280:, this region was home to Oeste Paulista, a once hegemon of Brazilian coffee. This region and its economy only grew because of slave labor. While later on the industry largely invited immigrant populations to work in coffee. The coffee industry was already booming when slavery was abolished in 1888. This led the way for second slavery to exist, promoted by the Brazilian government and international European pressures to further expand the coffee economy. The politics and economics behind second slavery, have most certainly affected the coffee production in Brazil. Historian Dale Tomich describes "The concept of the second slavery radically reinterprets the relation of slavery and capitalism by calling attention to the emergence of extensive new zones of slave commodity production in the US South, Cuba, and Brazil as part of nineteenth-century industrialization and world-economic expansion." Using this perspective on second slavery, it explains the coffee industry in Brazil today when tracing its origins in the 19th century. The abolition of slavery didn't necessarily change labor practices but nudged a change in labor history. This wave of second slavery, as the name suggests, may have abolished legal slavery, but it did not abolish harsh labor practices, nor did it abolish racism. The social history of Brazil was still a segregated society.
291:, much like the cotton industry up in Northern America, has a long and winding history. While sugar traveled far and wide throughout the Old World, the production ultimately fell to the Europeans in contemporary world history. This commodity shaped social, and labor history, as well as geography. Like cotton, this commodity yielded high profits and therefore the presence of capitalism was undeniable. As Dale Tomisch, in much of his works point out, sugar, cotton, and coffee, have forever changed the landscape on which people build their lives, as its history has seen the evolution of these sugar-based societies. Even with free labor, the ultimate goal for the state in the 19th century was economic expansion into the world economy, therefore with free or unfree labor regimes the state is still not committed to relieving the wrongs of slavery, but the growth of the economic state. Having the context of second slavery in mind, when looking at these three major commodities; coffee, unlike sugar and cotton, became more prominent in the 19th century in Brazil. The politics and economics behind second slavery, have most certainly affected coffee production in Brazil.
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States, demanded higher coffee quality and the end of selling coffee to non-members at reduced rates. US officials criticized Brazil for not being willing to accept a reduction of the country's quotas despite falling share of the world market since 1980. Jorio
Dauster, head of the state-controlled Brazilian Coffee Institute, believed Brazil could survive without help from the agreement. Not being able to reach an agreement in a timely manner, the agreement broke down in 1989. As a result, the Brazilian Coffee Institute, previously controlling the price of coffee by regulating the amount grown and sold, was abolished to limit government interference in favor of free markets. Up to this point the industry had simply neglected quality control management because government
197:
and increased industrialization. Coffee plantations in Rio de
Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais quickly grew in size in the 1820s, accounting for 20% of the world's production. By the 1830s, coffee had become Brazil's largest export and accounted for 30% of the world's production. In the 1840s, both the share of total exports and of world production reached 40%, making Brazil the largest coffee producer. The early coffee industry was dependent on slaves; in the first half of the 19th century 1.5 million slaves were imported to work on the plantations. When the foreign slave trade was outlawed in 1850, plantation owners began turning more and more to European immigrants to meet labor demands. However, the internal slave trade continued until slavery was finally
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before the emancipation of slaves, in several engravings and images from the early 19th century portrays dark-skinned slaves working on coffee fields. As author Erik
Mathisen argues, second slavery is connected to capitalism, much like slavery itself. And just like the U.S, by the 1880s in Brazil slavery limped on its traditional sense, but rich plantation owners disregarded the change in social status from slave to former slave, and retained its labor practices. Mathisen goes on to say: "Not only did Cuban sugar, Brazilian coffee, and American cotton become cash crops in high demand, but their production drew inspiration from new, brutal labor techniques, buoyed by new ideas about the scientific management of agriculture and labor…"
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440:, account for virtually all production. Arabica dominates both Brazil and the world as a whole with about 70% of the production; robusta accounts for the remaining 30%. In Brazil, arabica production is located in the main coffee-growing cluster of states led by Minas Gerais where arabica is produced almost exclusively. Robusta is primarily grown in the southeastern much smaller state of Espírito Santo where about 80% of the coffee is robusta. More recently, the northwestern state of Rondônia entered the market and produces large shares of robusta.
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movement was called the Coffee Front and pushed deforestation westward. Due to this transience coffee production was not deeply embedded in the history of any single locality. After independence coffee plantations were associated with slavery, underdevelopment, and a political oligarchy, and not the modern development of state and society. Historians now recognize the importance of the industry, and there is a flourishing scholarly literature.
488:. The ground/roasted coffee market is highly competitive and had over 1,000 companies in 2001. In contrast, the instant coffee market is highly concentrated with four major firms accounting for 75% of the market. Brazil is the world's largest exporter of instant coffee, with instant coffee constituting 10–20% of total coffee exports. Both types of coffee are mainly exported to the US, the world's largest coffee consumer.
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frosts", kill the entire tree and have more long-term consequences. New plants have to be planted after a black frost, and it takes years before the tree begins to bear fruit, typically 3–4 years. Brazil is the only major producer vulnerable to frost, and harsh frosts may drive up the world price of coffee due to Brazil's large share of the market. Frosts of this severity affect harvests every five or six years, causing
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affected. The price of coffee doubled in 1976–1977 and did not fall again until the successful harvest in August 1977. The last severe frost took place in 1994 when two particularly harsh frosts hit in June and July in the span of two weeks. While not as severe as in 1975, the frosts reduced the following year's harvest by 50–80% some states like São Paulo and Paraná and raised worldwide prices the following years.
