184:. The yellow rims result from selective leaching of silver from the surface of gold particle during river transport or during supergene (in-situ) processes. Electrum is inconsistent with an alluvial origin. The mineralogy gave no indication that it was alluvial gold and was consistent with the assumed origin of the samples. None of the mineralogists who studied the gold grains gave any indication that the gold was not consistent with a hard rock origin. The salting of crushed core samples with gold constitutes the most elaborate fraud in the history of mining. In 1997, Bre-X collapsed and its shares became worthless in one of the biggest stock scandals in Canadian history, and the biggest mining scandal of all time.
317:, a prospective partner in developing Busang, announced that its own due-diligence core samples, led by Australian geologist Colin Jones, showed "insignificant amounts of gold". A frenzied sell-off of shares ensued and Suharto postponed signing the mining deal. Bre-X demanded more reviews and commissioned a review of the test drilling. Results were not favorable to them, and on April 1, 1997, Bre-X refused to comment. Canadian gold analyst Egizio Bianchini, of BMO Nesbitt Burns, considered the rumors "preposterous". An independent company,
310:, a body had gone missing from the morgue of the town from which the helicopter flew. The remains of "de Guzman" were found only 400 metres from a logging road. No one saw the body except another Filipino geologist who claimed it was de Guzman. And one of the five women who considered themselves to be his wife was receiving monetary payments from somebody long after the supposed death of de Guzman.
398:. No other member of Bre-X's board of directors or others associated with the Busang project were charged by the OSC. The OSC admitted that there was no evidence that Felderhof was either involved in the fraud or was aware of the fraud. The trial was suspended in April 2001 when the OSC tried to have presiding judge Justice
383:(RCMP) announced it was ending its investigation without laying criminal charges against anyone. Critics charged that the RCMP was underfunded and understaffed to handle complex criminal fraud cases, and also charged that Canadian laws in this area were inadequate. However, despite the dropping of criminal charges, civil
405:
The trial resumed in 2005. Felderhof attended a number of the Court hearings as the six-year case made its way through the system. The basis of the OSC action as well as the civil class-action suits was the alleged existence of numerous and obvious "red flags", as detailed by
Strathcona Minerals,
325:. The lab's tests showed that gold in one hole had been shaved off gold jewellery though it has never been proved at what stage it had been added to those samples. This gold also occurred in quantities that did not support the original assays. Trading in Bre-X was soon suspended on the
375:
in 1998, still professing his innocence. Two masked gunmen broke into his home in Nassau, tying him up, and threatened to shoot him unless he turned over all his money. The incident ended peacefully but three weeks later, on June 4, 1998, Walsh died of a brain aneurysm.
538:, a dramatization derived from the Bre-X story, was released world-wide on January 27, 2017. For legal reasons, and to enhance the appeal of the film to American audiences, the film's producers denied that the film was in any way connected to the Canadian Bre-X story.
175:. Encouraging gold values were intersected in many drill-holes and the project received a positive technical assessment by Kilborn. Crushed core samples that had been subjected to mineralogical examination by Bre-X's consultants turned out to have been falsified by
203:
founded Bre-X Minerals Ltd. in 1989 as a subsidiary of Bresea
Resources Ltd. The company did not make a significant profit before 1993, when Walsh followed the advice of geologist John Felderhof and bought a property in the middle of a jungle near the
409:
Begun in 2001, the trial of
Felderhof was concluded on July 31, 2007, with a not-guilty verdict of insider trading. Days after the verdict, the OSC also decided not to appeal the decision, a victory for Felderhof and his lawyer, Toronto-based
179:
with gold. In fact in an old report, found in Bre-X files, a mineralogist had reported that some gold particles in Busang samples had the darker yellow skin compared to the interior and some had delicate morphologies composed of
226:
The estimate of the site's worth increased over time; in 1995 it was 30 million ounces (850 metric tons); in 1996, 60 million (1,700 metric tons); finally, in 1997, 70 million ounces. The stock was originally listed on the
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in
Indonesia. A body was found four days later in the jungle, missing the hands and feet, "surgically removed". In addition, the body was reportedly mostly eaten by animals. According to journalist
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also got involved. Stating that a small company like Bre-X could not exploit the site by itself, the
Indonesians initially suggested that Bre-X share the site with the large Canadian mining firm
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950:
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would run the mine, and Hasan would get a cut as well. Bre-X would have the land rights for 30 years. The deal was announced
February 17, 1997 and Freeport-McMoRan began their initial
1371:
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121:. Bre-X bought the Busang site in March 1993 and in October 1995 announced significant amounts of gold had been discovered, sending its stock price soaring. Originally a
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removed for alleged bias against the prosecution. This was denied by an independent judge, and on
December 10, 2003, the appeal was also denied by a panel of judges.
