Fournier, HD; Picquet, J; Papon, X; Lasjaunias, P (30 March 2008).
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is the second of the three primary vesicles, and does not further differentiate into a
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634:: This is a concentration of neurons in the ventral portion of the midbrain that uses
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and is involved in both motor function and emotion. Its dysfunction is implicated in
1479:. These fluid-filled cavities can be congenital, acquired or the result of a tumor.
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The
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of 'On Olympus Towering Top'
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is lateral to the pyramids. Emerging from the anterolateral sulci are the CN XII (
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1067:) rootlets. Lateral to these rootlets and the anterolateral sulci are the
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A 3D medical animation still shot showing different parts of the midbrain.
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Ackerman, Sandra (1992). "Major
Structures and Functions of the Brain".
1281:(hindbrain) will further differentiate into two secondary vesicles, the
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2025:, Alexandria, Virginia, US: Brain Injury Association of Virginia, 2005
1954:
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Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus
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Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus
493:
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Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu)
496:
forms the ceiling. The tectum comprises the paired structure of the
2169:
1939:"Comprehensive cellular-resolution atlas of the adult human brain"
1824:
1384:
1322:
1277:. This will become the midbrain. The third primary vesicle, the
1232:
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direction, the large bumps are called the facial colliculi. Each
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1080:
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Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V)
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371:. It also provides the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the
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Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous
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View of the midbrain showing covering tectum and tegmental floor
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2067:
Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015).
624:: This is a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the
352:, and sometimes the diencephalon is included in the brainstem.
3735:
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
1400:
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and the pons. The more caudal myelencephalon will become the
877:
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602:
of the spinal cord which prevents pain sensation transmission.
29:
1245:
The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the
696:
is located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
1633:
Fundamental
Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications
1608:
Fundamental
Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications
1118:) emerges ventrally from the midbrain, while the CN IV (the
1580:
Textbook of
Anatomy Head, Neck, and Brain ; Volume III
1537:
3D visualization of the brainstem in an average human brain
1165:. Superior to each of these, and directly inferior to the
2107:
1656:
1654:
1652:
536:
which forms the floor of the midbrain, is ventral to the
1792:(3rd ed.). Williams & Wilkins. pp. 42–43.
1747:
Hegarty, SV; Sullivan, AM; O'Keeffe, GW (15 July 2013).
1417:
894:
763:
706:
nucleus located adjacent to the ventral tegmental area.
1863:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
1389:
A cross-section of the brainstem showing the multiple
1122:) emerges out from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain.
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1662:"Brainstem | Definition, Structure, & Function"
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brainstem from the front, with major parts labelled
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1261:The human brainstem emerges from two of the three
1110:) emerge. At the level of the midpons, CN V (the
818:that make up the pontine respiratory group in the
802:and also tracts that carry sensory signals to the
1686:"Cranial Nerve Nuclei and Brain Stem Circulation"
1475:can affect the brainstem, in a condition, called
1336:There are three main functions of the brainstem:
806:. The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the
794:. It contains tracts that carry signals from the
1145:brainstem from behind, with major parts labelled
961:Cross-section of the rostral (superior) medulla
941:. Another important medullary structure is the
3366:
2824:
2333:
2128:
2001:(5th. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.
1819:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
8:
2091:Black's Medical Dictionary 39th edition 1999
1094:junction, noted most obviously by the large
1458:can cause a range of impairments including
1345:for pain and temperature sensation and the
1305:The brainstem plays important functions in
786:. It is separated from the midbrain by the
782:The pons lies between the midbrain and the
618:nucleus: This is the fourth cranial nerve.
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1044:. The pyramids contain the fibers of the
822:. The pons co-ordinates activities of the
598:; the pathway then projects down into the
434:The brainstem extends from just above the
312:) is the posterior stalk-like part of the
140:
2592:Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1992:
1990:
1970:
1912:
1764:
1212:that runs rostrally, and is known as the
1184:Superior to the obex is the floor of the
1040:. Moving laterally on each side are the
590:contains various neurons involved in the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2577:Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1861:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1601:
1599:
1157:. Moving laterally on each side is the
675:: Directly anterior to the floor of the
480:is further subdivided into three parts:
295:
2023:Simplified Brain Behavior Relationships
1573:
1571:
1567:
1515:
1125:Between the two pyramids can be seen a
951:
945:whose functions include the control of
840:
709:
1712:: 6th ed., New York: Worth Publishers.