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1980, coffee exports were down to 12.3% and by 2006 accounted for only 2.5%. Brazil itself is the largest consumer of coffee, surpassing the United States in the mid-2010s. Per capita, Brazil is the 14th largest consumer and, along with
Ethiopia, the only major coffee producer with a sizeable domestic consumption.
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Plantations are mainly located in the southeastern states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná where the environment and climate provide ideal growing conditions. Minas Gerais alone accounts for about half of the country's production. Most plantations are harvested in the dry seasons of June through
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Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years, currently producing about a third of all coffee. In 2011 Brazil was the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by
Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia. The country is unrivaled in total production of green coffee,
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There are no taxes on coffee exports from Brazil, but importing green and roasted coffee into the country is taxed by 10% and soluble coffee by 16%. Unprocessed coffee can be exported duty-free into the three largest markets: the United States, the
European Union and Japan, but processed coffee such
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The coffee plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost. Milder frosts, called "white frosts", kill the flowers that grow into the harvested cherries, but new flowers are regrown by the tree the next season. White frosts only affect the following year's harvest, but more severe frosts, "black
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One of the most significant ways that second slavery in Brazil has impacted its social history, is the fact that it is connected to capitalism. The former slaves of São Paulo, were still the backbone of the coffee industry, catapulting Brazil to an elevated status of an industrializing nation. Even
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had decreased the price of coffee, and to protect the coffee industry – and the interests of the local coffee elite – the government was to control the price by buying abundant harvests and selling the beans on the international market at a better opportunity. The scheme sparked a temporary rise in
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By the early 20th century, coffee accounted for 16% of Brazil's gross national product, and three-fourths of its export earnings. Both growers and exporters played a major role in politics; however, historians debate whether or not they were indeed the most powerful actors in the political system.
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Coffee spread from Pará and reached Rio de
Janeiro in 1770, but was only produced for domestic consumption until the early 19th century when American and European demand increased, creating the first of two coffee booms. The cycle ran from the 1830s to 1850s, contributing to the decline of slavery
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The crop first arrived in Brazil in the 18th century, and the country had become the dominant producer by the 1840s. Brazilian coffee prospered since the early 19th century, when immigrants came to work in the coffee plantations. Production as a share of world coffee output peaked in the 1920s but
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Coffee remains an important export, but its importance has declined in the last 50 years. Coffee exports as a percentage of total exports was over 50% between the 1850s and 1960s, peaking in 1950 with 63.9%. The percentage began to decline in the 1960s when other export-heavy sectors expanded. By
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of the international coffee market, supplying 80% of the world's coffee. Since the 1950s, the country's market share has steadily declined due to increased global production. Despite a falling share and attempts by the government to decrease the export sector's dependency on a single crop, coffee
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in the end of the 1980s. With the retained quotas from the 1983 agreement, the change increased the value of milder coffee at the expense of more traditional varieties. Brazil in particular refused to reduce its quotas believing it would lower their market share. The consumers, led by the United
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Before the 1960s, historians generally ignored the coffee industry because it seemed too embarrassing. Coffee was not a major industry in the colonial period. In any one particular locality, the coffee industry flourished for a few decades and then moved on as the soil lost its fertility. This
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The devastating black frost of 1975 struck on 18 July, hitting hardest in Paraná, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The immediately following 1975–76 harvest was not severely affected as two-thirds of the harvest was already completed, but the 1976–77 harvest was hit harder with 73.5% of the crops
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district grew 90% of the coffee in Minas Gerais during the 1880s and 70% during the 1920s. Most of the workers were black men, with some being enslaved and some being free. Increasingly
Italian, Spanish and Japanese immigrants provided the expanding labor force. A railway system was built to
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due to the governor's unwillingness to export the seeds. Palheta was sent to French Guiana on a diplomatic mission to resolve a border dispute. On his way back home, he managed to smuggle the seeds into Brazil by seducing the governor's wife who secretly gave him a bouquet spiked with seeds.
226:"). The name refers to the largest states' dominant industries: coffee in São Paulo and dairy in Minas Gerais. This period also saw the Brazilian government start the practice of valorization, a protectionist practice designed to stabilize the price of coffee.
234:
transport the coffee beans to market, but it also provided essential internal transportation for both freight and passengers, as well as to develop a large skilled labor force. The growing coffee industry attracted millions of immigrants and transformed
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the price and promoted the continued expansion of coffee production. The valorization scheme was successful from the perspective of the planters and the
Brazilian state, but led to a global oversupply and increased the damages from the crash during the
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from a small town to the largest industrial center in the developing world. The city's population of 30,000 in the 1850s grew to 70,000 in 1890 and 240,000 by 1900. With one million inhabitants in the 1930s, São Paulo surpassed
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and instant coffee. In 2011, total production was 2.7 million tonnes, more than twice the amount of
Vietnam, the second largest producer. Some 3.5 million people are involved in the industry, mostly in rural areas.
