546:. Justice Stevens concludes that in this case, the court has bypassed the plain language of the law in favor of relying on prior precedent, noting that in those cases the statute had been narrowly construed in order to avoid what were perceived to be serious constitutional issues within the statute itself. In Justice Stevens' view, the protesters "... engaged in a nationwide conspiracy; to achieve their goal they repeatedly occupied public streets and trespassed on the premises of private citizens in order to prevent or hinder the constituted authorities from protecting access to abortion clinics by women, a substantial number of whom traveled in interstate commerce to reach the destinations blockaded by petitioners. The case involves no ordinary trespass, nor anything remotely resembling the peaceful picketing of a local retailer. It presents a striking contemporary example of the kind of zealous, politically motivated, lawless conduct that led to the enactment of the Ku Klux Act in 1871 and gave it its name." Justice Scalia counters that "Those are certainly evocative assertions, but as far as the point of law we have been asked to decide is concerned, they are irrelevant...." Scalia notes that to the extent that the protesters violated state and local laws, they are subject to criminal prosecution and civil claims within those jurisdictions.
557:. Justice O'Connor characterizes Griffin's requirement of a "class-based animus" as a shorthand description of the types of actions that the statute is meant to address. However, she agreed with the dissent in Carpenters that "... Congress had in mind a functional definition of the scope of ," and intended to "provide a federal remedy for all classes that seek to exercise their legal rights in unprotected circumstances similar to those of the victims of Klan violence." Accordingly, she would have found that § 1985(3) protected "...nonunion employees injured by mob violence in a "self-professed union town" whose residents resented nonunion activities." It is O'Connor's opinion that if a class is protected by the statute, then it must apply to actions where the motivation is directly related to the unique characteristics of that class. She concludes that the action of blocking access to an abortion clinic is class-based within the meaning of Griffin because it is directly related to the unique abilities of women to become pregnant and to terminate their pregnancies.
31:
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contended that it does not exclude individuals because of sexual orientation, but rather “on the basis of a conjunction of conduct and the belief that the conduct is not wrong.” The court held that the university's policy was a reasonable viewpoint-neutral condition on access to the student-organization forum. Bray was cited as an example of a prior decision that had declined to distinguish between status and conduct in the context of unequal treatment, quoting
Justice Scalia's example that "A tax on wearing yarmulkes is a tax on Jews."
418:, the court rejected the claim that "women who want abortions" is a class that could satisfy the suggestion in Griffin that discrimination as contemplated under Section 1984(s) could extend beyond the issue of race. The rationale was that if "women who want an abortion" is a class requiring protection, then it would necessarily follow that "people who want to engage in any activity that we seek to prevent" would qualify for similar protection under the statute.
364:
thus deprive that section of all independent effect. Additionally, based on legislative history, the court concluded that "...the language requiring intent to deprive of equal protection, or equal privileges and immunities, means that there must be some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus behind the conspirators' action."
518:
confirms, in my view, the correctness of the Court's opinion. As all recognize, essential considerations of federalism are at stake here. The federal balance is a fragile one, and a false step in interpreting § 1985(3) risks making a whole catalog of ordinary state crimes a concurrent violation of a single congressional statute passed more than a century ago."
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filed a concurring opinion noting that there are three separate dissenting opinions in this case offering differing interpretations of the statute in question. He concludes that "Given the difficulty of the question, this is understandable, but the dissenters' inability to agree on a single rationale
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Section 1985's subsection 3 forbids
Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights. It establishes that if two or more persons within the United States act for the purpose of directly or indirectly depriving any person or class of persons of equal protections or privileges under the law, the injured party
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Justice Scalia frames the final determination of necessary animus as a question "...of whether the proposition that intent is legally irrelevant; that since voluntary abortion is an activity engaged in only by women, to disfavor it is ipso facto to discriminate invidiously against women as a class."
