2717:
3318:
3464:. Most Brazilian Jews are non-Orthodox and the majority of Brazilian synagogues are affiliated with the Conservative and Reform movements. Historically, until the 1930s, Orthodox Judaism was the main form of Judaism due to immigration of Eastern European Jews, but Central European Jewish immigrants later introduced Reform Judaism. The majority of the Brazilian Jewish community identifies as secular and
58:
5667:
5101:
5115:
8200:
8194:
6408:
3208:
Holy Office. Though the details of the accusation against them seemed trivial and contradictory, and some of his friends testified about his
Catholic piety and observation, António was condemned to death. On October 18, like those who wanted to die in the Catholic faith, he was first strangled and after had his body burnt in an
3207:
in Spain and been exiled on account of her religion. They had their first daughter in 1734, but the years of their marriage, and of Silva's dramatic career, were few, for on
October 5, 1737 husband and wife were both imprisoned on the charge of "judaizing." A slave of theirs had denounced them to the
3271:
Brazil strictly condemns antisemitism, and such an act is an explicit violation of the law. According to the
Brazilian penal code, it is illegal to write, edit, publish, or sell literature that promotes anti-Semitism or racism. The law provides penalties of up to five years in prison for crimes of
2733:
The
Portuguese Jews, persecuted by the inquisition, stript of their fortunes, and banished to Brazil, introduced, by their example, some sort of order and industry among the transported felons and strumpets by whom that colony was originally peopled, and taught them the culture of the sugar-cane.
2935:. The first colonies were Philippson (1904) and Quatro Irmãos (1912). However, these colonization attempts all failed because of "inexperience, insufficient funds and poor planning" and also because of "administrative problems, lack of agricultural facilities and the lure of city jobs."
2683:
such as vandalism of Jewish cemeteries. But in the main, Brazil's Jewish population is highly educated, with 68% of the community holding university degrees, employed mainly in business, law, medicine, engineering, and the arts. Most own businesses or are self-employed. The
2748:
There have been Jews in what is now Brazil since the first
Portuguese arrived in the country in 1500, notably Mestre João and Gaspar da Gama who arrived in the first ships. A number of Sephardic Jews immigrated to Brazil during its early settlements. They were known as
3255:. Research by Brazil's Virtual Archives on Holocaust and Antisemitism Institute (Arqshoah) has uncovered that between 1937 and 1950 more than 16,000 visas were issued to European Jews attempting to escape the Nazis were denied by the governments of presidents
3202:
of July 9, 1713, after undergoing the torment only. António produced his first play or opera in 1733, and the next year he married his cousin, D. Leonor Maria de
Carvalho, whose parents had been burnt by the Inquisition, while she herself had gone through an
3423:
Brazilian Jews play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are overall well integrated in all spheres of
Brazilian life. Jews lead an open religious life in Brazil and there are rarely any reported cases of
8038:
2688:
shows that 70% of Brazil's Jews belong to the middle and upper classes. As a group, Jews in Brazil see themselves as a successful segment of society, and face relatively little antisemitism at the onset of the 21st century.
3195:
or anyone of Jewish descent in Rio, and in
October 1712 Lourença Coutinho became a victim. Her husband and children accompanied her to Portugal when António was 7 years old, where she figured among the "reconciled" in the
8045:
5861:
3179:(1705-1739), "the Jew," who lived part of his life in Portugal and part in Brazil was condemned to death by the Inquisition in 1739. His parents, João Mendes da Silva and Lourença Coutinho, were descended from
2776:
The Jews from
Portugal avoided immigrating to Brazil, because they would also be persecuted by the Inquisition. Most of the Portuguese Conversos took refuge in Mediterranean countries such as in North Africa,
8024:
8031:
3301:, ranked Brazil among the least anti-Semitic countries in the world. According to this global survey conducted between July 2013 and February 2014, Brazil has the lowest "Anti-Semitic Index" (16%) in
8057:
5300:
7854:
3251:
Heightened antisemitism in Brazil in the 1900s reached its peak during 1933–1945 with the ascent of Nazism in
Germany. Brazil blocked its doors to an influx of Jewish refugees from Europe during
1189:
5432:
6396:
8065:
6757:
5840:
5572:
1767:
5924:
1422:
1117:
1309:
8182:
5218:(in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IGBE). Tabela 1.4.1 - População residente, por situação do domicílio e sexo, segundo os grupos de religião .
7392:
5529:
Jewish agricultural colonization in Brazil began in 1904 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, supported by the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA). The JCA created the first
3337:(CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil, with the lower figure representing active practitioners. About half of Brazilian Jews live in the state of
3272:
racism or religious intolerance and enables courts to fine or imprison for two to five years anyone who displays, distributes, or broadcasts antisemitic or racist material.
2517:
5682:
281:
6033:
5857:
2734:
Upon all these different occasions, it was not the wisdom and policy, but the disorder and injustice of the European governments, which peopled and cultivated America.
2628:
attributed much of the development of Brazil's sugar industry and cultivation to the arrival of Portuguese Jews who were forced out of Portugal during the Inquisition.
8258:
5761:
5227:
1304:
2989:
Congregação Israelita Paulista ("CIP," or "Israeli Congregation of São Paulo), the largest synagogue in Brazil, was founded in by Dr. Fritz Pinkus, who was born in
2697:
1552:
5533:– Philippson (1904) and Quatro Irmãos (1912) – with the intention of resettling Russian Jews during the decisive years of mass immigration from the Russian empire.
6389:
3015:
in São Paulo was founded in 1955 and inaugurated in 1971. It has a medical and nursing school. It is considered one of the best medical centers in Latin America.
6010:
6250:
6156:
1806:
5711:
1946 "CASTRO TARTAS, ISAAC De: Martyr; b. Tartas, Gascony, c.1623: d. Lisbon, 1647. He was arrested by the Inquisition in Bahia dos Santos and sent to Lisbon.
6127:
2950:. The main benefit from these agricultural experiments was the removal of restrictions in Brazil on Jewish immigration from Europe during the 20th century."
2816:
in 1636 and a community of about 1450 Sephardic Jews lived there. When the Portuguese retook Recife in 1654, 23 Jews from the community escaped to the Dutch
6202:
Pieroni, Geraldo. "Outcasts from the Kingdom: The Inquisition and the Banishment of New Christians to Brazil," in Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds.
6067:
5292:
3082:
met their deaths this way usually after months of suffering in the Inquisition's prisons and torture chambers. This brutal and public ritual consisted of a
7839:
5691:
791:
754:
6361:
5730:
6382:
1730:
8175:
5424:
1753:
3149:
2616:
until 1821. As a colony of Portugal, Brazil was affected by the nearly 300 years of repression of the Portuguese Inquisition, which began in 1536.
7348:
2804:
The first Jews who arrived in South America were Sephardic Jews who, after being expelled from Brazil by the Portuguese, settled in the northeast
1103:
5467:
5326:
5835:
7543:
7498:
5569:
2510:
1680:
1615:
1497:
5723:"The Catholic Elites in Brazil and Their Attitude Toward the Jews, 1933–1939 (Source: Yad Vashem Studies, XXX, Jerusalem, 2002, pp. 229-270.)"
2938:
In 1920, the JCA began selling some of the land to non-Jewish settlers. Despite the failure, "The colonies aided Brazil and helped change the
8327:
7864:
801:
7422:
7533:
6714:
6356:
5819:
5463:
5173:
1239:
8263:
6374:
6097:
8168:
8160:
7641:
5914:
2997:
1507:
1324:
1314:
554:
6722:
5791:
5269:
6890:
4339:
3012:
1903:
1853:
1818:
1512:
1377:
1244:
3503:
All states, the Federal District, and municipalities with more than 100 Jews are listed below. The numbers are from the 2010 census.