1708:Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (2009).
1347:dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
397:dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
340:. The midbrain is continuous with the
283:
131:
1710:Fundamentals of human neuropsychology
1289:. The metencephalon will become the
1237:The brainstem receives blood via the
985:Cross-section of the inferior medulla
7:
1943:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1005:posterior inferior cerebellar artery
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1491:is unnecessary. The absence of the
1114:) emerges. Cranial nerve III (the
973:Cross-section of the middle medulla
810:. The pons houses the respiratory
504:and is the dorsal covering of the
25:
838:that form much of the brainstem.
661:, which is involved in intensive
328:the brainstem is composed of the
3596:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
1631:Haines, D; Mihailoff, G (2018).
1606:Haines, D; Mihailoff, G (2018).
1530:
1518:
1404:
978:
966:
954:
881:
855:
843:
750:
724:
712:
280:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
34:
2071:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
2049:from the original on 2013-04-18
45:needs additional citations for
3712:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
2982:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2944:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2597:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2582:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1726:(12th ed.). p. 474.
1722:Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011).
1098:. From this junction, CN VI (
790:, and from the medulla by the
700:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
652:: This is a large area in the
632:Substantia nigra pars compacta
1:
2997:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
2455:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1635:(5th ed.). p. 195.
1610:(5th ed.). p. 152.
1582:(2nd ed.). p. 363.
1161:, and lateral to that is the
363:function, helping to control
3882:Superior cerebellar peduncle
3755:Midbrain reticular formation
3180:Lateral parabrachial nucleus
2992:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2970:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
2722:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
2518:Rostral ventromedial medulla
1192:and superior to that it the
1149:The most medial part of the
1087:). The pyramids end at the
608:nucleus: This is the third
559:(VTA) is composed of paired
3584:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
3175:Medial parabrachial nucleus
2949:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
2460:Inferior salivatory nucleus
2037:"Lecture 6: Cranial Nerves"
1788:Carpenter, Malcolm (1985).
1766:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.014
3944:
2513:Arcuate nucleus of medulla
1905:10.1177/159101990801400107
1546:
1435:
1032:In the medial part of the
871:
798:to the medulla and to the
740:
575:The midbrain consists of:
563:. These transmit axons of
453:
3780:Reticulotegmental nucleus
3720:
3130:Inferior salivary nucleus
3125:Superior salivary nucleus
2975:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2508:Ventral respiratory group
2490:Accessory cuneate nucleus
2243:Peripheral nervous system
1790:Core text of neuroanatomy
1456:Brainstem stroke syndrome
1173:and the beginning of the
515:medial geniculate nucleus
419:, temperature, itch, and
278:
139:
3763:dorsal tegmental nucleus
3692:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
3187:Superior olivary nucleus
3150:Pedunculopontine nucleus
3102:Trigeminal motor nucleus
2922:Ventral trigeminal tract
2873:Superior medullary velum
2674:Inferior olivary nucleus
2396:Dorsal respiratory group
2104:Comparative Neuroscience
1859:Alberts, Daniel (2012).
3745:Interpeduncular nucleus
3477:Central tegmental tract
3170:Subparabrachial nucleus
2939:Central tegmental tract
2917:Dorsal trigeminal tract
2692:Posterior median sulcus
2657:Anterior median fissure
1666:Encyclopedia Britannica
1578:Singh, Vishram (2014).
1505:vestibulo–ocular reflex
1275:secondary brain vesicle
1155:posterior median sulcus
1108:vestibulocochlear nerve
1038:anterior median fissure
991:Pontomedullary junction
792:inferior pontine sulcus
788:superior pontine sulcus
673:Central tegmental tract
527:lateral geniculate body
440:first cervical vertebra
3704:Ventral tegmental area
3266:Pontocerebellar fibers
2868:Cerebellopontine angle
2798:Perihypoglossal nuclei
2152:Central nervous system
1549:anatomical terminology
1482:Criteria for claiming
1398:
1263:primary brain vesicles
1242:
1146:
1029:
929:centres, dealing with
824:cerebellar hemispheres
683:Ventral tegmental area
557:ventral tegmental area
490:ventral tegmental area
473:
465:
395:(motor function), the
385:central nervous system
301:
3894:Interpeduncular fossa
3837:Temporopontine fibers
3601:Dentatothalamic tract
3256:Corticopontine fibers
2987:Vestibulospinal tract
2697:Posterolateral sulcus
2618:Olivocerebellar tract
2528:Pre-Bötzinger complex
1997:Purves, Dale (2011).