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The court found that there is nothing inherent in the wording of
Section 1985 that requires state action, noting that an element of companion section 1983 is that the deprivation complained of must have been inflicted under color of state law and that to read any such requirement into 1985 (3) would
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Following an expedited trial, the
District Court ruled that petitioners had violated section 1985(3) by conspiring to deprive women seeking abortions of their right to interstate travel. The court also ruled for respondents on their pendent state-law claims of trespass and public nuisance. The court
570:
In I v. Pro-Choice
Network, Western N.Y, 519 U.S. 357 (1997), the Supreme Court held that an injunction provision that required abortion protesters to move away from abortion clinic patients who asked to be left alone did not violate the First Amendment. The District Court had issued its opinion in
444:
With respect to the first possibility, the court rejects the notion that opposition to voluntary abortion might be considered an "irrational surrogate" for opposition to women. Justice Scalia states that with respect to abortion, "...it cannot be denied that there are common and respectable reasons
336:
The Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the district court decision in National Organization for Women v. Operation Rescue, 726 F. Supp. 1483 (E.D. Va. 1989) The court found that Bray and others had blocked access to the clinics, therefore depriving women seeking abortions of the right
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The construction company's claim was denied. The court held that a conspiracy to infringe First
Amendment rights requires proof that the State is involved in the conspiracy or that the aim of the conspiracy is to influence the activity of the State. It also found that this case did not present the
389:
In
Carpenters v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825 (1983), A construction company had hired nonunion workers for a project, resulting in the organization of a citizen protest against the company. During the protest at the construction site, company employees were assaulted and beaten, and construction equipment
359:
In
Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88 (1971), the court held that the defendants had violated the petitioners' constitutionally protected right to travel. The case involved black plaintiffs who had been stopped and assaulted and beaten with a deadly weapon while they were riding in a car. It was
591:, 597 U.S. ___ (2022) declined to find a right to abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, quoting Bray's finding that the “...goal of preventing abortion” does not constitute “invidiously discriminatory animus” against women that would be subject to heightened scrutiny.
529:
but disagrees with the
Griffin and Carpenters "rights guaranteed against private encroachment" and "class-based animus" requirements. In his opinion, Justice Scalia characterizes Souter's approach as "(1) undertaking a full-dress reconsideration of Griffin and Carpenters, (2) concluding that both
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The court reaffirmed the Griffin finding that section 1983 does not require state action when applied to rights that themselves do not require state action. The court addressed the specific question of whether a section 1985(3) claim can be made against individuals with respect to rights that are
453:
Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U. S. 484 (1974), that found that a state disability insurance system that denied coverage to certain disabilities resulting from pregnancy had not discriminated on the basis of sex, stating that because "... only women can become pregnant, it does not follow that every
579:
Christian Legal Soc. Chapter v. Martinez, 561 U.S. 661 (2010) addressed the question of whether a public university could deny official recognition and the use of school funds and facilities to a student group that refused to open membership and leadership to all students. The CLS chapter had
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Alexandria Women's Health Clinic claimed that the protesters violated Section 1985 of The Civil Rights Act of 1871, which prohibits two or more people on a highway or other premises from depriving “any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and
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Based on the District Court's finding that the petitioners (Operation Rescue members) described their activity with reference to a physical intervention between abortion practitioners and "the innocent victims", the Court concluded that the "animus" requirement could not be met because the
316:
An action was brought against Operation Rescue, an organization of members who oppose abortion, by clinics that perform abortions and organizations that support abortions and whose members may wish to use an abortion clinic. Operation Rescue organizes anti-abortion demonstrations in which
298:
does not provide a federal cause of action against persons obstructing access to abortion clinics. Alexandria Health Clinic, along with several other abortion clinics, sued to prevent Jayne Bray and other anti-abortion protesters from blocking the entrance to clinics in Washington D.C.
320:
Operation Rescue asserted that its members had not violated section 1985(3), claiming that the statute requires a class-based, discriminatory animus underlying the action. The clinics countered that the actions of the protesters demonstrated a discriminatory animus against women.
457:
Personnel Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U. S. 256 (1979), that reached a "similar conclusion" in denying an Equal Protection Clause challenge to a Massachusetts law giving employment preference to military veterans, a class which in Massachusetts was over 98%
421:
The court concluded this would convert the statute into the "general federal tort law" that the animus requirement seeks to avoid, finding that the conspiracy, "... must aim at a deprivation of the equal enjoyment of rights secured by the law to all."
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participants trespass on, and obstruct general access to, the premises of abortion clinics. The clinics sued to enjoin Operation Rescue from conducting demonstrations at abortion clinics in the Washington, D. C., metropolitan area.