8322:
8279:
6928:
6243:
6193:
3294:
2503:
1595:
1557:
1532:
1452:
1437:
1284:
1224:
1179:
6938:
6747:
6737:
6727:
5979:
4917:
4254:
6880:
3283:. Anyone who violates this law is liable to serve a prison term from between two and five years. (Law no. 7716 of 5 January 1989)
7725:
7483:
7116:
6785:
6351:
6328:
6273:
5600:
1888:
1870:
1776:
1670:
1522:
1517:
1442:
1407:
1274:
7417:
6907:
6805:
6732:
6606:
6318:
6308:
6293:
5952:[Table 137 – Resident population, by religion] (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2010.
4662:
3051:
2913:
2406:
2305:
1860:
1843:
1796:
1695:
1605:
1542:
1492:
1472:
1467:
1387:
1361:
1336:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1174:
1169:
8005:
7892:
7476:
7303:
7142:
7035:
6875:
6795:
6742:
6584:
6323:
6298:
6278:
6037:
5168:
3334:
3059:
2705:
2632:
1879:
1865:
1833:
1813:
1781:
1725:
1700:
1675:
1655:
1645:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1562:
1477:
1462:
1382:
1341:
1294:
1289:
1209:
1154:
5753:
5376:
5207:
6790:
3436:
and traditions. Some Jewish scholars say that the only threat facing Judaism in Brazil is the relatively high frequency of
8253:
8092:
8000:
7682:
7377:
6959:
6601:
6303:
5335:
4560:
4186:
3071:
3043:
2300:
1838:
1823:
1748:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1685:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1610:
1576:
1547:
1447:
1432:
1356:
1346:
1264:
1234:
1159:
1145:
6800:
5631:
781:
7952:
7740:
7589:
7382:
6933:
6441:
6412:
6288:
6236:
4696:
3326:
3297:
report, antisemitism in Brazil remains rare. The results of a global survey on anti-Semitic sentiments, released by the
3067:
3047:
2693:
1908:
1828:
1791:
1715:
1660:
1527:
1502:
1427:
1402:
1392:
1331:
1254:
1249:
1229:
1219:
1199:
1184:
1077:
545:
540:
8301:
6902:
5178:
4101:
8230:
7829:
7636:
7599:
7584:
7503:
7341:
6313:
6002:
5158:
4390:
3055:
1898:
1893:
1848:
1801:
1487:
1457:
1417:
1412:
1269:
575:
7609:
6660:
6149:
4951:
3176:
5891:
8248:
7947:
7777:
7692:
7677:
5148:
4395:
4220:
4203:
4084:
3987:
3616:
3510:
3370:
2809:
2721:
2570:
2372:
2217:
1925:
1319:
515:
505:
241:
6119:
5953:
3495:) since the nation's foundation in 1948. Between 1948 and 2021, more than 16,000 Brazilians immigrated to Israel.
862:
8018:
7972:
7962:
7702:
7626:
7513:
7493:
7412:
6123:
6063:
6059:
5002:
4004:
3628:
2486:
2179:
2030:
1971:
5398:
7763:
7523:
7459:
7402:
7255:
6265:
5143:
3850:
2798:
2189:
2169:
1279:
759:
300:
4883:
4424:
5722:
5652:
António José Saraiva: The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765, p. 95
8070:
7849:
7157:
6943:
6643:
4594:
3437:
2330:
2320:
2285:
2164:
2154:
1937:
1108:
1050:
884:
563:
520:
235:
7859:
7809:
7687:
7631:
7594:
7574:
7569:
7334:
7283:
5265:
5153:
5085:
For statistical purposes, the Federal District is treated as a state and as a municipality named Brasília.
5007:
4718:
4701:
4667:
4514:
4361:
4259:
4169:
4157:
4123:
4055:
3885:
3640:
3532:
3342:
3298:
3236:
3216:
3188:
2983:
2844:
2593:
2550:
2449:
2184:
2098:
1164:
716:
335:
305:
711:
7897:
7824:
7672:
7604:
7471:
7298:
7293:
7198:
7152:
6995:
6815:
6093:
5339:
5210:[Census 2010: General characteristics of the population, religion and people with disabilities]
5183:
3330:
3075:
2739:
2621:
2605:
2340:
2335:
2280:
2068:
983:
698:
593:
310:
6216:
3074:
where the last in the world was held in 1850. Nearly five hundred auto-da-fés were "celebrated" by the
7193:
5455:
5343:
3164:. Approximately 400 "judaizers" were prosecuted, most of them being condemned to imprisonment, and 18
7982:
7927:
7799:
7794:
7449:
7173:
7126:
7090:
6810:
6765:
6689:
6681:
6446:
5058:
5041:
4990:
4973:
4956:
4888:
4871:
4820:
4769:
4650:
4616:
4548:
4531:
4446:
4378:
4174:
4140:
4106:
4072:
4067:
4038:
3868:
3520:
3453:
3417:
3413:
3338:
3240:
3131:
2411:
2363:
2103:
1961:
774:
639:
628:
586:
115:
3440:, which in 2002 was estimated at 60%. Intermarriage is especially high among the country's Jews and
3275:
In 1989, the Brazilian Congress passed a law prohibiting the manufacture, trade and distribution of
2716:
7967:
7942:
7834:
7814:
7755:
7646:
7616:
7579:
7466:
7432:
7234:
7203:
7178:
7075:
6990:
6975:
6912:
6885:
6780:
6770:
6667:
6638:
6339:
5919:
4900:
4208:
3736:
3260:
2464:
837:
704:
607:
600:
530:
418:
293:
5978:[The History of the Jewish Community in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Cafetorah. 7 April 2021.
5208:"Censo demográfico: 2010: características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência"
3290:
was sentenced to 18 years and 6 months in prison, the longest sentence for antisemitism to date.
3126:, and occasionally those who had been accused of such crimes against the Roman Catholic Church as
8082:
8010:
7992:
7957:
7907:
7789:
7735:
7707:
7557:
7538:
7310:
7230:
7224:
7208:
7188:
7121:
6985:
6870:
6775:
6704:
6672:
5858:"Judge gives Brazilian pastor who called for a second Holocaust historic 18-year prison sentence"
5551:
5520:
4854:
4684:
3700:
2664:
2315:
2265:
2212:
2207:
2121:
1991:
1259:
1088:
847:
767:
621:
187:
5814:
3227:, where he lived for several years. Against the wishes of his relatives there, he went later to
2909:
settlements in Brazil. At first, the plan did not work because of Brazilian political quarrels.
7007:
3404:
origin. It is unclear which group is more numerous. Both groups exist in the largest cities of
8135:
8128:
7922:
7884:
7745:
7730:
7660:
7518:
7488:
7454:
7369:
7361:
7245:
7147:
7095:
7085:
7000:
6897:
6699:
6189:
6089:
5512:
5219:
4939:
4922:
4803:
4497:
4441:
4429:
4191:
3919:
3902:
3652:
3556:
3544:
3461:
3393:
3350:
3346:
3256:
2967:
2917:
2766:
2459:
2401:
2381:
2198:
1758:
1397:
857:
728:
658:
535:
448:
315:
7917:
7912:
7869:
7819:
7712:
7697:
7397:
7315:
7250:
7240:
7183:
7100:
7080:
7050:
6844:
6829:
6464:
5783:
5672:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
5504:
5257:
4118:
3449:
3111:
3103:
2924:
2863:
2770:
2680:
2542:
2429:
2310:
2270:
2234:
1932:
1482:
993:
749:
653:
568:
458:
250:
163:
131:
6694:
2612:, where it continued investigating and trying cases based on supposed breaches of orthodox
8144:
8077:
7977:
7937:
7874:
7804:
7387:
7288:
6980:
6553:
6538:
5844:
5823:
5790:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State, 17 November 2010,
5576:
5053:
4866:
4016:
3228:
3224:
3184:
3063:
2996:
Associação Religiosa Israelita (the "Israeli Religious Association"), now a member of the
2959:
2921:
2609:
2601:
2586:
2391:
2350:
2345:
2325:
2247:
2241:
2174:
2126:
1966:
1947:
1098:
827:
739:
722:
266:
123:
7017:
5975:
213:
7717:
7528:
6485:
6228:
5678:
5293:"Impact of Portuguese Inquisition Still Felt by Brazil, Its Jews (last of Three Parts)"
5128:
5106:
4832:
4815:
4152:
3931:
3880:
3477:
3473:
3457:
3433:
3409:
3385:
3381:
3317:
3165:
3157:
3152:, in the north of the country. In the 18th century, the Inquisition was also active in
3001:
2979:
2932:
2750:
2648:
2613:
2574:
2491:
2290:
2159:
2145:
2025:
2004:
1981:
1976:
1954:
1942:
1537:
1018:
952:
917:
895:
832:
670:
648:
510:
489:
465:
231:
175:
139:
98:
6150:"Immigrants, by period of immigration, country of birth and last country of residence"
5592:
5367:
Information and text generously provided by Conib – Confederação Israelita do Brasil.
