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159:. Due to the expansion of demand and the dynamics of supply, the international price of coffee doubled between 1885 and 1890, further stimulating the expansion of coffee plantations. The large expansion of production and other activities related to coffee, on the one hand, brought some wealth and progress to the country, but, on the other hand, resulted in overproduction which caused the fall of prices. Initially, the effects of this fall were mitigated by the devaluation of the Brazilian currency.
167:, which particularly affected the United States, the main buyer of Brazilian coffee, the price of coffee fell significantly. Brazilian intervention in the international level of coffee prices was only possible thanks to its dominance in international production, as the country controlled alone three quarters of the entire world supply.
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The agreement established minimum prices for the purchase of surplus coffee production by governments, that the export of inferior types of coffee was to be discouraged, the improvement of the advertising of
Brazilian coffee abroad, the stimulation of domestic consumption and the restrictment of the
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Also according to Celso
Furtado, the biggest flaw of this policy of artificial valorization of coffee was that the government did not encourage the diversification of Brazilian exports, through subsidies, in order to alleviate the pressure of domestic supply on the trend of falling prices observed.
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As a result, coffee prices were kept artificially high, guaranteeing coffee growers' profits. These, instead of reducing coffee production, continued to produce it on a large scale, forcing the government to contract more loans to continue acquiring the surpluses. The State acquired the product for
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In 1886, a period defined by an expressive increase in coffee prices began. The beginning of this cycle was marked by other movements that occurred at the same time: there was a strong growth in foreign demand, while the supply grew at an increasing yet irregular rhythm due to climatic conditions,
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the overproduction crisis began to take shape. Coffee prices on the international market dropped significantly, prompting the mobilization of planters, who came together to create a strategy that would keep the price of the product valued in times of crisis.
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in 1929. The Taubaté Agreement was used to enrich coffee owners, who invested in the industrialization of São Paulo, since the production had guaranteed sales. With the impossibility of paying the debts that the São Paulo government contracted abroad after the 1929 crisis,
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in order to stabilize the exchange rate, and thus, the income of coffee growers in domestic currency. The agreement started the first coffee price defense operation, which was made up of a policy of valuing the product and another of stabilizing the exchange rate.
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However, he himself agrees that such governmental action would be very difficult because it did not correspond to the prevailing political interests at the time, linked to the export of coffee. The Taubaté Agreement only helped to postpone the imminent end of the
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saw an accentuated development of coffee growing in the so-called "Oeste
Paulista" (Western São Paulo), up until that point an almost deserted region and whose vacant lands were quickly invaded by the new culture. The inauguration of railroads such as the
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In
February 1906, the governors of the states of Minas Gerais (Francisco Antônio de Sales), São Paulo (Jorge Tibiriçá Piratininga) and Rio de Janeiro (Nilo Procópio Peçanha, later replaced by Alfredo Backer), met in
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Earlier proposals for federal intervention in the coffee market had already been made, notably by
Alessandro Vincenzo Siciliano, an Italian-born Brazilian coffee grower and industrialist, in 1903. However, president
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In order to solve the problem of excess production in the medium and long term, the governors of coffee producing states would adopt measures aimed at discouraging the expansion of crops by coffee growers.
69:), the main producers of coffee in Brazil. Foreseeing the harvest of a record crop, the agreement was signed in order to artificially maintain the high prices of coffee. Based on the principles of the
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the more or less appropriate treatment given to the plantantions and the fact that periods of great production were followed by a transitional period of plant exhaustion, which largely stimulated
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resale in more favorable moments until 1924, the year in which the Coffee
Institute of São Paulo was created, from when the intervention started to take place indirectly.
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expansion of coffee crops. Purchases would be financed by issues backed by external loans. In addition, the federal government was committed to the creation of the
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and as a result, on the ninth day of that month, signed an agreement that laid the foundations for a joint policy to value coffee, subject to approval by the
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In order to establish a balance between supply and demand, the federal government would intervene in the market, buying surpluses from coffee growers;
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in Rio de
Janeiro and São Paulo. Continuing its ascending march, there was an expansion of coffee production in the province of Minas Gerais (
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was reluctant to intervene, due to his liberal and austerity policies. The coffee valorization policy was then carried out by his successor,
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and the south of the province), at the same time that production was consolidated in the interior of São Paulo. The last 20 years of the
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The amortization and interest on these loans would be effected through a new tax levied in gold on each sack of coffee exported;
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Coffee production in Brazil was established in the 1820s. Initially, coffee plantations spread through the fertile
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The surpluses acquisitions would be financed through the use of capital obtained from loans abroad;
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at the end of the 19th century, largely contributed to the expansion of the coffee economy.
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was agreed for the benefit of the coffee growers in certain regions of the country.
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Illustrative map of the distribution of coffee in the state of São Paulo in 1901
361:"A política econômica e o Convênio de Taubaté na economia cafeeira (1889-1906)"
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The international demand for coffee grew 3.1% a year from 1882 to 1905.
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434:(in Portuguese) (32 ed.). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
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246:' government assumed all debts by nationalizing them in 1930.
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magazine satirizing the Taubaté Agreement, 3 March 1906
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476:History of Rio de Janeiro (state)
446:Taubaté Agreement - Wikisource
53:(Francisco Antônio de Sales),
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481:History of São Paulo (state)
428:Formação Econômica do Brasil
204:Formação Econômica do Brasil
82:Federal government of Brazil
261:Coffee production in Brazil
131:in 1867, which crossed the
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461:Economic history of Brazil
359:Ribeiro, Fernando (2011).
141:immigration wave to Brazil
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327:Atlas Histórico do Brasil
266:Coffee with milk politics
182:President of the Republic
129:São Paulo Railway Company
80:, an intervention by the
466:First Brazilian Republic
47:First Brazilian Republic
471:History of Minas Gerais
425:Furtado, Celso (2005).
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323:"Convênio de Taubaté"
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43:Convênio de Taubaté
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371:(1): 75–93.
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292:References
163:Since the
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104:Background
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55:São Paulo
333:2 August
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178:Taubaté
26:O Malho
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