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or natural coffee). The entire berries are cleaned and placed in the sun to dry for 8–10 days (or up to four weeks during unfavorable conditions). The outer layer of the dried berry is then removed in a
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Much of the Brazilian coffee landscape has to do with its labor and social history. Second slavery has its roots in the sugar, cotton and coffee industry in the Americas. The
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September, usually in one huge annual crop when most berries are ripe. In most countries, arabica beans are processed using the wet process (also called
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Coffee was not native to the Americas and had to be planted in the country. The first coffee bush in Brazil was planted by Francisco de Melo Palheta in
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There are about 220,000 coffee farms involved in the industry, with plantations covering about 27,000 km (10,000 sq mi) of the country.
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as roasted beans, instant coffee and decaffeinated coffee is taxed 7.5% into the EU and 10% into Japan. Exports to the United States are tariff-free.
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School, French. 1837. Coffee Plantation, from 'Bresil, Columbie Et Guyanes' by Ferdinand Denis and Cesar Famin 1837 (Engraving) (B/W Photo).
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in 1727. According to the legend, the Portuguese were looking for a cut of the coffee market, but could not obtain seeds from bordering
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341:(433,000 hectares); São Paulo (216,000 hectares); Bahia (171,000 hectares); Rondônia (95,000 hectares); and Paraná (49,000 hectares).
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Consumers' change in taste towards milder and higher quality coffee triggered a disagreement over export quotas of the
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51:. Coffee plantations, covering some 27,000 km (10,000 sq mi), are mainly located in the southeastern
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The first coffee economy in Brazil grew near São Paulo in the Santos coffee zone. North of São Paulo was the
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is a clear example of the large political influence São Paulo wielded owing to its role in the coffee trade.
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Coffee Planters, Workers and Wives: Class Conflict and Gender Relations on São Paulo Plantations, 1850–1980
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The second boom ran from the 1880s to the 1930s, corresponding to a period in Brazilian politics called
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The six Brazilian states with the largest acreage for coffee are Minas Gerais (1.22 million hectares);
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Mattoon, Robert H. (1977). "Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in São Paulo, Brazil".
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The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil: The Liberation of Africans Through the Emancipation of Capital
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The food industry in Brazil and the United States: the effects of the FTAA on trade and investment
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Mathisen, Erik (2018). "The Second Slavery, Capitalism, and Emancipation in Civil War America".
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Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India
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The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development
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1309:"Grounds For Fear Brazil's Clout Over Price of Coffee Gives Small Growers The Jitters"
378:), but virtually all coffee in Brazil is processed using the dry process (also called
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The processing industry is divided in two distinct groups, ground/roasted coffee and
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1426:"Good Fortune by the Cupful; Brazil Coffee Producers Turn to the High-End Market"
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1216:"The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry"
1070:"The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry"
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Trade and Competitiveness in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: Not as Easy as A-B-C
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Fair Trade Coffee: The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-driven Social Justice
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Topik, Steven (1999). "Where Is the Coffee? Coffee and Brazilian Identity".
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produces about a third of the world's coffee, making the country by far the
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process before the beans are sorted, graded and packed in 60 kg bags.
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Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain
1966:
1756:"Natural disasters, political turmoil reduce the world's supply of coffee"
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Courting Turmoil and Deferring Prosperity: Colombia Between 1960 and 1990
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Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World
1496:. United States Department of Agriculture. December 2009. Archived from
1390:"FUTURES/OPTIONS; Coffee Prices Slump Again; Corn and Soybeans Also Off"
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Azevedo, Paulo F. de; Chaddad, Fabio R.; Farina, Elizabeth M. (2004).
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Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History
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Immigrants on the Land: Coffee & Society in São Paulo, 1886–1934
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as the country's largest city and most important industrial center.
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where the environment and climate provide ideal growing conditions.
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still accounted for 60% of Brazil's total exports as late as 1960.
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1925:"Brazil May Become World's Biggest Coffee Consumer in Three Years"
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A young Brazilian farmer selecting the ripest coffee beans in 1961
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has declined since the 1950s due to increased global production.
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596:" (also known as "They've Got an Awful Lot of Coffee in Brazil")
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Share of major Brazilian exports of total exports 1821–1850 (%)
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Hutchinson, Lincoln (1909). "Coffee 'Valorization' in Brazil".
1789:"ANALYSIS-Coffee faces greatest Brazil frost threat since 2000"
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Alida C. Metcalf, "Coffee Workers in Brazil: A Review Essay",
2012:
The political economy of high protection in Brazil before 1987
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2123:
Belitz, H.-D.; Grosch, Werner; Schieberle, Peter (2009).
1714:"Coffee May Surge 40% on Frost After Kraft Raises Prices"
1346:"Brazil coffee chief says too much pessimism over prices"
629:" on ICO's website for a full list of frosts and droughts
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1048:
1834:
1832:
2127:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 939.
2068:
Brazil in Focus: Economic, Political and Social Issues
1660:
906:"Coffee Planters, Politics, and Development in Brazil"
773:
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2163:
Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic
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2506:Waller, J. M.; Bigger, M.; Hillocks, R. J. (2007).
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1136:/ photo by Publishers Photo Service, New York City.
2031:Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries
843:(1989) 16#3 pp 219-224, reviewing Verena Stolcke,
2489:Beverages: Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology
2392:Mulder, Nanno; Martins, Joaquim Oliveira (2004).