8316:
8285:
8149:
7902:
7621:
5708:
5686:
5673:
5120:
4934:
4713:
3302:
3252:
3198:
3083:
3039:
3029:
2939:
2821:
2817:
2797:. Many Sephardic Jews from Holland and England worked with the maritime trade of the
2789:, and others emigrated to countries that tolerated Judaism, such as the Netherlands,
2671:
in Europe. In the late 1950s, another wave of immigration brought thousands of North
2636:
2439:
2434:
1640:
1567:
1093:
942:
937:
932:
922:
900:
852:
614:
453:
358:
320:
271:
167:
67:
5524:
7444:
6649:
6499:
5138:
5133:
4752:
4679:
4577:
4565:
4344:
4242:
3936:
3897:
3832:
3568:
3481:
3425:
3397:
3354:
3286:
In 2022, a Pentecostal pastor who prayed in front of his congregation for a second
3219:(1623-1647) who emigrated to Brazil from France and Holland. In 1641 he arrived in
3161:
2963:
2928:
2902:
2840:
2835:. Many were arrested, accused of Judaism. Brazilian families that descend from the
2700:(IBGE) Census, and has the second largest Jewish population in Latin America after
2676:
2672:
2652:
2644:
2554:
2541:
begins during the settlement of Europeans in the new world. Although only baptized
2469:
2295:
2136:
2131:
2089:
2042:
1136:
1003:
988:
947:
912:
525:
367:
171:
102:
8097:
4781:
3863:
3405:
94:
5549:
Rosman, Kitty (October 2012). "The German roots of Brazil's largest synagogues".
5368:
2635:
that granted freedom of religion, Jews began to arrive gradually in Brazil. Many
7932:
6506:
3999:
3796:
3724:
3712:
3441:
3401:
3137:
3123:
2906:
2805:
2786:
2685:
2656:
2640:
2546:
2454:
2396:
2061:
967:
962:
957:
927:
57:
7844:
7407:
6559:
6451:
6435:
5623:
5508:
5495:
Nachman, Falbel (16 August 2007). "Jewish agricultural settlement in Brazil".
5163:
5096:
4985:
4849:
4837:
4798:
4764:
4633:
4543:
4412:
4305:
4225:
4089:
4050:
3970:
3676:
3580:
3428:
in the country. In the main urban centers there are schools, associations and
3358:
3220:
3153:
3145:
3119:
2978:("Humanity") was established in 1915. One year later, the Jewish community of
2886:
2625:
2112:
1126:
1055:
1013:
842:
822:
381:
288:
208:
17:
5695:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112.
5223:
2885:
The Jewish population in the capital of Grão-Pará had by 1842 an established
8102:
6655:
5516:
4628:
4509:
4373:
4356:
4288:
3808:
3429:
3389:
3377:
3287:
3231:(present day, Salvador), the colony's capital, where he was recognized as a
3091:
3005:
2862:("Gate of Heaven"), was founded in 1824. There are, however, controversies;
2832:
2755:
2701:
2562:
2275:
2260:
1350:
1298:
1060:
1008:
998:
679:
675:
665:
580:
340:
8199:
6525:
5847:. The Coordination Forum For Countering Antisemitism. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
4475:
4322:
4271:
2927:. The main intention of the JCA in creating those colonies was to resettle
2675:. By the 21st Century the Jewish communities were thriving in Brazil. Some
1028:
3114:. Auto-da-fé victims were most frequently apostate former Jews and former
7508:
6479:
5883:
4611:
4599:
4463:
4458:
4327:
4310:
4293:
4237:
4033:
3948:
3914:
3772:
3760:
3688:
3664:
3306:
3276:
3192:
3107:
3095:
3087:
2943:
2875:
2761:
2582:
2566:
2444:
2054:
1986:
817:
325:
276:
6222:
8207:
8107:
6565:
6515:
6472:
6457:
5949:
5024:
5019:
4968:
4905:
4730:
4645:
4526:
4492:
4407:
4276:
3953:
3820:
3784:
3748:
3604:
3465:
3445:
3366:
3232:
3148:; 1618 in Bahia; around 1627 in the Southeast; and in 1763 and 1769 in
3115:
2971:
2947:
2848:
2794:
2790:
2420:
2386:
2255:
2049:
1038:
1033:
905:
796:
691:
687:
683:
432:
427:
404:
386:
261:
256:
246:
224:
199:
151:
6034:"Brazilian FM suggests Arab-Jewish intermarriage is a model for peace"
3472:
has a growing influence in Brazil. The majority of Brazilian Jews are
3136:
Historians note that the best-known action of the Inquisition against
8211:
7357:
6416:
5530:
5402:
5036:
3982:
3965:
3492:
3488:
3484:
minority of mostly Lebanese, Syrian, Moroccan, and Egyptian descent.
3469:
3280:
3169:
3127:
2898:
2813:
2782:
2725:
2660:
2597:
2558:
2537:
2080:
2075:
2035:
2020:
1131:
1023:
443:
409:
395:
330:
90:
63:
5334:(Penn State Electronic Classics ed.), republication in 2005 by
2801:, especially with the sugar production in the northeast of Brazil.
5401:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
3448:. Brazilian Jews exist across a wide religious spectrum, including
2708:(CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil.
2553:, in the 16th century. They arrived in Brazil during the period of
7326:
6492:
4786:
4747:
4735:
4582:
4480:
4135:
4021:
3592:
3476:, often of Polish or German descent, while there is a significant
3362:
3141:
3035:
2990:
2852:
2778:
2715:
2668:
2578:
1043:
472:
376:
345:
8203:
3180:
3099:
3079:
2912:
In 1904, the Jewish agricultural colonization, supported by the
2651:
continue to live. Waves of Jewish immigration occurred first by
2533:
195:
8164:
7330:
6378:
6232:
5754:"Brazil denied 16,000 visas to Jews during Nazi regime — study"
3212:. His wife, who witnessed his death, did not long survive him.
6155:. Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel. 15 September 2022.
6007:
JWeekly.com; J. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California
2596:
expanded its scope of operations from Portugal to Portugal's
2942:
image of the non-productive Jew, capable of working only in
6204:
The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800
3345:, and there are also sizeable communities in the states of
2667:, and then German Jews in the 1930s during the rise of the
6186:
Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question
5570:"Rankings de Clínicas y Hospitales de América Latina 2009"
5915:"Around 24% of the country holds anti-semitic sentiments"
2812:
was the first synagogue in the Americas, established in
2639:
arrived in the 19th century, principally because of the
3309:, only behind Canada (14%) and the United States (9%).
3444:. As of 2006, no more than 20% of Brazilian Jews kept
2962:, about 7,000 Jews were inhabiting Brazil. In 1910 in
2878:") and that it was established in 1823 or 1824, while
2858:
Most sources state that the first synagogue of Belém,
5837:
Legislation against Antisemitism and Holocaust denial
5544:
5542:
5458:[Endangered languages: the Hakitia in Belem]
3078:
over the course of three centuries, and thousands of
2059:
2040:
463:
8294:
8272:
8241:
8218:
7991:
7883:
7776:
7754:
7659:
7556:
7431:
7368:
7276:
7217:
7166:
7135:
7109:
7068:
7059:
7043:
7034:
6968:
6952:
6921:
6863:
6854:
6837:
6828:
6756:
6713:
6680:
6632:
6625:
6593:
6576:
6546:
6537:
6427:
6337:
6264:
6217:
Brazil: The Oldest Jewish Community in the Americas
6009:. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc.