1816:Discovering the Brain
1753:Developmental Biology
1447:Clinical significance
1388:
1349:(DCML) including the
1236:
1140:
1023:
921:, dorsal and ventral
610:cranial nerve nucleus
600:posterior grey column
529:of the diencephalon.
471:
463:
299:
3832:Frontopontine fibers
3827:Corticopontine tract
3402:Corpora quadrigemina
3107:Facial motor nucleus
2912:Trigeminal lemniscus
2662:Anterolateral sulcus
1393:of the ten pairs of
1141:The appearance of a
1061:anterolateral sulcus
1050:anterior grey column
1024:The appearance of a
808:cerebellar peduncles
596:nucleus raphe magnus
552:are contained here.
54:improve this article
3822:Corticobulbar tract
3817:Corticospinal tract
3725:Periaqueductal gray
3622:Rubro-olivary tract
3591:Spinothalamic tract
3557:Sensory / ascending
3465:Sensory / ascending
3422:Superior colliculus
3410:Inferior colliculus
3306:Reticular formation
3251:Corticobulbar tract
3246:Corticospinal tract
3165:Parabrachial nuclei
2744:Reticular formation
2712:Hypoglossal trigone
2623:Rubro-olivary tract
2572:Juxtarestiform body
2562:Sensory decussation
2445:Hypoglossal nucleus
1690:Neuroanatomy Online
1397:that emerge from it
1343:spinothalamic tract
1333:/ concentration.
1222:inferior colliculus
1200:. Continuing in a
1194:hypoglossal trigone
650:Reticular formation
644:Parkinson's disease
626:lower motor neurons
580:Periaqueductal gray
565:upper motor neurons
550:reticular formation
523:superior colliculus
510:inferior colliculus
413:spinothalamic tract
405:vibration sensation
393:corticospinal tract
3675:Oculomotor nucleus
3610:Motor / descending
3486:Motor / descending
3297:Other grey: Raphe/
3239:: Motor/descending
3160:Pneumotaxic center
3143:Grey: Other nuclei
2614:Descending tracts
1547:This article uses
1489:imaging technology
1466:Duret haemorrhages
1460:locked-in syndrome
1416:. You can help by
1399:
1355:cuneate fasciculus
1351:gracile fasciculus
1251:vertebral arteries
1243:
1239:vertebral arteries
1163:cuneate fasciculus
1159:gracile fasciculus
1147:
1042:medullary pyramids
1030:
1001:vertebral arteries
923:respiratory groups
893:. You can help by
820:respiratory center
812:pneumotaxic center
762:. You can help by
665:modulation and in
561:cerebral peduncles
502:inferior colliculi
474:
466:
438:superiorly to the
316:that connects the
302:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3740:Parabrachial area
3680:Trochlear nucleus
3635:
3634:
3617:Rubrospinal tract
3519:Cerebral aqueduct
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3493:Tectospinal tract
3472:Spinotectal tract
3427:Superior brachium
3415:Inferior brachium
3348:
3347:
3292:
3291:
3200:
3199:
3138:
3137:
3071:Vestibular nuclei
2934:Lateral lemniscus
2888:Facial colliculus
2806:
2805:
2730:
2729:
2633:
2632:
2538:
2537:
2523:Botzinger complex
2468:
2467:
2408:Vestibular nuclei
2403:Gustatory nucleus
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2078:978-1-118-49201-7
2008:978-0-87893-695-3
1955:10.1002/cne.24130
1870:978-1-4160-6257-8
1834:978-0-309-04529-2
1733:978-0-7295-3752-0
1558:– reptilian brain
1512:Additional images
1434:
1433:
1218:vestibular system
1206:facial colliculus
1198:striae medullares
1179:lateral funiculus
1065:hypoglossal nerve
915:medulla oblongata
911:
910:
874:Medulla oblongata
868:Medulla oblongata
834:are parts of the
832:medulla oblongata
784:medulla oblongata
780:
779:
588:cerebral aqueduct
538:cerebral aqueduct
506:cerebral aqueduct
338:medulla oblongata
294:
293:
289:
196:truncus encephali
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3935:
3853:Substantia nigra
3801:
3646:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3462:
3398:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3215:
3155:Apneustic center
3116:Abducens nucleus
3091:
3054:Cochlear nucleus
3025:
3018:
2929:Medial lemniscus
2858:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2642:
2567:Medial lemniscus
2549:
2450:Nucleus ambiguus
2438:
2386:Solitary nucleus
2379:
2372:
2363:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2248:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1534:
1522:
1429:
1426:
1408:
1401:
1247:basilar arteries
1186:fourth ventricle
1171:fourth ventricle
1116:oculomotor nerve
1112:trigeminal nerve
1077:glossopharyngeal
982:
970:
958:
906:
903:
885:
878:
859:
847:
816:apneustic center
775:
772:
754:
747:
728:
716:
677:fourth ventricle
640:neurotransmitter
606:Oculomotor nerve
286:edit on Wikidata
144:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3928:Neurophysiology
3913:
3912:
3911:
3898:
3870:
3866:Pars reticulata
3843:
3784:
3749:
3716:
3698:
3631:
3605:
3531:
3523:
3497:
3481:
3451:
3433:
3393:
3385:
3381:Anatomy of the
3379:
3349:
3344:
3298:
3288:
3272:
3231:
3206:
3196:
3192:Locus coeruleus
3134:
3087:
3082:
3021:
3003:
2955:
2892:
2883:Medial eminence
2878:Sulcus limitans
2849:
2843:
2839:Anatomy of the
2837:
2807:
2802:
2749:Gigantocellular
2726:
2717:Medial eminence
2680:
2629:
2603:
2534:
2494:
2485:Cuneate nucleus
2480:Gracile nucleus
2464:
2434:
2429:
2375:
2352:
2348:Anatomy of the
2346:
2316:
2307:
2298:Parasympathetic
2279:
2237:
2146:
2141:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1858:
1857:
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1835:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1484:brainstem death
1471:Cysts known as
1449:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1414:needs expansion
1383:
1303:
1279:rhombencephalon
1259:
1231:
1214:sulcus limitans
1120:trochlear nerve
1106:) and CN VIII (
1085:accessory nerve
1013:
993:
986:
983:
974:
971:
962:
959:
907:
901:
898:
891:needs expansion
876:
870:
863:
860:
851:
848:
776:
770:
767:
760:needs expansion
745:
739:
732:
729:
720:
717:
694:group A10 cells
659:locus coeruleus
616:Trochlear nerve
582:: The area of
573:
571:Midbrain nuclei
458:
452:
436:tentorial notch
429:
387:and the body's
350:tentorial notch
290:
147:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3654:
3652:
3650:cranial nuclei
3643:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3627:Descending MLF
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3447:Pretectal area
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3284:Basilar sulcus
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3227:Pontine nuclei
3223:
3221:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3013:Cranial nuclei
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2907:Trapezoid body
2903:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2367:Cranial nuclei
2360:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:Cranial nerves
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:Nervous system
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2098:External links
2096:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2028:
2014:
2007:
1986:
1928:
1876:
1869:
1848:
1833:
1805:
1798:
1780:
1739:
1732:
1724:Last's Anatomy
1714:
1701:
1677:
1648:
1641:
1623:
1616:
1595:
1588:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1501:corneal reflex
1448:
1445:
1438:cranial nerves
1436:Main article:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1409:
1395:cranial nerves
1382:
1381:Cranial nerves
1379:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:posterior horn
1359:proprioception
1329:functions and
1302:
1299:
1287:myelencephalon
1265:formed of the
1258:
1255:
1230:
1227:
1135:
1134:
1100:abducens nerve
1018:
1017:
1016:From the front
1012:
1009:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
977:
975:
972:
965:
963:
960:
953:
939:blood pressure
909:
908:
888:
886:
872:Main article:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
854:
852:
849:
842:
778:
777:
757:
755:
741:Main article:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
723:
721:
718:
711:
708:
707:
697:
680:
670:
647:
629:
619:
613:
603:
572:
569:
454:Main article:
451:
448:
444:foramen magnum
428:
425:
409:proprioception
381:cranial nerves
369:breathing rate
292:
291:
282:
276:
275:
270:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
246:
240:
239:
234:
227:
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217:
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168:
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137:
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128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Pars compacta
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3809:Cerebral crus
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3663:Mesencephalic
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:Ascending MLF
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3424:
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3369:
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3335:
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3331:
3327:
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3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
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3303:
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3295:
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3275:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
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3244:
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3234:
3228:
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3203:
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3119:
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3110:
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3019:
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2815:
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2799:
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2792:
2789:
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2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Parvocellular
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Vagal trigone
2705:
2703:
2702:Area postrema
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2675:
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2670:
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2320:
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2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Sensory nerve
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2231:Limbic system
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:10.17226/1785
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1759:(2): 123–38.