2049:OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Brazil 2005
1754:Roz Liston; Robert E. Sullivan (7 January 1977).
432:, can be grown for their beans, but two species,
2294:García, Jorge García; Jayasuriya, S. K. (1997).
1774:
1648:
1636:
1612:
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806:. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 198.
777:
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2317:(3rd ed.). World Trade Press. p. 22.
1370:"Brazil pours more cold water on coffee market"
1291:Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center
27:Largest national coffee production in the world
1552:"Food and Agricultural commodities production"
1056:Coffee and Transformation in São Paulo, Brazil
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3002:
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2161:Crocitti, John J.; Vallance, Monique (2012).
1989:
1987:
1787:Peter Murphy; Marcy Nicholson (3 June 2011).
1712:Isis Almeida; Debarati Royn (29 April 2011).
1027:
975:
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620:Frosts And Droughts In Coffee Areas In Brazil
8:
1942:
1885:
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2508:Coffee Pests, Diseases and Their Management
2051:. OECD Publishing. 2005. pp. 168–169.
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1289:Tania Andrade Lima, "Keeping a Tight Lid",
1138:https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91739082/
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2203:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
2146:. Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
2029:Aksoy, M. Ataman; Beghin, John C. (2004).
1687:
1407:
1405:
710:
708:
2491:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2472:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 148.
2453:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1231:
1111:"An Awful Lot of Coffee -- and Much More"
1085:
921:
4041:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
2180:Daviron, Benoit; Ponte, Stefano (2005).
2033:. World Bank Publications. p. 300.
1823:
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1336:
110:
3811:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
2411:Neilson, Jeff; Pritchard, Bill (2009).
2298:. World Bank Publications. p. 52.
991:
979:
952:
859:The Hispanic American Historical Review
738:
726:
699:
641:
611:
399:Map of Brazilian coffee growing regions
186:
4402:List of countries by coffee production
3095:List of countries by coffee production
2487:Varnam, A.; Sutherland, J. M. (1994).
2144:Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930
1889:
1862:
1850:
1811:
1675:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1220:International Review of Social History
1074:International Review of Social History
964:
648:
600:List of countries by coffee production
1956:"Statistics on coffee: Brazil (2011)"
1874:
1624:
1580:
1411:
1039:
891:
804:The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition
789:
762:
750:
714:
556:, period of Brazil's economic history
426:Several species in the coffee genus,
417:
7:
2971:
2377:. Infobase Publishing. p. 123.
2108:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 183.
1993:
1661:Belitz, Grosch & Schieberle 2009
672:
4407:List of countries by coffee exports
2451:Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Coffee
2239:Brazil: The Once and Future Country
3990:United States Barista Championship
2536:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1839:Azevedo, Chaddad & Farina 2004
1596:Waller, Bigger & Hillocks 2007
1445:Azevedo, Chaddad & Farina 2004
1424:Simon Romero (25 September 1999).
25:
2353:Interhemispheric Climate Linkages
1963:International Coffee Organization
1556:Food and Agriculture Organization
1530:International Coffee Organization
1484:"Coffee: World Markets and Trade"
1368:David Dishneau (7 October 1989).
1005:"Brazil: The High Cost of Coffee"
4311:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4261:
4089:
4088:
4075:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2570:
2010:Abreu, Marcelo de Paiva (2004).
1733:Diego Antonelli (11 July 2015).
1013:. 28 August 1964. Archived from
538:
524:
357:Coffee beans drying in the sun,
263:In the 1920s, Brazil had a near
2279:. University of Toronto Press.
1523:"World trade of soluble coffee"
2313:Herrington, Elizabeth (2008).
2260:. Cambridge University Press.
1317:. 21 July 1989. Archived from
1214:Tomich, Dale (December 2018).
1109:Rohter, Larry (22 June 1986).
1068:Tomich, Dale (December 2018).
910:Latin American Research Review
313:International Coffee Agreement
1:
3441:Single-serve coffee container
1923:Isis Almeida (6 March 2012).
208:Coffee being embarked in the
4428:Coffee production by country
1775:García & Jayasuriya 1997
1649:Varnam & Sutherland 1994
1637:Varnam & Sutherland 1994
1613:Crocitti & Vallance 2012
1492:Foreign Agricultural Service
1471:Neilson & Pritchard 2009
1151:Journal of the Civil War Era
778:Crocitti & Vallance 2012
688:Crocitti & Vallance 2012
2434:. Basic Books. p. 16.
2258:A Concise History of Brazil
2237:Eakin, Marshall C. (1998).
500:Bags of coffee in São Paulo
4449:
3995:World Barista Championship
3421:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
2449:Souza, Ricardo M. (2008).
2430:Pendergrast, Mark (2010).
2332:Levine, Robert M. (2003).
904:Font, Mauricio A. (1987).
575:Economic history of Brazil
468:
78:
4256:
4069:
2956:
2375:A Brief History of Brazil
2184:. Zed Books. p. 74.
2014:. BID-INTAL. p. 10.
1494:Office of Global Analysis
1293:(2011) 34#1-2, pp 193-215
1233:10.1017/S0020859018000536
1087:10.1017/S0020859018000536
1028:Mulder & Martins 2004
923:10.1017/S0023879100037018
570:Coffee with milk politics
471:East German coffee crisis
465:Coffee prices 1973 - 2022
183:
3047:International Coffee Day
2850:Automobiles manufactured
2468:Talbot, John M. (2004).