3191:, but in 1702 that tribunal began to persecute the
157:
145:
109:
84:
74:
37:
5425:"How culpable were Dutch Jews in the slave trade?"
5456:"Línguas em extinção: o hakitia em Belém do Pará"
3122:(followers of a condemned mystical movement) and
2679:events and acts have occurred, mainly during the
5950:"Tabela 137 – População residente, por religião"
2870:, affirms that the first synagogue in Belém was
5826:. US Department of State. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
3412:, where they have mixed to some extent. In the
2905:began debating in the 1890s about establishing
2827:In the final decades of the 18th century, some
2731:
2698:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
6032:Krieger, Hilary; Stoil, Rebecca (4 May 2012).
3432:where Brazilian Jews can practice and pass on
3376:The Brazilian Jewish community is composed of
3175:One of the best-known Portuguese playwrights,
8176:
7342:
6390:
6244:
5169:Oldest synagogues in the world#Recife, Brazil
3140:in Brazil were the Visitations of 1591–93 in
2931:during the mass immigration from the hostile
2511:
8:
6363:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6188:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5976:"A História da Comunidade Judaica no Brasil"
5202:
5200:
5198:
2573:, as early as 1636. Most of those Jews were
32:
6120:"7 things to know about the Jews of Brazil"
6003:"Brazil's Jews face 60% intermarriage rate"
5788:International Religious Freedom Report 2010
5252:
5250:
5248:
2831:came to southeastern Brazil to work in the
2824:, that in 1664 would become New York City.
2549:, Jews started settling in Brazil when the
755:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
8183:
8169:
8161:
7782:
7665:
7562:
7437:
7349:
7335:
7327:
7065:
7040:
6860:
6834:
6629:
6543:
6424:
6397:
6383:
6375:
6251:
6237:
6229:
6001:Weingarten, Sherwood L. (4 January 2002).
5884:"Global survey on anti-Semitic sentiments"
3846:
3506:
3034:The first recorded auto-da-fé was held in
2696:, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the
2518:
2504:
2368:
2009:
1082:
889:
494:
363:
182:
56:
31:
5944:
5942:
5810:
5808:
5660:
5658:
2839:are mainly concentrated in the states of
6206:. New York: Berghahn Books 2001, 242–54.
5490:
5488:
5184:History of Pernambuco#Jews in Pernambuco
3316:
3239:, and sent to Lisbon where he died as a
6060:"Brazilian kosher agency flexes muscle"
5320:
5318:
5194:
5073:
2419:
2371:
2197:
2144:
2111:
2088:
2012:
1878:
1766:
1740:
1575:
1369:
1144:
1116:
975:
809:
738:
638:
553:
497:
417:
394:
366:
194:
5503:(3–4). Springer Netherlands: 325–340.
5233:from the original on 16 September 2016
3102:", and their torture and execution by
2720:The oldest synagogue in the Americas,
6162:from the original on 21 December 2022
5982:from the original on 21 December 2022
5956:from the original on 11 December 2022
5927:from the original on 22 February 2018
5794:from the original on 20 February 2020
5634:from the original on 15 November 2019
5473:from the original on 13 November 2019
5081:
5079:
5077:
2897:Because of unfavorable conditions in
2868:Eretz Amazônia: Os Judeus na Amazônia
7:
6259:History of the Jews in South America
6013:from the original on 1 December 2016
5894:from the original on 13 October 2018
5764:from the original on 22 October 2019
5706:The encyclopedia of Jewish knowledge
5464:Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
5174:History of the Jews in Latin America
3499:Size of Jewish communities in Brazil
3416:most Jews are Sephardic, and in the
85:Regions with significant populations
7423:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
5536:No page; quote taken from abstract.
5435:from the original on 28 August 2018
3321:Jewish population by country (2010)
2998:World Union for Progressive Judaism
2970:, a Jewish school was opened and a
2765:(sp.) — Jews obliged to convert to
6219:by Rabbi Menachem Levine, Aish.com
3487:There has been a steady stream of
3341:, about a quarter in the state of
3013:Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital
25:
8280:Brazilian Israelite Confederation
7418:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
6130:from the original on 7 April 2023
3329:, about 107,329 according to the
3279:for the purpose of disseminating
546:Historical population comparisons
80:107,329–120,000 Jewish Brazilians
8198:
8192:
7403:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
6406:
6100:from the original on 11 May 2023
6070:from the original on 11 May 2023
5864:from the original on 5 July 2022
5733:from the original on 9 July 2019
5665:
5603:from the original on 3 July 2019
5399:"The Jewish Community of Brazil"
5379:from the original on 9 July 2019
5369:"The Jewish Community in Brazil"
5303:from the original on 3 July 2019
5272:from the original on 8 June 2019
5113:
5099:
2577:who had fled the Inquisition in
1190:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1104:Historical population by country
8259:Beit Yaacov/Rabi Meyr Synagogue
2954:Other 20th-century developments
2914:Jewish Colonization Association
8264:Congregação Israelita Paulista
3335:Jewish Confederation of Brazil
3062:, in the Portuguese colony of
2706:Jewish Confederation of Brazil
2633:Brazilian Constitution in 1824
1:
8226:History of the Jews in Brazil
6223:History of the Jews in Brazil
5342:, p. 476, archived from
5336:Pennsylvania State University
3327:Jewish community in the world
3267:Attitude towards antisemitism
3106:. Last-minute penitents were
2882:was founded in 1826 or 1828.
2694:Jewish community in the world
2692:Brazil has the ninth largest
761:Christianity and Judaism
8328:Religion in the Dutch Empire
5913:Herald Staff (14 May 2014).
5291:JTA Archives (3 July 1987).
3325:Brazil has the 10th largest
3313:Present-day Jewish community
3305:and the third lowest in all
2982:formed an aid committee for
2585:to the religious freedom of
2551:Inquisition reached Portugal
7865:Water supply and sanitation
7413:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
7388:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
5630:. Encyclopedia Britannica.
5454:Scheinbein, Cássia (2006).
5159:List of Latin American Jews
3168:were condemned to death in
3008:to Rio de Janeiro in 1941.
2060:
2041:
1768:Latin America and Caribbean
464:
8344:
8254:Centro Israelita do Paraná
8249:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
7393:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
5890:. Anti-Defamation League.
5149:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
3215:Another notable person is
3027:
2810:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
2722:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
2571:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue
2373:Jewish political movements
2070:Conversion to Judaism
93:: Mainly in the cities of
8122:
7785:
7668:
7647:President of the Republic
7565:
7440:
6423:
6124:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
6064:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
5622:ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA.
5509:10.1007/s10835-007-9043-6
5429:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
3420:most Jews are Ashkenazi.
3247:20th century antisemitism
3183:who had emigrated to the
776:Hinduism and Judaism
162:
150:
114:
89:
79:
55:
46:
8323:Jewish Brazilian history
7570:Administrative divisions
6639:American (United States)
6184:Lesser, Jeffrey (1995).
5144:Jewish Agency for Israel
3229:Bahia de Todos os Santos
2916:, began in the state of
2893:Agricultural settlements
2799:Dutch West India Company
602:Temple in Jerusalem
295:Bar and bat mitzvah
8302:Brazil–Israel relations
5692:Encyclopædia Britannica
5179:Brazil–Israel relations
4085:Jaboatão dos Guararapes
2600:possessions, including
564:Twelve Tribes of Israel
8231:List of Brazilian Jews
7726:Science and technology
7408:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
7284:Demographics of Brazil
6413:Ancestry and ethnicity
5683:Silva, Antonio José da
5266:US Department of State
5154:List of Brazilian Jews
3322:
3299:Anti-Defamation League
3237:Portuguese Inquisition
3217:Isaac de Castro Tartas
2745:
2728:
2594:Portuguese Inquisition
6661:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
6094:World Jewish Congress
5340:The Wealth of Nations
5328:The Wealth of Nations
4952:São José do Rio Preto
4884:São Bernardo do Campo
3331:2010 Brazilian Census
3320:
3177:António José da Silva
3110:to spare the pain of
3076:Roman Catholic Church
3004:, who emigrated from
3000:, was founded by Dr.