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those cases were wrongly decided, and (3) limiting the damage of those supposed errors by embracing an interpretation of the statute that concededly gives the same language in two successive clauses completely different meanings."
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466:"discriminatory purpose" implies more than "intent as awareness of consequences", it implies that "adverse effects upon an identifiable group" were, at least in part, the purpose of the activity. The decision in
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holds that the same principle applies to "the class-based invidiously discriminatory animus" requirement of §1985(3) and the class-based animus can not be determined by the effect.
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demonstrations were not motivated by a purpose directed at women as a class. Therefore, the court does not decide whether women in general would qualify as a §1985(3) class under
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A purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws.
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Bray. In light of Bray, the District Court dismissed the respondents' § 1985(3) claim, and the Supreme Court found adequate basis remaining to support the injunction.
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claimed that the purpose of the attack was to prevent the plaintiffs from enjoying equal protection under the laws of the United States and the state of Mississippi.
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By a 5 to 3 majority, the Supreme Court held that Section 1945(3) does not provide a cause of action for protesters blocking entrance to an abortion clinic.
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The case is commonly cited for the four essential elements that it identified as being required to support a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. 1985(3):
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filed an opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part. The opinion supports the court's decision insofar as it relies on
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prohibitions of certain state actions. rights that in themselves require state action must necessarily present a claim of state involvement.
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Alexandria Health Clinic argued that the protesters were present to deny women their right to abortion and their right to interstate travel.
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An injury to person or property" or a deprivation of having and exercising any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States.
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The opinion answers this question in the negative, stating that prior cases do not support this. The opinion cites two prior cases:
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The first clause of 1985(3) does not provide a federal cause of action against persons obstructing access to abortion clinics.
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Based on this record, Justice Scalia concluded that a class-based animus could be established only if either:
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was burned and destroyed, delaying construction and causing the company to default on its contract.
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or parties may have a cause of action for damages against one or more of the conspirators.
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ordered the protesters to pay the clinics’ attorney's fees and costs on the 1985(3) claim.
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430:. Justice Scalia simply states that "women seeking abortion" is not a qualifying class.
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for opposing it, other than hatred of, or condescension toward, women as a class."
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opposition to abortion can reasonably be presumed to reflect a sex-based intent, or
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intent is irrelevant, and a class-based animus can be determined solely by effect.
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Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
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legislative classification concerning pregnancy is a sex-based classification."
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833; 61 U.S.L.W. 4080; 93 Cal. Daily Op. Service 258; 93 Daily Journal DAR 583
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Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
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Jayne Bray, et al., Petitioners v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, et al.
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filed an opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part
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Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
2545:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
2401:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1463:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
729:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
712:"42 U.S. Code § 1985 - Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights"
117:
3407:
3278:
2068:
1669:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1171:
1082:
1043:
30:
1723:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
341:
42 U.S.C. 1985(3) - Conspiracy to interfere with civil rights
3357:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1261:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
294:
case in which the court held that Section 1985(3) of The
3480:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
2154:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
1567:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
3455:
Right to abortion under the United States Constitution
2249:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3460:
Right to privacy under the United States Constitution
2313:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
1455:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
3144:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2209:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1535:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
3032:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
3015:
2980:
2801:
2766:
2587:
2081:
1773:
1593:
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651:
National Organization for Women v. Operation Rescue
377:
Action in furtherance of the object of conspiracy,
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257:
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Scalia, joined by Rehnquist, White, Kennedy, Thomas
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National Organization for Women v. Operation Rescue
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93:
61:
51:
42:
23:
2692:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2561:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1415:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
2329:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2006:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
714:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School
3208:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2417:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
2289:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1814:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
3365:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
2716:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
2473:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2321:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2114:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1055:
8:
1583:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1487:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1370:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
935:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
589:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
584:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3168:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3080:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
1707:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
3404:
3275:
2433:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2078:
2065:
1966:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1181:
1168:
1079:
1062:
1048:
1040:
888:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network, Western N.Y
840:Personnel Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney
566:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network, Western N.Y
20:
3192:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
2724:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
1739:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
2425:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
963:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
911:Christian Legal Soc. Chapter v. Martinez
608:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
575:Christian Legal Soc. Chapter v. Martinez
398:kind of animus that § 1985(3) requires.
287:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
24:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
3136:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3005:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
1870:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
1471:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1338:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
600:
473:Four justices filed separate opinions:
2377:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
553:filed a dissenting opinion, joined by
542:filed a dissenting opinion, joined by
501:filed a dissenting opinion, joined by
492:filed a dissenting opinion, joined by
1731:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
414:In the decision delivered by Justice
18:1993 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2457:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
1598:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
3224:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3040:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
2465:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1575:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1551:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1362:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
583:
2997:Arlington County Board v. Richards
2922:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
2700:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2186:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1071:United States Fourteenth Amendment
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3475:United States Supreme Court cases
3341:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
2882:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
973:263 (1993) is available from:
3160:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2569:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2030:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
724:
29:
3465:United States abortion case law
2874:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2553:Fisher v. University of Texas I
1910:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
1755:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1269:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
3485:1993 in United States case law
3470:United States privacy case law
2740:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1:
2409:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
1614:McNeese v. Board of Education
1121:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
350:Prior Supreme Court decisions
2138:Hirabayashi v. United States
1990:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
1942:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
1683:Owen v. City of Independence
1298:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
303:immunities under the laws.”
261:O'Connor, joined by Blackmun
3024:United States v. Cruikshank
2194:Brown v. Board of Education
1495:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1346:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
292:United States Supreme Court
290:, 506 U.S. 263 (1993) is a
253:Stevens, joined by Blackmun
3501:
2146:Korematsu v. United States
1032:Oyez (oral argument audio)
480:filed a concurring opinion
3414:
3403:
3349:United States v. Morrison
3287:
3274:
2756:United States v. Skrmetti
2748:United States v. Virginia
2361:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2077:
2064:
1782:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
1715:Gonzaga University v. Doe
1180:
1167:
1091:
1078:
270:
154:
144:
28:
3381:United States v. Georgia
3325:City of Boerne v. Flores
2489:United States v. Fordice
2046:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2014:Washington v. Glucksberg
296:Civil Rights Act of 1871
47:Decided January 13, 1993
45:Reargued October 6, 1992
3389:Shelby County v. Holder
2954:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
2810:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2071:Equal Protection Clause
1998:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1391:United States v. Vuitch
1306:Griswold v. Connecticut
671:Griffin v. Breckenridge
561:Subsequent Developments
355:Griffin v. Breckenridge
43:Argued October 16, 1991
3256:Armour v. Indianapolis
2620:Moritz v. Commissioner
1676:Procunier v. Navarette
1594:Civil rights liability
1382:Abortion jurisprudence
337:to interstate travel.
127:1990); cert. granted,
3309:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3152:Richardson v. Ramirez
3120:Boddie v. Connecticut
2708:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2537:Johnson v. California
2257:McLaughlin v. Florida
1645:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1205:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1097:Slaughter-House Cases
116:1989), affirmed, 914
3301:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3048:Breedlove v. Suttles
2898:Graham v. Richardson
2791:Obergefell v. Hodges
2596:Breedlove v. Suttles
2529:Grutter v. Bollinger
2369:Jefferson v. Hackney
2038:Obergefell v. Hodges
1974:Edwards v. Aguillard
1854:Epperson v. Arkansas
1691:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
1626:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1519:Mazurek v. Armstrong
1479:Hodgson v. Minnesota
1439:Bellotti v. Baird II
1431:Colautti v. Franklin
1186:Economic substantive
407:Opinion of the Court