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By May, Bre-X faced a number of lawsuits and angry investors who had lost billions. Among the major losers were three
Canadian public sector organizations: The
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The fraud began to unravel rapidly beginning on March 19, 1997, when Bre-X geologist
Michael de Guzman reportedly died of suicide by jumping from a
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133:(TSE), with a total capitalization of over CAD $ 6 billion. Bre-X Minerals collapsed in 1997 after the gold samples were found to be fraudulent.
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414:. A class-action lawsuit was discontinued by court order in early 2014; $ 3.5 million (CAN) damages were donated to charity and the
321:, was brought in to make its own analysis. They published their results on May 4, 1997: the Busang ore samples had been salted with
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Reprint of Jungle Fever, Richard Behar's on-the-ground reportage of the Bre-X scandal, first published in
Fortune Magazine
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148:(6,900 short tons; 6,200 t) were never made by Bre-X though the property was described as having this potential by
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357:($ 100 million). There was fallout in the Canadian financial sector also; the fraud proved a major embarrassment for
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Busang's gold resource was estimated by Bre-X's independent consulting company, Kilborn Engineering (a division of
428:
was created in the wake of the Bre-X fraud to protect investors from unsubstantiated mineral project disclosures.
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The Bre-X mining fraud convinced Canadians to regulate professional geology in Canada. The Securities regulation
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365:(resulting in his ousting by 1999), and began a tumultuous realignment of the Canadian stock exchanges.
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Bre-X declared bankruptcy on November 5, 1997 although some of its subsidiaries continued until 2003.
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since funds were deemed too low to be meaningfully distributed among the large number of plaintiffs.
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755:"1996-12-16, Dow Jones International News as cited in R. v. Felderhof, 2007 ONCJ 345 (CanLII)"
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286:, another Suharto acquaintance, negotiated a deal whereby Bre-X would have a 45% share,
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1187:"Bre-X investment scandal hits the big screen in 'Gold' starring Matthew McConaughey"
421:
Felderhof passed away on October 28, 2019, in Manila, Philippines, at the age of 79.
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144:(2,400 short tons; 2,200 t). Reports of resource estimates of up to 200,000,000
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159:, Bre-X's vice-president for Exploration, in an interview with Richard Behar of
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suits against Bre-X directors, advising financial firms and Kilborn continued.
876:"Really bad investment advice – Why do analysts so often get things so wrong?"
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Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics
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Bre-X: gold today, gone tomorrow : anatomy of the Busang swindle
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236:
83:
62:
35:
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CBC Digital Archives - Stranger than Fiction: The Bre-X Gold Scandal
1279:: The movie about the Bre-X mining scandal that 'isn't about Bre-X'"
191:
172:
1305:"'They couldn't believe it was true:' Bre-X's Hollywood makeover"
1372:
September 17, 2007: Bre-X geologist says mine might contain gold
672:
Mineral Resources: From Exploration to Sustainability Assessment
361:, the head of Barrick Gold, as well as for the then-head of the
353:, the Quebec Public Sector Pension fund ($ 70 million), and the
322:
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280 per share by 1997 (split adjusted) and at its peak it had a
99:
20:
770:"Remembering Bre-X: Suicide and the gold 'find of the century'"
252:
223:
Michael de Guzman) was approximately 2 million troy ounces.
1362:
Ontario Securities Commission News Release February 9, 2006
1249:
Keeps Awards Window But Moves Wide Release To January 27"
216:. The first estimate of the site by its project manager (
1342:
645:"Great frauds in history: the Bre-X gold-mining scandal"
1418:
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 2003
98:
scandal when it reported it was sitting on an enormous
516:
by John McBeth, Talisman Publishing, Singapore, 2011.
999:
997:
1428:
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1989
480:
by Kerry B. Collison — a fictionalised account
255:
4.4 billion, equivalent to US$ 8.4 billion in 2023.
450:
by Brian Hutchinson (pub. by Alfred A. Knopf, 1998)
313:A week later, on March 26, 1997, the American firm
69:
57:
49:
41:
31:
1448:Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada
1130:
1105:Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime
1133:Fools' Gold: The Making of a Global Market Fraud
1078:The Impact of the Geological Sciences on Society
806:
804:
510:by Diane Francis (pub by Key Porter Books, 1997)
498:by Anna Tsing (2005, Princeton University Press)
448:Fool's Gold: The Making of a Global Market Fraud
1081:. Geological Society of America. pp. 16–.
556:"Long-awaited Bre-X court decision due Tuesday"
502:Fever: The Dark Mystery of the Bre-X Gold Rush
171:Bre-X's gold resource at Busang was a massive
831:"The $ 6 Billion Gold Mine That Wasn't There"
575:"The $ 6 Billion Gold Mine That Wasn't There"
266:, but the Indonesian government of President
140:of Montreal), to be approximately 71,000,000
129:$ 286.50 (split adjusted) in May 1996 on the
8:
1333:Official website post scandal & Film Use
696:John Minkes; Leonard Minkes (24 June 2008).
605:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–.
347:Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement Board
26:
1033:"After 17 years, Bre-X case finally closes"
857:"A Lode of Lies: How Bre-X Fooled Everyone"
669:Manuel Bustillo Revuelta (23 August 2017).
723:A Lode of Lies: How Bre-X Fooled Everyone
25:
1433:Canadian companies disestablished in 2003
274:, in association with Suharto's daughter
231:in 1989, and subsequently in 1996 on the
1075:Marion E. Bickford (24 September 2013).
258:Some other mineral companies, including
1243:Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 21, 2016).
547:
1004:Vivian Danielson; James Whyte (1997).
351:Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec
573:Grundhauser, Eric (August 21, 2015).
486:by Phillip Hellman, Parts 1 & 2,
454:Bre-X: sebungkah emas di kaki pelangi
7:
1158:Kerry B. Collison (1 January 2002).
829:Grundhauser, Eric (21 August 2015).
627:"Bre-X court battles come to an end"
602:Ethics and Business: An Introduction
440:by Douglas Goold and Andrew Willis,
282:to handle their side of the affair.
125:, its stock price reached a peak at
874:Kirby, Jason (September 13, 2011).
702:. SAGE Publications. pp. 45–.
514:Reporter. Forty Years Covering Asia
474:by James Whyte and Vivian Danielson
406:which should have been recognized.
16:Canadian mining company (1989–2003)
1393:Defunct mining companies of Canada
931:Waldie, Paul (November 24, 2006).
855:Schneider, Howard (May 18, 1997).
288:Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold
14:
1443:2003 disestablishments in Alberta
1217:Stakes Out Christmas Day Release"
812:"The World's Biggest Mining Scam"
90:, a major part of Bre-X based in
1211:Hipes, Patrick (July 21, 2016).
768:Goold, Douglas (June 24, 2014).
743:. Economist Newspaper Ltd. 2007.
699:Corporate and White Collar Crime
560:National Post and Calgary Herald
472:Bre-X: Gold Today, Gone Tomorrow
1377:The Six Bilion Dollar Gold Scam
1129:Brian Hutchinson (1 May 1999).
861:Washington Post Foreign Service
1438:1989 establishments in Alberta
980:"The Bre-X Saga - CANOE Money"
789:Waldie, Paul (April 3, 2009).
355:Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan
19:For the American company, see
1:
1245:"Matthew McConaughey-Starrer
1102:Lawrence M. Salinger (2005).
1031:Gray, Jeff (April 23, 2014).
599:Kevin Gibson (19 July 2007).
392:Ontario Securities Commission
381:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
278:. Bre-X hired Suharto's son
912:"Bre-X Files For Bankruptcy"
791:"The rise and fall of Bre-X"
349:(loss of $ 45 million), the
333:, and the company filed for
82:was a group of companies in
1213:"Matthew McConaughey Movie
1469:
675:. Springer. pp. 22–.
484:New Perspectives on Busang
426:National Instrument 43-101
94:, was involved in a major
18:
1339:"Bre-X corporate website"
1423:1997 in economic history
1050:Andrews, Gordon (2009).
294:evaluation of the site.
1108:. SAGE. pp. 109–.
894:"No gold at Bre-X site"
508:Bre-X, The Inside Story
394:charged Felderhof with
276:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana
1054:. Nelson. p. 53.
442:McClelland and Stewart
363:Toronto Stock Exchange
233:Toronto Stock Exchange
229:Alberta Stock Exchange
197:
131:Toronto Stock Exchange
73:Minerals, metals, gold
249:market capitalization
195:
1403:Canadian gold rushes
542:Notes and references
416:University of Ottawa
1185:Gilligan, Melissa.
818:. BBC. Feb 7, 2017.
371:Walsh moved to the
319:Strathcona Minerals
280:Sigit Hardjojudanto
262:, organized failed
88:Bre-X Minerals Ltd.
28:
1453:Scandals in Canada
1408:Corporate scandals
1283:The Financial Post
1253:Deadline Hollywood
1222:Deadline Hollywood
1037:The Globe and Mail
1010:. Northern Miner.
990:on April 19, 1997.
917:The New York Times
795:The Globe and Mail
775:The Globe and Mail
489:The Northern Miner
432:Books and articles
198:
1171:978-0-9578709-3-2
1144:978-0-676-97192-7
1115:978-0-7619-3004-4
1088:978-0-8137-2501-7
1061:978-0-17-644134-0
709:978-1-4462-4188-2
682:978-3-319-58760-8
612:978-0-521-86379-7
504:by Jennifer Wells
390:In May 1999, the
243:of Bre-X rose to
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1341:. Archived from
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933:"Collected Woes"
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757:. July 31, 2007.
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1398:Fraud in Canada
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438:The Bre-X Fraud
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920:. May 9, 1997.
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900:. May 5, 1997.
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