2355:. Elsevier. p. 45.
2142:Bethell, Leslie (1989).
1943:Daviron & Ponte 2005
802:Hoffmann, James (2018).
333:Biggest coffee producers
49:world's largest producer
3841:Historical coffeehouses
2908:Federative units by HDI
2903:Federative units by GDP
2351:Markgraf, Vera (2001).
2275:Fridell, Gavin (2007).
2165:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2104:Baronov, David (2000).
2066:Almeida, Jorge (2008).
1700:Aksoy & Beghin 2004
625:14 January 2013 at the
584:, Brazilian plantations
38:Santo Antônio do Amparo
36:A coffee plantation in
4381:United States (Hawaii)
4051:Coffee vending machine
3275:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
2948:Central Bank of Brazil
2336:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2256:Fausto, Boris (1999).
2241:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1458:"Government of Brazil"
501:
466:
423:
362:
299:
213:
96:
89:Japanese workers on a
81:Brazilian coffee cycle
41:
4433:Agriculture in Brazil
3856:Viennese coffee house
3387:Karlsbad coffee maker
2334:The History of Brazil
2218:Dicks, Brian (2005).
2199:Dean, Warren (2002).
1375:Associated Press News
1351:Associated Press News
1257:Luso-Brazilian Review
1163:10.1353/cwe.2018.0074
565:Agriculture in Brazil
499:
464:
398:
356:
297:
207:
88:
79:Further information:
35:
4016:Coffee and doughnuts
3619:Indian filter coffee
3052:Single-origin coffee
2579:at Wikimedia Commons
2510:. CABI. p. 22.
1735:"O dia antes do fim"
826:Thomas H. Holloway,
231:Zona da Mata Mineira
4056:Used coffee grounds
2845:Automotive industry
2675:Stabilization plans
2070:. Nova Publishers.
1017:on 29 October 2008.
480:Processing industry
457:Black frost of 1975
307:1990s deregulations
201:in Brazil in 1888.
113:
4170:Dominican Republic
4061:Sustainable coffee
3758:Organization lists
3719:Rüdesheimer Kaffee
3499:Café com cheirinho
3088:Sustainable coffee
3083:Shade-grown coffee
2882:Telecommunications
2222:. Evans Brothers.
1532:. 28 February 2013
1431:The New York Times
1395:The New York Times
1115:The New York Times
1054:Mauricio A. Font,
967:, pp. 160–161
502:
467:
424:
363:
300:
247:The February 1906
214:
111:
97:
42:
4415:
4414:
4279:Other cultivators
4138:Coffee production
4104:
4103:
4082:Coffee portal
4000:World Brewers Cup
3624:Ipoh white coffee
3105:Coffee wastewater
3073:Coffee production
3057:Third-wave coffee
2984:
2983:
2938:Brazilian disease
2853:
2840:Creative industry
2795:
2759:Cingapura project
2680:2007–10 recession
2660:Brazilian Miracle
2614:Economy of Brazil
2575:Media related to
2517:978-1-84593-209-1
2498:978-0-8342-1310-4
2479:978-0-7425-2629-7
2460:978-1-4020-8720-2
2441:978-0-465-02404-9
2422:978-1-4443-0873-0
2403:978-92-64-10871-4
2384:978-0-8160-7788-5
2362:978-0-08-052566-2
2343:978-1-4039-6255-3
2324:978-1-60780-013-2
2305:978-0-8213-2656-5
2286:978-0-8020-9238-0
2267:978-0-521-56526-4
2248:978-0-312-21445-6
2229:978-0-237-52804-1
2210:978-0-521-52692-0
2191:978-1-84277-457-1
2172:978-0-313-34672-9
2153:978-0-521-36837-7
2134:978-3-540-69933-0
2115:978-0-313-31242-7
2096:978-950-738-173-7
2077:978-1-60456-165-4
2058:978-92-64-01255-4
2040:978-0-8213-8349-0
2021:978-950-738-181-2
1398:. 7 October 1989.
1190:Project MUSE
813:978-1-78472-429-0
421:
249:Taubaté Agreement
212:, São Paulo, 1880
194:
193:
190:
16:(Redirected from
4440:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4225:Papua New Guinea
4148:producers (2014)
4131:
4124:
4117:
4108:
4095:Category: Coffee
4092:
4091:
4080:
4079:
4031:Coffee leaf rust
3904:Dandelion coffee
3770:Coffee companies
3609:Gassosa al caffè
3377:Espresso machine
3011:
3004:
2997:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2847:
2789:
2782:Renewable energy
2733:Animal husbandry
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2577:Coffee in Brazil
2574:
2559:
2521:
2502:
2483:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2371:Meade, Teresa A.
2366:
2347:
2328:
2309:
2290:
2271:
2252:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2081:
2062:
2044:
2025:
1997:
1996:, pp. 168–9
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1972:on 16 March 2013
1971:
1965:. Archived from
1960:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1801:on 5 March 2016.
1797:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1703:
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1610:
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1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:, pp. 31–32
1442:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1354:. 21 April 1987.