80:113 S. Ct. 753; 122
3232:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3200:Mills v. Habluetzel
3184:Zablocki v. Redhail
3128:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3064:Oyama v. California
3056:Skinner v. Oklahoma
2989:Shapiro v. Thompson
2906:Sugarman v. Dougall
2850:Porterfield v. Webb
2842:Terrace v. Thompson
2505:Missouri v. Jenkins
2449:Hunter v. Underwood
2393:Milliken v. Bradley
2385:Norwood v. Harrison
2337:McDaniel v. Barresi
2022:Troxel v. Granville
1902:Mathews v. Eldridge
1886:Taylor v. Louisiana
1763:Connick v. Thompson
1543:Gonzales v. Carhart
1527:Stenberg v. Carhart
1511:Lambert v. Wicklund
1423:Bellotti v. Baird I
1221:Lochner v. New York
1105:Minor v. Happersett
1023:Library of Congress
743:Carpenters v. Scott
551:Sandra Day O'Connor
499:Sandra Day O'Connor
385:Carpenters v. Scott
325:Lower Court Rulings
189:Sandra Day O'Connor
3293:Civil Rights Cases
3281:Enforcement Clause
3112:Oregon v. Mitchell
3104:Williams v. Rhodes
2930:Nyquist v. Mauclet
2890:Hernandez v. Texas
2775:Bowers v. Hardwick
2767:Sexual orientation
2644:Stanton v. Stanton
2636:Geduldig v. Aiello
2604:Goesaert v. Cleary
2521:Gratz v. Bollinger
2345:Palmer v. Thompson
2297:Hunter v. Erickson
2273:Loving v. Virginia
2241:Anderson v. Martin
2162:Shelley v. Kraemer
2106:Plessy v. Ferguson
2098:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1950:Kolender v. Lawson
1846:Loving v. Virginia
1661:Imbler v. Pachtman
1638:Wood v. Strickland
1503:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1330:Bowers v. Hardwick
1245:Buchanan v. Warley
1174:Due Process Clause
1085:Citizenship Clause
815:Geduldig v. Aiello
165:Associate Justices
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3428:Trump v. Anderson
3420:Gold Clause Cases
3399:
3398:
3373:Tennessee v. Lane
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3176:Trimble v. Gordon
3096:Levy v. Louisiana
3088:Rinaldi v. Yeager
2970:Bernal v. Fainter
2946:Ambach v. Norwick
2938:Foley v. Connelie
2834:Crane v. New York
2732:Lehr v. Robertson
2684:Caban v. Mohammed
2441:Palmore v. Sidoti
2281:Lee v. Washington
2265:Reitman v. Mulkey
2216:Gebhart v. Belton
2202:Briggs v. Elliott
2178:Sweatt v. Painter
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
1934:Parratt v. Taylor
1918:Duren v. Missouri
1878:Arnett v. Kennedy
1806:Powell v. Alabama
1747:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
1632:Scheuer v. Rhodes
1447:H. L. v. Matheson
1354:Lawrence v. Texas
1290:Meyer v. Nebraska
1237:Coppage v. Kansas
1163:
1162:
1129:Perez v. Brownell
555:Harry A. Blackmun
544:Harry A. Blackmun
540:John Paul Stevens
503:Harry A. Blackmun
494:Harry A. Blackmun
490:John Paul Stevens
312:Facts of the Case
283:
282:
161:William Rehnquist
3492:
3405:
3317:Dellmuth v. Muth
3276:
2676:Parham v. Hughes
2652:Edwards v. Healy
2481:Freeman v. Pitts
2236:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2233:Browder v. Gayle
2079:
2066:
1982:Turner v. Safley
1958:Hudson v. Palmer
1822:NAACP v. Alabama
1281:Right to privacy
1229:Muller v. Oregon
1197:Mugler v. Kansas
1182:
1169:
1145:Rogers v. Bellei
1080:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
949:
931:
925:
908:
902:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
836:
830:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
740:
734:
728:
727:
723:
721:
719:
708:
702:
701:
691:
685:
668:
662:
661:
655:
645:
639:
638:
628:
622:
605:
279:
150:Court membership
135:1119 (1991).
33:
32:
21:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3410:
3395:
3283:
3262:
3011:
2976:
2914:In re Griffiths
2858:Webb v. O'Brien
2797:
2762:
2583:
2513:Texas v. Lesage
2305:Hadnott v. Amos
2090:Pace v. Alabama
2073:
2052:
1830:Hoyt v. Florida
1769:
1699:Felder v. Casey
1595:
1589:
1376:
1275:
1253:Adams v. Tanner
1213:Holden v. Hardy
1187:
1176:
1159:
1137:Afroyim v. Rusk
1087:
1074:
1068:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
974:
958:
953:
952:
932:
928:
909:
905:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
837:
833:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
741:
737:
725:
717:
715:
710:
709:
705:
693:
692:
688:
669:
665:
647:
646:
642:
630:
629:
625:
606:
602:
597:
586:
577:
568:
563:
536:
515:Anthony Kennedy
511:
478:Anthony Kennedy
409:
404:
387:
357:
352:
343:
327:
314:
309:
271:
213:Clarence Thomas
203:
201:Anthony Kennedy
191:
181:John P. Stevens
179:
89:
46:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3436:
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3432:
3424:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3240:Vacco v. Quill
3236:
3228:
3220:
3216:Clark v. Jeter
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3072:Oyler v. Boles
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
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2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2826:Heim v. McCall
2822:
2818:Truax v. Raich
2814:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2783:Romer v. Evans
2779:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2660:Craig v. Boren
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2628:Kahn v. Shevin
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
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2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2170:Perez v. Sharp
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2130:Smith v. Texas
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1926:Parham v. J.R.