2740:The Wealth of Nations
2719:
2712:First Jewish arrivals
2622:The Wealth of Nations
1310:São Tomé and Príncipe
1305:Republic of the Congo
699:Second Temple Judaism
570:Kingdom of Judah
541:Modern historiography
158:Related ethnic groups
7544:World Heritage Sites
7477:Environmental issues
7450:Brazilian Antarctica
5721:Ben-Dror, Graciela.
5431:. 26 December 2013.
5325:Smith, Adam (1776),
4595:Aparecida de Goiânia
4340:Governador Valadares
3293:According to a U.S.
3104:burning at the stake
2545:were subject to the
2412:World Agudath Israel
1553:United Arab Emirates
640:Second Temple period
630:Babylonian captivity
116:Brazilian Portuguese
8093:Syncretic Religions
8001:Freedom of religion
7683:Automotive industry
6225:by Ralph G. Bennett
5920:Buenos Aires Herald
5760:. Times of Israel.
5599:. Jewish Currents.
4918:Almirante Tamandaré
4170:Santana de Parnaíba
3737:Rio Grande do Norte
3295:Department of State
3261:Eurico Gaspar Dutra
2984:World War I victims
705:Hellenistic Judaism
283:Land of Israel
242:Principles of faith
34:
8053:Eastern Orthodoxy
8046:Ukrainian Catholic
7741:Telecommunications
7398:Empire (1822–1889)
7383:Indigenous peoples
6442:Indigenous peoples
6040:on 22 January 2013
5843:2013-12-04 at the
5822:2019-10-18 at the
5628:www.britannica.com
5597:jewishcurrents.org
5575:2009-11-16 at the
5552:Jewish Renaissance
5375:. Beit Hatfutsot.
5349:on 20 October 2013
3701:Mato Grosso do Sul
3323:
3235:, arrested by the
3086:, a procession of
2729:
2665:Russian Revolution
2643:, settling in the
2266:Jewish Koine Greek
1808:Dominican Republic
1089:Judaism by country
768:Jews and Christmas
623:Assyrian captivity
47:יְהוּדִים ברזילאים
41:Judeus brasileiros
8310:
8309:
8158:
8157:
8118:
8117:
8060:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8025:Armenian Catholic
7830:Income inequality
7772:
7771:
7655:
7654:
7642:Political parties
7637:National Congress
7600:Freedom of speech
7585:Foreign relations
7552:
7551:
7324:
7323:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7025:
6824:
6823:
6615:
6614:
6372:
6371:
6344:other territories
5758:timesofisrael.com
5462:(in Portuguese).
5216:Censo Demográfico
5069:
5068:
4391:Benjamin Constant
3843:
3842:
3545:Rio Grande do Sul
3347:Rio Grande do Sul
2968:Rio Grande do Sul
2918:Rio Grande do Sul
2767:Roman Catholicism
2649:their descendants
2614:Roman Catholicism
2528:
2527:
2477:
2476:
2225:
2224:
1972:Reconstructionist
1916:
1915:
1068:
1067:
875:
874:
712:Jewish–Roman wars
660:Hasmonean dynasty
576:Kingdom of Israel
480:
479:
181:
180:
43:
16:(Redirected from
8335:
8202:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8162:
8138:
8131:
8056:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
7948:National symbols
7783:
7721:
7693:Economic history
7678:Animal husbandry
7666:
7563:
7438:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7328:
7066:
7041:
6861:
6835:
6630:
6544:
6425:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6376:
6364:
6352:Falkland Islands
6266:Sovereign states
6253:
6246:
6239:
6230:
6199:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6036:. Archived from
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5854:
5848:
5833:
5827:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5718:
5712:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5653:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5591:Bush, Lawrence.
5588:
5582:
5581:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5546:
5537:
5535:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5461:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5333:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5254:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5213:
5204:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5086:
5083:
3847:
3629:Federal District
3507:
3491:(immigration to
3386:Eastern European
3185:colony of Brazil
3112:death by burning
2880:Sha'ar haShamaim
2864:Samuel Benchimol
2860:Sha'ar haShamaim
2771:Portuguese crown
2681:2006 Lebanon War
2647:, where many of
2631:After the first
2557:, setting up in
2520:
2513:
2506:
2369:
2250:
2071:
2065:
2046:
2010:
1957:
1904:New Zealand
1856:
1819:El Salvador
1809:
1741:Northern America
1733:
1327:
1083:
994:Crimean Karaites
890:
868:
866:
787:
785:
777:
771:
762:
750:Rabbinic Judaism
731:
725:
719:
707:
695:
661:
654:Maccabean Revolt
631:
624:
618:
610:
603:
597:
589:
571:
495:
469:
364:
296:
284:
183:
164:Brazilian people
75:Total population
62:The Location of
60:
50:
48:
39:
35:
21:
8343:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8290:
8268:
8237:
8214:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8159:
8154:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8114:
7987:
7973:Science fiction
7963:Public holidays
7879:
7840:Life expectancy
7768:
7750:
7719:
7651:
7627:Law enforcement
7548:
7534:Water resources
7514:Protected areas
7427:
7364:
7355:
7325:
7320:
7260:
7213:
7162:
7131:
7105:
7061:
7055:
7022:
6964:
6948:
6917:
6856:
6850:
6820:
6752:
6715:Central America
6709:
6676:
6621:
6611:
6595:
6594:Central Africa
6589:
6578:
6572:
6533:
6419:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6345:
6343:
6333:
6260:
6257:
6213:
6196:
6183:
6180:
6178:Further reading
6175:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6101:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6043:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5867:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5845:Wayback Machine
5834:
5830:
5824:Wayback Machine
5813:
5806:
5797:
5795:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5767:
5765:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5679:Prestage, Edgar
5677:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5577:Wayback Machine
5568:
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2532:history of the
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5497:Jewish History
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5466:. p. 45.
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5107:Judaism portal
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3257:Getúlio Vargas
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3187:to escape the
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3158:Rio de Janeiro
3042:took place in
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3002:Heinrich Lemle
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2818:North American
2751:New Christians
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2575:Sephardic Jews
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33:Brazilian Jews
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5709:Jacob de Haas
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5121:Brazil portal
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4099:
4093:
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4088:
4086:
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4082:
4076:
4074:
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4057:
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4049:
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4042:
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4035:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3957:
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3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3935:
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3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
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3786:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:intermarriage
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:North African
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:Latin America
3300:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:the Holocaust
3246:
3244:
3242:
3241:Jewish martyr
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:; 1593–95 in
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:, or "secret
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:Catholic Mass
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:, capital of
2965:
2961:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:stereotypical
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:European Jews
2900:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:Eshel Avraham
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2822:New Amsterdam
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:—Adam Smith,
2735:
2727:
2724:, located in
2723:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:Moroccan Jews
2634:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Judeo-Aramaic
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Judeo-Italian
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Ghardaïa Sign
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:Denominations
1922:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:United States
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Guinea-Bissau
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Lists of Jews
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
893:
892:
891:
886:
881:
880:
869:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:The Holocaust
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
780:
778:
773:
769:
763:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
741:
737:
730:
724:
718:
713:
710:
706:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
641:
637:
632:
627:
625:
620:
616:
612:
609:
604:
599:
595:
591:
588:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:
556:
552:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
485:
474:
471:
468:
467:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Mishneh Torah
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
420:
416:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
397:
393:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
369:
365:
360:
355:
354:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
292:
290:
287:
285:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
220:
215:
214:Who is a Jew?