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1691:
1687:
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1663:
1657:
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1649:
1644:
1642:9780323396325
1638:
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1627:
1624:
1619:
1617:9780323396325
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:9788131237274
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1508:be declared.
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1477:syringobulbia
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1412:This section
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:consciousness
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:metencephalon
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:mesencephalon
1268:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1241:, shown here.
1240:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:vagal trigone
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:central canal
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:) and CN XI (
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:corticospinal
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
981:
976:
969:
964:
957:
952:
950:
948:
944:
943:area postrema
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
905:
896:
892:
889:This section
887:
884:
880:
879:
875:
867:
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
774:
765:
761:
758:This section
756:
753:
749:
748:
744:
736:
727:
722:
715:
710:
705:
701:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
660:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
577:
576:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
470:
462:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
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327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
287:
281:
277:
274:
271:
269:
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262:
259:
257:
253:
250:
247:
245:
241:
238:
235:
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228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
192:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
150:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3768:Raphe nuclei
3549:White matter
3457:White matter
3333:Raphe nuclei
3088:
3022:
2776:Raphe nuclei
2544:White matter
2435:
2376:
2275:Spinal nerve
2207:Diencephalon
2087:
2068:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2017:
1999:Neuroscience
1998:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1899:(1): 49–58.
1896:
1892:
1860:
1815:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1579:
1556:Triune brain
1497:gag reflexes
1481:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1425:October 2016
1422:
1418:adding to it
1413:
1363:ventral horn
1335:
1304:
1260:
1244:
1229:Blood supply
1183:
1148:
1124:
1104:facial nerve
1058:
1031:
994:
912:
899:
895:adding to it
890:
781:
768:
764:adding to it
759:
687:dopaminergic
574:
554:
531:
519:diencephalon
475:
446:inferiorly.
433:
430:
354:
348:through the
346:diencephalon
309:
305:
303:
249:A14.1.03.009
237:birnlex_1565
195:
116:
110:January 2013
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3887:Decussation
3730:Red nucleus
3641:Grey matter
3439:Grey matter
3036:Trigeminal
2358:Grey matter
2293:Sympathetic
2265:Motor nerve
2217:Optic nerve
2165:Spinal cord
2108:Wikiversity
1357:for touch,
1267:neural tube
1257:Development
1133:From behind
1127:decussation
1102:), CN VII (
1054:spinal cord
692:, known as
622:Red nucleus
586:around the
584:gray matter
540:. Several
421:crude touch
411:), and the
389:sleep cycle
361:respiratory
326:human brain
322:spinal cord
185:Identifiers
69:"Brainstem"
3917:Categories
3326:Paramedian
2769:Paramedian
2190:Cerebellum
2053:2012-11-10
1949:(2): 407.
1799:0683014552
1695:2020-05-13
1671:2020-05-13
1563:References
1311:heart rate
1291:cerebellum
1096:basal pons
1011:Appearance
931:heart rate
902:April 2014
800:cerebellum
771:April 2014
548:, and the
488:, and the
442:below the
401:fine touch
365:heart rate
336:, and the
310:brain stem
215:NeuroNames
80:newspapers
18:Brain stem
3923:Brainstem
3563:Lemnisci
3540:Tegmentum
3532:(Ventral)
3321:Tegmental
3299:reticular
3089:efferent:
3040:Principal
3023:afferent:
2900:: Sensory
2852:tegmentum
2436:efferent:
2377:afferent:
2285:Autonomic
2202:Forebrain
2175:Hindbrain
1963:1096-9861
1499:, of the
1331:attention
1307:breathing
1143:cadaveric
1079:), CN X (
1026:cadaveric
935:breathing
927:vasomotor
836:hindbrain
704:GABAergic
669:reflexes.
667:autonomic
663:alertness
534:tegmentum
486:tegmentum
427:Structure
324:. In the
320:with the
306:brainstem
135:Brainstem
3529:Peduncle
3394:(Dorsal)
3383:midbrain
3205:Ventral/
3076:Superior
3064:Anterior
2963:: Motor
2791:Pallidus
2781:Obscurus
2558:Sensory
2423:Inferior
2224:Cerebrum
2197:Midbrain
2160:Meninges
2044:Archived
1981:27917481
1923:20557786
1843:25121239
1775:23603197
1543:See also
1503:and the
1473:syrinxes
1376:problem.