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1838:Oyler v. Boles
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1620:Pierson v. Ray
1617:
1611:
1607:Monroe v. Pape
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1113:Elk v. Wilkins
1109:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1005:Google Scholar
957:
956:External links
954:
951:
950:
926:
903:
880:
868:
856:
831:
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782:
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636:§ 1985(3)
623:
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593:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
562:
559:
535:
532:
527:stare decisis,
523:David H Souter
510:
507:
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505:
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484:David H Souter
481:
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277:§ 1985(3)
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242:Concur/dissent
239:
238:
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218:
217:
216:
215:
193:Antonin Scalia
177:Harry Blackmun
166:
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52:Full case name
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3218:
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3209:
3205:
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3141:
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3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:Plyler v. Doe
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:Frick v. Webb
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
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2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2793:
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2785:
2784:
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2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
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2765:
2758:
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2741:
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2734:
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2729:
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2721:
2718:
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2710:
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2705:
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2701:
2697:
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2678:
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2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
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2586:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
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2566:
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2555:
2554:
2550:
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2531:
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2379:
2378:
2374:
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2366:
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2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:Coit v. Green
2350:
2347:
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2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
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2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:Lucy v. Adams
2222:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:Goss v. Lopez
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:In re Winship
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
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1816:
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1811:
1808:
1807:
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1799:
1795:
1792:
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1790:Zucht v. King
1787:
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1779:
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1765:
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1654:
1653:Paul v. Davis
1650:
1647:
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1636:
1633:
1630:
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3248:Bush v. Gore
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1195:
1153:Saenz v. Roe
1151:
1143:
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1119:
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1103:
1095:
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718:February 15,
716:. Retrieved
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670:
666:
656:– via
650:
643:
626:
607:
603:
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569:
548:
537:
526:
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512:
509:Concurrences
472:
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416:Anton Scalia
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319:
315:
301:
286:
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284:
266:Laws applied
208:
205:David Souter
196:
184:
172:
102:
94:Case history
73:
55:
15:
2173:(Cal. 1948)
2122:Lum v. Rice
1399:Roe v. Wade
1314:Roe v. Wade
1188:due process
924: (2010)
901: (1997)
854: (1979)
829: (1974)
756: (1983)
699:§ 1983
684: (1971)
621: (1993)
234:Concurrence
169:Byron White
3449:Categories
2668:Orr v. Orr
658:Wikisource
595:References
371:Conspiracy
307:Background
86:U.S. LEXIS
2981:Residency
780:at 269-70
695:42 U.S.C.
632:42 U.S.C.
273:42 U.S.C.
84:34; 1993
82:L. Ed. 2d
62:Citations
2802:Alienage
1073:case law
961:Text of
549:Justice
538:Justice
534:Dissents
521:Justice
513:Justice
226:Majority
125:4th Cir.
114:E.D. Va.
107:F. Supp.