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
169:
168:Sephardi Jews
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
78:
73:
69:
68:South America
65:
59:
54:
42:
36:
27:
19:
8225:
8087:
7860:Unemployment
7810:Demographics
7688:Central Bank
7595:Human rights
7575:Constitution
7445:Amazon basin
7289:Colonization
7158:Scandinavian
7044:By ethnicity
7012:
6934:East Indians
6891:in São Paulo
6847:(East Asian)
6838:By ethnicity
6650:Confederados
6648:
6577:West Africa
6558:
6547:By ethnicity
6524:
6516:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6478:
6471:
6465:
6458:
6450:
6434:
6340:Dependencies
6283:
6203:
6185:
6164:. Retrieved
6144:
6132:. Retrieved
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6054:
6042:. Retrieved
6038:the original
6027:
6015:. Retrieved
6006:
5996:
5984:. Retrieved
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5929:. Retrieved
5918:
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5887:
5878:
5866:. Retrieved
5852:
5836:
5831:
5815:
5796:, retrieved
5787:
5778:
5766:. Retrieved
5757:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5726:
5716:
5705:
5701:
5690:
5648:
5636:. Retrieved
5627:
5624:"Auto-da-fé"
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5596:
5593:"Auto-da-fé"
5586:
5580:(in Spanish)
5565:
5556:
5550:
5528:
5500:
5496:
5475:. Retrieved
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5428:
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5403:the original
5393:
5381:. Retrieved
5372:
5362:
5351:, retrieved
5344:the original
5327:
5305:. Retrieved
5296:
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5261:
5235:. Retrieved
5215:
5139:Dutch Brazil
5134:Dutch Empire
4697:Belford Roxo
4680:Campo Grande
4578:Porto Seguro
4561:Francisco Sá
3898:Porto Alegre
3851:Municipality
3569:Minas Gerais
3502:
3486:
3462:secular Jews
3454:Conservative
3426:antisemitism
3422:
3418:South Region
3414:North Region
3375:
3355:Minas Gerais
3324:
3292:
3285:
3274:
3270:
3250:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3174:
3162:Minas Gerais
3135:
3033:
3019:Antisemitism
3010:
2995:
2988:
2976:Di Menshhayt
2975:
2964:Porto Alegre
2957:
2937:
2929:Russian Jews
2922:southernmost
2911:
2907:agricultural
2896:
2884:
2879:
2874:("Abraham's
2871:
2867:
2866:, author of
2859:
2857:
2841:Minas Gerais
2836:
2828:
2826:
2803:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2691:
2677:anti-Semitic
2673:African Jews
2645:Amazon basin
2630:
2620:
2618:
2591:
2531:
2529:
2470:Post-Zionism
2341:Judeo-Berber
2336:Judeo-Arabic
2296:Judeo-Gascon
2043:Pidyon haben
1962:Conservative
1786:
1508:Saudi Arabia
1326:South Africa
1315:Sierra Leone
1137:Israeli Jews
1051:Mosaic Arabs
1004:Kaifeng Jews
865:Arab–Israeli
838:Emancipation
717:Great Revolt
526:Anti-Judaism
521:Antisemitism
516:Name "Judea"
311:Baal teshuva
172:Mizrahi Jews
135:
127:
119:
103:Porto Alegre
40:
29:Ethnic group
26:
8019:Catholicism
7933:Malandragem
7898:Archaeology
7825:Immigration
7731:Stock index
7673:Agriculture
7472:Environment
7304:from Europe
7299:Immigration
7294:Slave trade
7060:By country
6996:Palestinian
6929:Bangladeshi
6855:By country
6723:Costa Rican
6560:quilombolas
6166:21 December
6044:7 September
6017:7 September
5986:21 December
5960:21 December
5798:7 September
5297:www.jta.org
5276:10 December
5237:7 September
4816:Carapicuíba
4255:São Gonçalo
4221:João Pessoa
4153:Teresópolis
4102:Santo André
3713:Mato Grosso
3388:origin and
3189:Inquisition
3138:Crypto-Jews
3124:Protestants
3040:Auto-da-fés
2993:, Germany.
2974:newspaper,
2787:Middle East
2686:IBGE Census
2641:rubber boom
2547:Inquisition
2465:Revisionist
2455:Neo-Zionism
2062:Zeved habat
1855:Puerto Rico
1681:Netherlands
1513:South Korea
1498:Philippines
1378:Afghanistan
1245:Ivory Coast
1019:Crypto-Jews
984:Bnei Anusim
963:Bene Israel
928:Beta Israel
885:Communities
792:Middle Ages
531:Persecution
306:Bereavement
8317:Categories
8242:Synagogues
8058:Antiochian
7983:Television
7953:Newspapers
7928:Literature
7800:Corruption
7795:Censorship
7720:(currency)
7590:Government
7311:Emigration
7199:Portuguese
7194:Macedonian
7153:Lithuanian
7117:Belarusian
6913:Vietnamese
6881:Indonesian
6816:Venezuelan
6806:Surinamese
6796:Paraguayan
6786:Ecuadorian
6748:Salvadoran
6743:Panamanian
6738:Nicaraguan
6728:Guatemalan
6447:Mixed-race
6436:Brazilians
5477:26 January
5190:References
4901:Ananindeua
4799:Vila Velha
4714:Petrópolis
4544:Piracicaba
3581:Pernambuco
3430:synagogues
3359:Pernambuco
3210:auto-da-fé
3205:auto-da-fé
3199:auto-da-fé
3146:Pernambuco
3120:Alumbrados
3054:, Brazil,
3030:Auto-da-fé
3024:Auto-da-fé
2887:necropolis
2833:gold mines
2820:colony of
2626:Adam Smith
2606:Cape Verde
2561:the first
2555:Dutch rule
2543:Christians
2450:Maximalism
2402:Secularism
2382:Autonomism
2199:Literature
1992:Humanistic
1596:Azerbaijan
1558:Uzbekistan
1533:Tajikistan
1453:Kyrgyzstan
1438:Kazakhstan
1285:Mozambique
1260:Madagascar
1180:Cape Verde
1132:New Yishuv
1127:Old Yishuv
1078:Population
1056:Subbotniks
1014:Samaritans
953:Romanyotim
896:Ashkenazim
843:Old Yishuv
823:Sabbateans
810:Modern era
802:Golden Age
729:Bar Kokhba
449:Beit Yosef
316:Philosophy
8103:Quimbanda
8098:Candomblé
7968:Sculpture
7943:Mythology
7893:Animation
7835:Languages
7815:Education
7756:Transport
7617:Judiciary
7580:Elections
7529:Time Zone
7504:Mountains
7467:Coastline
7433:Geography
7229:British (
7174:Bulgarian
7127:Ukrainian
7091:Hungarian
7062:or region
6939:Pakistani
6903:Malaysian
6857:or region
6811:Uruguayan
6781:Colombian
6766:Argentine
6690:Barbadian
6682:Caribbean
6656:New Texas
6644:Americana
6607:Congolese
6480:mamelucos
6329:Venezuela
6274:Argentina
5681:(1911). "
5373:bh.org.il
5262:state.gov
5224:0104-3145
4782:Eunápolis
4629:Petrolina
4510:Cabo Frio
4374:Guarulhos
4357:Joinville
4289:Fortaleza
3864:São Paulo
3809:Tocantins
3521:São Paulo
3478:Sephardic
3474:Ashkenazi
3406:São Paulo
3390:Sephardic
3378:Ashkenazi
3339:São Paulo
3288:Holocaust
3277:swastikas
3150:Grão-Pará
3092:apostates
3038:in 1242.