1353:and the
1301:Function
1285:and the
1249:and the
947:vomiting
804:thalamus
796:cerebrum
654:midbrain
636:dopamine
498:superior
478:midbrain
456:Midbrain
450:Midbrain
379:via the
342:thalamus
330:midbrain
318:cerebrum
231:NeuroLex
179:midbrain
3875:Surface
3572:Lateral
3277:Surface
2861:Surface
2848:Dorsal/
2764:Lateral
2759:Ventral
2652:Pyramid
2638:Surface
2608:Ventral
2499:Ventral
2413:Lateral
2350:medulla
2303:Enteric
2252:Somatic
2180:Medulla
1972:6886049
1914:3313705
1315:arousal
1295:medulla
1269:. The
1202:rostral
1153:is the
1151:medulla
1092:medulla
1089:pontine
1052:of the
1036:is the
1034:medulla
997:basilar
919:cardiac
690:nucleus
638:as its
517:of the
492:. The
344:of the
208:D001933
171:Medulla
157:Part of
152:Details
94:scholar
3773:dorsal
3567:Medial
3391:Tectum
3338:Median
3311:Caudal
3059:Dorsal
3045:Spinal
2786:Magnus
2588:Motor
2552:Dorsal
2473:Dorsal
2418:Medial
2212:Retina
2075:
2005:
1979:
1969:
1961:
1921:
1911:
1867:
1841:
1831:
1796:
1773:
1730:
1639:
1614:
1586:
1391:nuclei
1210:sulcus
1069:olives
1003:. The
925:, and
826:. The
546:tracts
542:nuclei
521:. The
508:. The
494:tectum
482:tectum
407:, and
332:, the
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3805:White
3237:White
2961:White
2898:White
2669:Olive
2645:Front
2391:tract
2170:Brain
2047:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1493:cough
1323:sleep
1081:vagus
357:heart
314:brain
284:[
273:79876
191:Latin
167:Parts
161:Brain
101:JSTOR
87:books
3849:Grey
3797:Base
3316:Oral
3219:Grey
3209:base
3009:Grey
2841:pons
2736:Grey
2685:Back
2185:Pons
2073:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1977:PMID
1959:ISSN
1919:PMID
1865:ISBN
1839:PMID
1829:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1771:PMID
1728:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1495:and
1365:and
1327:wake
1167:obex
1075:IX (
1059:The
937:and
913:The
830:and
828:pons
814:and
743:Pons
737:Pons
702:: A
685:: A
592:pain
555:The
532:The
500:and
476:The
417:pain
377:neck
375:and
373:face
367:and
359:and
334:pons
308:(or
304:The
261:5856
244:TA98
220:2052
203:MeSH
175:pons
73:news
3687:GVE
3670:GSE
3658:GSA
3511:CSF
3261:MCP
3121:GVE
3112:GSE
3098:SVE
3032:GSA
2106:at
1967:PMC
1951:doi
1947:525
1909:PMC
1901:doi
1821:doi
1761:doi
1757:379
1420:.
897:.
766:.
423:).
268:FMA
256:TA2
224:236
56:by
3919::
3851:/
3807:/
3123::
3114::
3100::
3011::
2042:.
1989:^
1975:.
1965:.
1957:.
1945:.
1941:.
1917:.
1907:.
1897:14
1895:.
1891:.
1879:^
1851:^
1837:.
1827:.
1769:.
1755:.
1751:.
1688:.
1664:.
1651:^
1598:^
1570:^
1462:.
1325:/
1321:,
1317:/
1313:,
1309:,
1297:.
1253:.
1181:.
1073:CN
1056:.
999:,
949:.
933:,
567:.
544:,
484:,
403:,
233:ID
222:,
177:,
173:,
3374:e
3367:t
3360:v
3211:)
3207:(
2854:)
2850:(
2832:e
2825:t
2818:v
2341:e
2334:t
2327:v
2136:e
2129:t
2122:v
2081:.
2056:.
2011:.
1983:.
1953::
1925:.
1903::
1873:.
1845:.
1823::
1802:.
1777:.
1763::
1736:.
1698:.
1674:.
1645:.
1620:.
1592:.
1551:.
1427:)
1423:(
904:)
900:(
773:)
769:(
646:.
628:.
612:.
415:(
399:(
288:]
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