1342:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1305:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
943:
925:
901:
895:
889:
883:
882:
854:
848:
837:
831:
824:
818:
817:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
766:
765:, pp. 33–34
760:
754:
748:
742:
741:, pp. 85–86
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
703:
697:
691:
685:
676:
670:
664:
661:Pendergrast 2010
658:
652:
646:
630:
616:
548:
543:
542:
541:
534:
529:
528:
453:on the market.
415:
413:
411:
407:
405:
258:Great Depression
224:coffee with milk
184:
114:
95:(farm), c. 1930.
21:
18:Brazilian coffee
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4390:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4105:
4100:
4074:
4065:
4004:
3978:
3933:Serving vessels
3928:
3860:
3779:
3753:
3659:Latte macchiato
3529:Caffè macchiato
3445:
3284:
3243:
3128:
3119:
3100:Coffee roasting
3061:
3020:
3015:
2985:
2980:
2952:
2886:
2823:
2768:
2737:
2689:
2616:
2611:
2567:
2562:
2548:10.2307/1884777
2533:
2529:
2527:Further reading
2524:
2518:
2505:
2499:
2486:
2480:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2442:
2429:
2423:
2410:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2315:Passport Brazil
2312:
2306:
2293:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2217:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2028:
2022:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1922:
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1917:
1907:
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1901:
1900:
1896:
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1873:
1869:
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1845:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:The Bryan Times
1753:
1752:
1748:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1688:Herrington 2008
1686:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
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1558:
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1521:
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1506:
1504:
1503:on 5 March 2010
1500:
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1387:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1321:on 30 June 2013
1314:Chicago Tribune
1307:
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978:
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959:
951:
947:
903:
902:
898:
890:
886:
871:10.2307/2513775
856:
855:
851:
841:Peasant Studies
838:
834:
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821:
814:
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679:
671:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
639:
634:
633:
627:Wayback Machine
617:
613:
608:
594:The Coffee Song
544:
539:
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530:
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511:
494:
482:
473:
459:
446:
422:
414:
409:
408:
403:
402:
400:
393:
368:
335:
330:
322:scale economies
309:
274:
83:
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4446:
4444:
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4293:
4288:
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4276:
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4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Coffee service
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
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3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Coffee cupping
3823:
3821:Coffee culture
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:Bikini barista
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:Wiener Melange
3741:
3736:
3731:
3729:Turkish coffee
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Liqueur coffee
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Kurdish coffee
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Dalgona coffee
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Coffee cabinet
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:Caffè corretto
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Café con leche
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Turkish coffee
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3399:Instant coffee
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
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3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
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3257:
3251:
3249:
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3206:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3134:
3132:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:Decaffeination
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Organic coffee
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
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3016:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2982:
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2978:
2968:
2957:
2954:
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2923:Infrastructure
2920:
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2894:
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2756:
2754:Auxílio Brasil
2751:
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2125:Food Chemistry
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1460:. 25 May 2023.
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361:, Minas Gerais
359:Alto Jequitibá
347:arabica coffee
339:Espírito Santo
334:
331:
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308:
305:
289:sugar industry
278:Paraíba Valley
273:
272:Historiography
270:
260:in the 1930s.
253:Overproduction
241:Rio de Janeiro
219:café com leite
210:Port of Santos
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40:, Minas Gerais
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4046:Canned coffee
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3894:Cereal coffee
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3874:Barley coffee
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3801:Caffè sospeso
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3589:Frappé coffee
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3489:Cà phê sữa đá
3487:
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3484:Black Russian
3482:
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3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Beaten coffee
3467:
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3460:
3457:
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3454:
3452:
3451:Coffee drinks
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3313:Brewed coffee
3311:
3309:
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3303:Arabic coffee
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3150:Blue Mountain
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3115:Home roasting
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2828:Other sectors
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2749:Bolsa Família
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2655:Plano Trienal
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2250:
2244:
2240:
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2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:. BID-INTAL.