3006:Frankfurt
2837:Conversos
2829:Conversos
2759:(pt.) or
2756:Conversos
2702:Argentina
2563:synagogue
2460:Religious
2316:Zarphatic
2306:Bukharian
2276:Judeo-Tat
2261:Yeshivish
2235:Languages
2190:Sephardic
2180:Israelite
2170:Ethiopian
2160:Ashkenazi
2099:Religious
1889:Australia
1871:Venezuela
1777:Argentina
1759:Greenland
1671:Lithuania
1523:Sri Lanka
1518:Singapore
1443:Kurdistan
1408:Indonesia
1398:Hong Kong
1351:Abayudaya
1275:Mauritius
1009:Igbo Jews
999:Krymchaks
918:Sephardim
786:relations
680:Sadducees
676:Pharisees
666:Sanhedrin
581:Jerusalem
341:Synagogue
209:Etymology
110:Languages
95:São Paulo
8295:Politics
8145:Category
8083:Hinduism
8032:Maronite
8011:Buddhism
7993:Religion
7958:Painting
7908:Carnaval
7790:Abortion
7736:Taxation
7708:Industry
7632:Military
7558:Politics
7539:Wildlife
7509:Pantanal
7378:Timeline
7362:articles
7235:Scottish
7204:Romanian
7179:Croatian
7167:Southern
7143:Estonian
7136:Northern
7076:Austrian
6991:Lebanese
6976:Armenian
6922:Southern
6886:Japanese
6876:Filipino
6801:Peruvian
6791:Guyanese
6771:Bolivian
6733:Honduran
6705:Jamaican
6668:Canadian
6626:Americas
6585:Nigerian
6508:caiçaras
6473:caboclos
6452:mestiços
6319:Suriname
6309:Paraguay
6294:Colombia
6157:Archived
6128:Archived
6098:Archived
6090:"Brazil"
6068:Archived
6011:Archived
5980:Archived
5954:Archived
5925:Archived
5892:Archived
5862:Archived
5841:Archived
5820:Archived
5792:archived
5784:"Brazil"
5762:Archived
5731:Archived
5632:Archived
5601:Archived
5573:Archived
5559:(1): 16.
5531:colonies
5525:73630235
5517:46840526
5468:Archived
5433:Archived
5377:Archived
5301:Archived
5270:Archived
5258:"Brazil"
5228:Archived
5093:See also
4612:Sorocaba
4459:Teresina
4238:Contagem
4034:Campinas
4017:Salvador
4000:Brasília
3915:Curitiba
3797:Rondônia
3725:Maranhão
3617:Amazonas
3450:Orthodox
3392:Jews of
3380:Jews of
3371:Amazonas
3307:Americas
3193:Marranos
3108:garroted
3096:Marranos
3088:heretics
3052:Portugal
2944:commerce
2876:Tamarisk
2808:colony.
2785:and the
2762:Marranos
2663:and the
2598:colonial
2583:Portugal
2567:Americas
2487:Category
2445:Kahanism
2392:Feminism
2364:Politics
2248:Biblical
2218:American
2165:Bukharan
2155:American
2055:Shidduch
2031:Clothing
1987:Haymanot
1933:Orthodox
1861:Suriname
1844:Paraguay
1797:Colombia
1696:Portugal
1606:Bulgaria
1543:Thailand
1493:Pakistan
1473:Mongolia
1468:Malaysia
1388:Cambodia
1362:Zimbabwe
1337:Tanzania
1215:Eswatini
1205:Ethiopia
1195:Djibouti
1175:Cameroon
1170:Botswana
1099:Diaspora
1061:Noahides
1034:Marranos
958:Cochinim
943:Bukharim
933:Gruzinim
923:Teimanim
913:Mizrahim
901:Galician
867:conflict
828:Hasidism
818:Haskalah
723:Diaspora
594:timeline
506:Timeline
419:Rabbinic
326:Kabbalah
301:Marriage
277:Tzedakah
267:Holidays
225:Religion
188:a series
186:Part of
146:Religion
8282:(CONIB)
8208:Judaism
8129:Outline
8108:Umbanda
8088:Judaism
8039:Melkite
7923:Cuisine
7885:Culture
7870:Welfare
7778:Society
7746:Tourism
7703:Exports
7661:Economy
7519:Regions
7494:Islands
7489:Geology
7455:Climate
7370:History
7231:English
7225:Belgian
7218:Western
7209:Spanish
7189:Italian
7148:Latvian
7122:Russian
7110:Eastern
7069:Central
7018:Turkish
7008:Iranian
6969:Western
6953:Central
6871:Chinese
6864:Eastern
6776:Chilean
6700:Haitian
6673:Mexican
6602:Angolan
6566:Kalunga
6526:sararás
6517:mulatos
6501:juçaras
6494:cafuzos
6459:ainokos
6324:Uruguay
6299:Ecuador
6279:Bolivia
5888:ADL.org
5768:15 July
5689:(ed.).
5676::
5409:17 June
5353:8 March
5299:. JTA.
5164:Morashá
5020:Aracaju
4986:Jundiaí
4969:Atibaia
4850:Corumbá
4765:Taubaté
4731:Itabuna
4646:Barueri
4527:Vinhedo
4493:Erechim
4408:Caruaru
4306:Goiânia
4187:Vitória
4051:Niterói
3821:Roraima
3785:Sergipe
3749:Alagoas
3677:Paraíba
3482:Mizrahi
3466:Zionist
3394:Iberian
3382:Central
3221:Paraíba
3154:Paraíba
3132:sorcery
3118:, then
3116:Muslims
3070:and in
3060:Ukraine
2972:Yiddish
2958:By the
2948:finance
2795:Germany
2791:England
2769:by the
2743:(1776)
2661:pogroms
2653:Russian
2565:in the
2430:General
2421:Zionism
2397:Leftism
2387:Bundism
2311:Knaanic
2271:Yevanic
2256:Yiddish
2213:Yiddish
2208:Israeli
2185:Mizrahi
2175:Israeli
2146:Cuisine
2122:Ancient
2104:Secular
2050:Kashrut
2026:Wedding
2013:Customs
2005:Culture
1982:Science
1977:Renewal
1967:Karaite
1948:Hasidic
1880:Oceania
1866:Uruguay
1834:Jamaica
1814:Ecuador
1782:Bolivia
1726:Ukraine
1701:Romania
1676:Moldova
1656:Hungary
1646:Germany
1641:Georgia
1631:Finland
1626:Estonia
1621:Denmark
1616:Czechia
1601:Belarus
1591:Austria
1586:Armenia
1563:Vietnam
1478:Myanmar
1463:Lebanon
1383:Bahrain
1342:Tunisia
1320:Somalia
1295:Nigeria
1290:Namibia
1280:Morocco
1210:Eritrea
1155:Algeria
1039:Neofiti
948:Italkim
938:Juhurim
848:Zionism
797:Khazars
692:Sicarii
688:Zealots
684:Essenes
671:Schisms
536:Leaders
498:General
490:History
433:Tosefta
428:Midrash
405:Mishnah
387:Ketuvim
382:Nevi'im
331:Customs
262:Shabbat
257:Halakha
249: (
247:Mitzvot
234: (
200:Judaism
152:Judaism
132:Yiddish
130:
49:
8219:Topics
8212:Brazil
8150:Portal
8006:Baháʼí
7978:Sports
7918:Comics
7913:Cinema
7845:People
7820:Health
7713:Mining
7698:Energy
7524:Rivers
7360:
7358:Brazil
7316:Racism
7246:French
7096:Polish
7086:German
7036:Europe
7013:Jewish
7001:Syrian
6960:Afghan
6944:Romani
6898:Korean
6845:Yellow
6539:Africa
6466:pardos
6428:Brazil
6417:Brazil
6304:Guyana
6284:Brazil
6192:
6134:11 May
6104:11 May
6074:11 May
5931:21 May
5898:21 May
5868:5 July
5816:Brazil
5737:9 July
5685:". In
5670:
5638:3 July
5607:3 July
5523:
5515:
5383:9 July
5307:3 July
5222:
5037:Franca
5003:Maricá
4476:Ilhéus
4323:Macapá
4272:Maceió
4068:Santos
3983:Manaus
3966:Recife
3891:21,800
3874:43,610
3557:Paraná
3538:24,451
3526:51,050
3493:Israel
3489:aliyah
3470:Chabad
3460:, and
3458:Reform
3446:kosher
3351:Paraná
3333:. The
3281:Nazism
3225:Brazil
3170:Lisbon
3160:, and
3128:bigamy
3072:Mexico
3058:, the
3044:France
2920:, the
2899:Europe
2814:Recife
2783:Greece
2726:Recife
2704:. The
2657:Polish
2608:, and
2602:Brazil
2569:, the
2559:Recife
2538:Brazil
2492:Portal
2351:Domari
2281:Shassi
2242:Hebrew
2137:Humour
2081:Hiloni
2076:Aliyah
2036:Niddah
2021:Minyan
1956:Reform
1943:Haredi
1938:Modern
1839:Mexico
1824:Guyana
1787:Brazil
1749:Canada
1721:Sweden
1711:Serbia
1706:Russia
1691:Poland
1686:Norway
1666:Latvia
1651:Greece
1636:France
1611:Cyprus
1577:Europe
1548:Turkey
1538:Taiwan
1448:Kuwait
1433:Jordan
1423:Israel
1357:Zambia
1347:Uganda
1265:Malawi
1235:Guinea
1225:Gambia
1160:Angola
1146:Africa
1029:Dönmeh
1024:Anusim
968:Berber
906:Litvak
858:Israel
764:
701:
615:Second
583:
444:Targum
410:Gemara
396:Talmud
368:Tanakh
321:Ethics
272:Prayer
140:Ladino
136:·
134:
128:·
126:
124:Hebrew
122:
120:·
118:
91:Brazil
64:Brazil
8136:Index
8078:Islam
7938:Music
7875:Youth
7805:Crime
7718:Real
7251:Irish
7241:Dutch
7184:Greek
7101:Swiss
7081:Czech
7051:White
6986:Iraqi
6695:Cuban
6554:Black
6289:Chile
6160:(PDF)
6153:(PDF)
5752:JTA.