2197:(1954)
996:Findlaw
978:Cornell
428:Griffin
258:Dissent
250:Dissent
237:Kennedy
140:Holding
3431:(2024)
3423:(1935)
3392:(2013)
3384:(2006)
3376:(2004)
3368:(2003)
3360:(2001)
3352:(2000)
3344:(2000)
3336:(1999)
3328:(1997)
3320:(1989)
3312:(1976)
3304:(1966)
3296:(1883)
3259:(2012)
3251:(2000)
3243:(1997)
3235:(1991)
3227:(1988)
3219:(1988)
3211:(1985)
3203:(1982)
3195:(1979)
3187:(1978)
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3163:(1974)
3155:(1974)
3147:(1973)
3139:(1973)
3131:(1972)
3123:(1971)
3115:(1970)
3107:(1968)
3099:(1968)
3091:(1966)
3083:(1966)
3075:(1962)
3067:(1948)
3059:(1942)
3051:(1937)
3043:(1928)
3035:(1886)
3027:(1876)
3008:(1985)
3000:(1977)
2992:(1969)
2973:(1984)
2965:(1982)
2957:(1982)
2949:(1979)
2941:(1978)
2933:(1977)
2925:(1976)
2917:(1973)
2909:(1973)
2901:(1971)
2893:(1954)
2885:(1948)
2877:(1927)
2869:(1923)
2861:(1923)
2853:(1923)
2845:(1923)
2837:(1915)
2829:(1915)
2821:(1915)
2813:(1914)
2794:(2015)
2786:(1996)
2778:(1986)
2759:(2024)
2751:(1996)
2743:(1994)
2735:(1983)
2727:(1982)
2719:(1981)
2711:(1981)
2703:(1980)
2695:(1979)
2687:(1979)
2679:(1979)
2671:(1979)
2663:(1976)
2655:(1975)
2647:(1975)
2639:(1974)
2631:(1974)
2623:(1972)
2615:(1971)
2607:(1948)
2599:(1937)
2580:(2023)
2572:(2016)
2564:(2014)
2556:(2013)
2548:(2007)
2540:(2005)
2532:(2003)
2524:(2003)
2516:(1999)
2508:(1995)
2500:(1993)
2492:(1992)
2484:(1992)
2476:(1991)
2468:(1989)
2460:(1986)
2452:(1985)
2444:(1984)
2436:(1982)
2428:(1982)
2420:(1978)
2412:(1977)
2404:(1977)
2396:(1974)
2388:(1973)
2380:(1973)
2372:(1972)
2364:(1971)
2356:(1971)
2348:(1971)
2340:(1971)
2332:(1971)
2324:(1969)
2316:(1969)
2308:(1969)
2300:(1969)
2292:(1968)
2284:(1968)
2276:(1967)
2268:(1967)
2260:(1964)
2252:(1964)
2244:(1964)
2228:(1955)
2189:(1950)
2181:(1950)
2165:(1948)
2157:(1948)
2149:(1944)
2141:(1943)
2133:(1940)
2125:(1927)
2117:(1899)
2109:(1896)
2101:(1886)
2093:(1883)
2049:(2016)
2041:(2015)
2033:(2009)
2025:(2000)
2017:(1997)
2009:(1990)
2001:(1989)
1993:(1989)
1985:(1987)
1977:(1987)
1969:(1985)
1961:(1984)
1953:(1983)
1945:(1982)
1937:(1981)
1929:(1979)
1921:(1979)
1913:(1977)
1905:(1976)
1897:(1975)
1889:(1975)
1881:(1974)
1873:(1974)
1865:(1971)
1857:(1968)
1849:(1967)
1841:(1962)
1833:(1961)
1825:(1958)
1817:(1950)
1809:(1932)
1801:(1927)
1793:(1922)
1785:(1905)
1766:(2011)
1758:(2010)
1750:(2009)
1742:(2009)
1734:(2005)
1726:(2003)
1718:(2002)
1710:(1989)
1702:(1988)
1694:(1982)
1686:(1980)
1678:(1978)
1672:(1978)
1664:(1976)
1656:(1976)
1648:(1975)
1640:(1975)
1634:(1974)
1628:(1969)
1622:(1967)
1616:(1963)
1610:(1961)
1596:under
1586:(2022)
1578:(2020)
1570:(2019)
1562:(2018)
1554:(2016)
1546:(2007)
1538:(2006)
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1522:(1997)
1514:(1997)
1506:(1996)
1498:(1992)
1490:(1990)
1482:(1990)
1474:(1989)
1466:(1986)
1458:(1983)
1450:(1981)
1442:(1979)
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1426:(1976)
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1410:(1973)
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1341:(1989)
1333:(1986)
1325:(1973)
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1301:(1925)
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1272:(1937)
1264:(1931)
1256:(1917)
1248:(1917)
1240:(1915)
1232:(1908)
1224:(1905)
1216:(1898)
1208:(1897)
1200:(1887)
1156:(1999)
1148:(1971)
1140:(1967)
1132:(1958)
1124:(1898)
1116:(1884)
1108:(1875)
1100:(1873)
1035:
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1002:
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