2088:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1892:, p. 324
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:, p. 141
1864:
1859:
1856:
1853:, p. 150
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:Markgraf 2001
1820:
1817:
1814:, p. 121
1813:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
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1783:
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1741:
1736:
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1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:Bloomberg L.P
1715:
1708:
1705:
1702:, p. 300
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:, p. 939
1662:
1657:
1654:
1651:, p. 214
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:, p. 212
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:, p. 225
1582:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1473:, p. 102
1472:
1467:
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1446:
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1433:
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1243:
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1234:
1229:
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1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
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1188:
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1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:, p. 216
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:, p. 180
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
997:
994:, p. 119
993:
988:
985:
982:, p. 121
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
961:
958:
955:, p. 118
954:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
894:, p. 218
893:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
850:
846:
842:
836:
833:
829:
823:
820:
815:
809:
805:
798:
795:
792:, p. 123
791:
786:
783:
780:, p. 238
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
735:
732:
728:
723:
720:
717:, p. 214
716:
711:
709:
705:
702:, p. 183
701:
696:
693:
690:, p. 237
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
666:
662:
657:
654:
651:, p. 103
650:
645:
642:
636:
628:
624:
621:
615:
612:
605:
601:
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589:
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576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
546:Brazil portal
536:
533:
532:Coffee portal
527:
522:
517:
515:
508:
506:
498:
491:
489:
487:
479:
477:
472:
463:
456:
454:
452:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:
420:, p. 226
419:
412: Robusta
406: Arabica
397:
390:
388:
386:
381:
377:
376:washed coffee
371:
365:
360:
355:
351:
348:
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340:
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327:
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304:
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109:
106:
105:French Guiana
102:
94:
93:
87:
82:
74:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4154:
4087:
4073:
3983:Competitions
3969:Tasse à café
3806:Coffee break
3775:Coffeehouses
3765:Bakery cafés
3734:White coffee
3724:Tenom coffee
3629:Irish coffee
3509:Café de olla
3494:Café au lait
3436:Vacuum maker
3404:Coffee syrup
3394:French press
3260:Caffeic acid
3229:
3222:
3208:
3203:Charrieriana
3201:
3137:
2787:Ethanol fuel
2722:
2670:Plano Collor
2665:Samba effect
2650:Rubber cycle
2635:Coffee cycle
2539:
2535:
2507:
2488:
2469:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2393:
2374:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2143:
2124:
2105:
2086:
2067:
2048:
2030:
2011:
2003:Bibliography
1974:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1950:
1945:, p. 74
1938:
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1877:, p. 10
1870:
1858:
1846:
1841:, p. 31
1826:, p. 45
1819:
1807:
1799:the original
1792:
1782:
1777:, p. 52
1770:
1759:
1749:
1738:
1728:
1717:
1707:
1695:
1690:, p. 22
1683:
1678:, p. 68
1656:
1644:
1632:
1627:, p. 13
1620:
1615:, p. 22
1598:, p. 22
1559:. Retrieved
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1498:the original
1490:
1478:
1466:
1452:
1440:
1429:
1419:
1414:, p. 32
1393:
1384:
1373:
1349:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1312:
1290:
1285:
1263:(2): 87–92.
1260:
1256:
1250:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1055:
1035:
1023:
1015:the original
1008:
999:
992:Fridell 2007
987:
980:Fridell 2007
960:
953:Fridell 2007
948:
916:(3): 69–90.
913:
909:
899:
887:
862:
858:
852:
844:
840:
835:
827:
822:
803:
797:
785:
758:
753:, p. 33
746:
739:Bethell 1989
734:
729:, p. 85
727:Bethell 1989
722:
700:Baronov 2000
695:
675:, p. 23
668:
663:, p. 16
656:
644:
614:
579:
554:Coffee cycle
512:
503:
483:
474:
447:
427:
425:
372:
369:
343:
336:
310:
301:
286:
282:
275:
262:
245:
228:
217:
215:
195:
189:, p. 86
187:Bethell 1989
98:
90:
69:
57:Minas Gerais
43:
29:
4371:Puerto Rico
4366:Philippines
4210:Ivory Coast
4180:El Salvador
4036:Coffee wars
3866:Substitutes
3836:Coffeehouse
3649:Kopi tubruk
3614:Iced coffee
3594:Frappuccino
3564:Café Cubano
3554:Coffee milk
3534:Caffè mocha
3524:Caffè crema
3382:French drip
3350:Drip coffee
3333:Coffeemaker
3290:Preparation
3270:Coffee bean
3175:Maracaturra
2928:Brazil Cost
2804:Solar power
2799:Electricity
2695:Agriculture
2685:2014 crisis
1890:Fausto 1999
1863:Talbot 2004
1851:Talbot 2004
1812:Talbot 2004
1676:Talbot 2004
965:Fausto 1999
649:Fausto 1999
588:Casa-grande
560:Coffee King
366:Cultivation
318:regulations
4422:Categories
4351:Martinique
4321:Guadeloupe
4316:East Timor
4165:Costa Rica
4021:Coffee bag
3940:Coffee cup
3879:Barley tea
3704:Raf coffee
3684:Marocchino
3674:Long black
3644:Kopi luwak
3584:Flat white
3574:Egg coffee
3539:Cappuccino
3514:Café Touba
3426:Percolator
3328:Chorreador
3248:Components
3180:Maragogipe
3066:Production
3037:Fair trade
2918:Corruption
2857:Healthcare
2819:Eletrobras
2728:Irrigation
2630:Gold cycle
1875:Abreu 2004
1625:Souza 2008
1581:Souza 2008
1412:Dicks 2005
1201:2124702232
1187:A560414908
1040:Eakin 1998
892:Eakin 1998
790:Meade 2010
763:Eakin 1998
751:Eakin 1998
715:Eakin 1998
637:References
469:See also:
451:volatility
418:Souza 2008
328:Production
167:1841–1850
150:1831–1840
133:1821–1830
4386:Venezuela
4376:Sri Lanka
4220:Nicaragua
4205:Indonesia
4190:Guatemala
4140:by region
3957:Demitasse
3884:Barleycup
3851:Latte art
3846:Kopi tiam
3816:CoffeeCon
3784:Lifestyle
3749:Yuenyeung
3714:Ristretto
3544:Carajillo
3464:Americano
3370:ristretto
3338:Cold brew
3298:AeroPress
3155:Bonifieur
3130:varieties
3032:Economics
2913:Companies
2877:Transport
2814:Petrobras
2764:Fome Zero
2415:. Wiley.