5521:S2CID
5471:(PDF)
5460:(PDF)
5439:2 May
5347:(PDF)
5332:(PDF)
5231:(PDF)
5212:(PDF)
4748:Betim
4425:Serra
4204:Natal
4136:Cotia
4027:1,010
4010:1,103
3993:1,183
3976:1,286
3959:1,346
3949:Belém
3942:1,384
3925:3,184
3908:6,658
3858:Jews
3855:State
3773:Amapá
3761:Piauí
3689:Ceará
3665:Goiás
3646:1,036
3634:1,103
3622:1,696
3610:1,971
3598:2,302
3593:Bahia
3586:2,408
3574:3,509
3562:4,122
3550:7,805
3515:Jews
3511:State
3442:Arabs
3363:Bahia
3142:Bahia
3068:India
3048:Spain
3036:Paris
2991:Egeln
2853:Bahia
2806:Dutch
2779:Italy
2669:Nazis
2579:Spain
2440:Labor
2435:Green
2132:Dance
2090:Music
1909:Palau
1829:Haiti
1792:Chile
1716:Spain
1661:Italy
1568:Yemen
1528:Syria
1503:Qatar
1483:Nepal
1428:Japan
1403:India
1393:China
1332:Sudan
1255:Libya
1250:Kenya
1230:Ghana
1220:Gabon
1200:Egypt
1185:Benin
1044:Xueta
989:Lemba
608:First
473:Zohar
377:Torah
359:Texts
346:Rabbi
336:Rites
236:names
138:
8206:and
8204:Jews
7903:Arts
7605:LGBT
7233:and
6981:Arab
6908:Thai
6830:Asia
6314:Peru
6190:ISBN
6168:2022
6136:2023
6106:2023
6076:2023
6046:2016
6019:2016
5988:2022
5962:2022
5933:2014
5900:2014
5870:2022
5800:2016
5770:2019
5739:2019
5640:2019
5609:2019
5513:OCLC
5479:2011
5441:2018
5411:2018
5385:2019
5355:2011
5309:2019
5278:2013
5239:2016
5220:ISSN
3833:Acre
3605:Pará
3480:and
3408:and
3400:and
3384:and
3369:and
3367:Pará
3259:and
3181:Jews
3130:and
3100:Jews
3090:and
3080:Jews
3056:Peru
3011:The
2946:and
2851:and
2849:Pará
2793:and
2753:" -
2655:and
2592:The
2581:and
2534:Jews
2530:The
1899:Guam
1894:Fiji
1849:Peru
1802:Cuba
1488:Oman
1458:Laos
1418:Iraq
1413:Iran
1370:Asia
1299:Igbo
1270:Mali
289:Brit
198:and
196:Jews
174:and
101:and
8210:in
8066:LDS
7622:Law
6449:or
6415:in
6342:and
5505:doi
5338:of
5064:103
5047:105
5030:105
5013:106
4996:108
4979:108
4962:112
4945:112
4928:115
4911:116
4894:118
4877:118
4860:118
4843:120
4826:121
4809:123
4792:123
4775:128
4758:130
4741:132
4724:136
4707:136
4690:136
4673:138
4656:139
4639:140
4622:142
4605:142
4588:148
4571:149
4554:154
4537:158
4520:161
4503:163
4486:174
4469:175
4452:185
4442:Itu
4435:187
4418:191
4401:203
4384:204
4367:209
4350:209
4333:217
4316:234
4299:247
4282:251
4265:254
4248:255
4231:264
4214:266
4197:268
4180:306
4163:313
4146:330
4129:350
4112:357
4095:423
4078:471
4061:600
4044:644
3826:154
3814:163
3802:166
3790:184
3778:217
3766:229
3754:309
3742:320
3730:368
3718:374
3706:416
3694:580
3682:626
3670:813
3658:900
3233:Jew
3064:Goa
2619:In
2610:Goa
2536:in
2113:Art
459:Tur
251:613
66:in
8319::
6126:.
6122:.
6096:.
6092:.
6066:.
6062:.
6005:.
5941:^
5923:.
5917:.
5886:.
5860:.
5807:^
5786:,
5756:.
5725:.
5657:^
5626:.
5595:.
5557:12
5555:.
5541:^
5527:.
5519:.
5511:.
5501:21
5499:.
5487:^
5427:.
5371:.
5317:^
5295:.
5268:.
5264:.
5260:.
5247:^
5226:.
5214:.
5197:^
5076:^
5059:SP
5042:SP
5025:SE
5008:RJ
4991:SP
4974:SP
4957:SP
4940:RS
4923:PR
4906:PA
4889:SP
4872:SP
4855:MS
4838:PB
4821:SP
4804:ES
4787:BA
4770:SP
4753:MG
4736:BA
4719:RJ
4702:RJ
4685:MS
4668:RJ
4651:SP
4634:PE
4617:SP
4600:GO
4583:BA
4566:MG
4549:SP
4532:SP
4515:RJ
4498:RS
4481:BA
4464:PI
4447:SP
4430:ES
4413:PE
4396:AM
4379:SP
4362:SC
4345:MG
4328:AP
4311:GO
4294:CE
4277:AL
4260:RJ
4243:MG
4226:PB
4209:RN
4192:ES
4175:SP
4158:RJ
4141:SP
4124:SC
4107:SP
4090:PE
4073:SP
4056:RJ
4039:SP
4022:BA
4005:DF
3988:AM
3971:PE
3954:PA
3937:MG
3920:PR
3903:RS
3886:RJ
3869:SP
3838:59
3468:.
3456:,
3452:,
3396:,
3373:.
3365:,
3361:,
3357:,
3353:,
3349:,
3263:.
3243:.
3223:,
3172:.
3156:,
3066:,
3050:,
3046:,
2986:.
2901:,
2889:.
2855:.
2847:,
2843:,
2781:,
2773:.
2604:,
2589:.
726:,
720:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
190:on
170:,
166:,
97:,
8184:e
8177:t
8170:v
7350:e
7343:t
7336:v
7237:)
6398:e
6391:t
6384:v
6252:e
6245:t
6238:v
6198:.
6170:.
6138:.
6108:.
6078:.
6048:.
6021:.
5990:.
5964:.
5935:.
5902:.
5872:.
5772:.
5741:.
5642:.
5611:.
5507::
5481:.
5443:.
5413:.
5387:.
5311:.
5280:.
5241:.
2749:"
2519:e
2512:t
2505:v
1353:)
1349:(
1301:)
1297:(
770:)
766:(
732:)
715:(
708:)
703:(
694:)
674:(
617:)
606:(
596:)
585:(
253:)
238:)
105:.
20:)
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