1994:OECD 2005
1908:16 August
1179:158653692
940:156421194
673:Dean 2002
236:São Paulo
199:abolished
61:São Paulo
4361:Paraguay
4301:Cameroon
4240:Thailand
4235:Tanzania
4195:Honduras
4185:Ethiopia
4160:Colombia
3914:Maya nut
3689:Mazagran
3579:Espresso
3459:Affogato
3416:Moka pot
3411:Knockbox
3355:Espresso
3265:Caffeine
3255:Cafestol
3224:Racemosa
3210:Liberica
2966:Category
2835:Industry
2396:. OECD.
2373:(2010).
1976:23 April
1561:28 April
1536:29 April
1507:26 March
1325:25 April
1277:22010304
1242:59403091
1197:ProQuest
1171:26520991
1096:59403091
623:Archived
518:See also
416:Source:
380:unwashed
320:favored
265:monopoly
185:Source:
4336:Jamaica
4291:Bolivia
4250:Vietnam
4175:Ecuador
4146:Top 20
3899:Chicory
3791:Barista
3709:Red eye
3694:Moretta
3559:Cortado
3479:Bicerin
3280:Kahweol
3231:Robusta
3185:Molokai
3160:Bourbon
3145:Benguet
3139:Arabica
3125:Species
3042:History
2976:Commons
2872:Tourism
2867:Exports
2792:History
2742:Welfare
2645:Fazenda
2622:History
2556:1884777
1794:Reuters
1269:3513657
932:2503402
879:2513775
581:Fazenda
509:Tariffs
438:robusta
434:arabica
391:Species
385:hulling
128:Others
125:Coffee
122:Cotton
92:fazenda
75:History
4356:Panama
4286:Angola
4245:Uganda
4215:Mexico
4155:Brazil
4093:
3945:sleeve
3919:Postum
3699:Oliang
3604:Garoto
3360:doppio
3318:Chemex
3308:Jebena
3216:Barako
3195:Sagada
3165:Geisha
3025:Topics
3018:Coffee
2943:Camelô
2862:Mining
2774:Energy
2723:Coffee
2713:Orange
2708:Banana
2640:Empire
2554:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2359:
2340:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2245:
2226:
2220:Brazil
2207:
2188:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2112:
2093:
2074:
2055:
2037:
2018:
1275:
1267:
1240:
1199:
1194:710504
1192:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1094:
1058:(2012)
938:
930:
877:
847:(1988)
830:(1980)
810:
492:Export
429:Coffea
410:
404:
119:Sugar
65:Paraná
53:states
45:Brazil
4395:Lists
4341:Kenya
4331:Haiti
4296:China
4200:India
4009:Misc.
3962:spoon
3952:Cezve
3924:Qishr
3679:Lungo
3664:Latte
3634:Karsk
3599:Galão
3365:lungo
3343:nitro
3323:Cezve
2891:Misc.
2552:JSTOR
1970:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1265:JSTOR
1238:S2CID
1175:S2CID
1167:JSTOR
1092:S2CID
936:S2CID
928:JSTOR
875:JSTOR
618:See "
606:Notes
444:Frost
179:24.4
176:41.4
170:26.7
162:21.4
159:43.8
156:10.8
153:24.0
145:30.9
142:18.4
139:20.6
136:30.1
4346:Laos
4326:Guam
4306:Cuba
4230:Peru
3974:Zarf
3909:Inka
3889:Caro
3639:Kopi
3474:Bica
3237:Sulu
3190:S795
3170:Kona
3127:and
2898:Real
2809:Vale
2718:Beer
2703:Wine
2512:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1978:2013
1910:2017
1563:2013
1538:2013
1509:2010
1327:2013
1273:PMID
1183:Gale
1010:Time
808:ISBN
436:and
229:The
173:7.5
101:Pará
63:and
2544:doi
1228:doi
1159:doi
1082:doi
918:doi
867:doi
55:of
4424::
2933:B3
2550:.
2540:23
2538:.
1986:^
1961:.
1927:.
1882:^
1831:^
1791:.
1758:.
1737:.
1716:.
1668:^
1603:^
1588:^
1571:^
1554:.
1528:.
1489:.
1428:.
1404:^
1392:.
1372:.
1360:^
1348:.
1335:^
1311:.
1298:^
1271:.
1261:36
1259:.
1236:.
1224:63
1222:.
1218:.
1181:.
1173:.
1165:.
1153:.
1113:.
1090:.
1078:63
1076:.
1072:.
1047:^
1007:.
972:^
934:.
926:.
914:22
912:.
908:.
873:.
863:57
861:.
770:^
707:^
680:^
222:("
59:,
4130:e
4123:t
4116:v
3010:e
3003:t
2996:v
2852:)
2848:(
2794:)
2790:(
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2558:.
2546::
2520:.
2501:.
2482:.
2463:.
2444:.
2425:.
2406:.
2387:.
2365:.
2346:.
2327:.
2308:.
2289:.
2270:.
2251:.
2232:.
2213:.
2194:.
2175:.
2156:.
2137:.
2118:.
2099:.
2080:.
2061:.
2043:.
2024:.
1980:.
1912:.
1764:.
1743:.
1722:.
1565:.
1540:.
1511:.
1434:.
1378:.
1329:.
1279:.
1244:.
1230::
1203:.
1161::
1155:8
1117:.
1098:.
1084::
942:.
920::
881:.
869::
816:.
592:"
20:)
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