30:
2338:'s first district – alleged that some of the delegates, including himself, had been receiving money from a "Money Lobby" in the convention. In his speech on the plenary, Quintero accused fellow delegates that were for the moment unnamed of bribing him P11,150 to vote in support of provisions that would prolong the political career of the Marcoses and against those that would hamper it. The major provisions that would have greatly impacted the political surivival of the Marcos family were the proposals to a shift to
122:. Expressing opposition to the administration's policies and citing rising discontent over wide inequalities in society, critics of Marcos began campaigning to change a constitution which they said had been written under the dominion of the country's former colonial overlords. On March 16 of that year, the Philippine Congress constituted itself into a Constituent Assembly and passed Resolution No. 2, which called for a Constitutional Convention to change the 1935 Constitution.
3752:
4461:
2540:
On
January 5, 1973, Marcos, who had seized legislative power as part of his declaration of martial law, issued Presidential Decree No. 86-A, an addendum to the Revised Barrio Charter (Presidential Decree No. 86) which he had signed in late December to reconstitute Philippine barrios (villages) into a
2288:
Even as far back as 1967, when the creation of the
Constitutional Convention was proposed, opposition politicians feared that Marcos would use the convention as a way to stay in power beyond the two four-year terms allowed him by the 1935 Constitution. Because of these fears, the original resolution
2325:
Already bogged down by politicking and delays, the credibility of the 1971 Constitutional
Convention took a severe blow in May 1972 when a delegate exposed a bribery scheme in which delegates were paid to vote in favor of the Marcoses – with First Lady Imelda Marcos herself implicated in the alleged
2525:
By
November 29, 1972, a little over two months after the declaration of martial law, the Convention approved the draft, with Macapagal "reluctantly putting his signature" on a document that would give so much power to Marcos. It was presented to Marcos at the Malacañang palace on December 1, 1972,
2521:
In contrast to the slow, contentious deliberations that marked its early days, the
Convention moved quickly after Marcos had declared martial law. The opposition bloc had effectively been decimated and the threat of imprisonment hung over any delegates who might voice opposition in the convention.
2393:
The work of the convention was affected by the declaration of martial law in
September 1972 by President Marcos. The military units assigned to implement the law were given a list of 400 individuals to arrest, consisting mostly of outspoken critics of Marcos' administration. This included a number
105:
Although World War II interfered with the transition plan and a puppet constitution was put in place by the
Japanese Imperial Army from 1943 until the defeat of the Japanese forces in 1944, the Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946. Upon independence, the 1935 constitution came into
2480:
As recounted by oppositionist
Convention delegate Caesar Espiritu, officials privy to variations of the priority arrest list eventually informed them which other Convention delegates had been put on the list. Aside from those actually arrested, one "shortlist" of 12 delegates identified six other
2362:
drivers plastered signs reading "Mabuhay
Quintero!" ("Long Live Quintero!") on the sides of their cars in the days after Quintero's exposé. Later historians note that this would have jeopardized any efforts on Marcos' part to hold on to power beyond the two four-year terms allowed him by the 1935
2307:
No person who has served as
President of the Philippines shall be eligible to occupy the same office or that of chief minister or chief executive any time in the future, nor shall his spouse or relatives to the second degree by consanguinity or affinity be eligible to occupy the same office during
2582:
In the Ratification Cases, six of the 10 members of the court (the Chief Justice, and Justices Makalintal, Zaldivar, Castro, Fernando, and Teehankee) said that the 1973 Constitution had not been ratified validly. But Justices Makalintal and Castro said that the people had acquiesced to the 1973
2329:
Ever since the convention was convened, the "progressive bloc" of the convention believed that Marcos was influencing the proceedings through the votes of delegates allied to the Marcoses and Imelda's family, the Romualdezes. This suspicion was further strengthened on May 19, 1972, when
2289:
in congress which called for the convention had a provision that would have required the proposed new Constitution to have a provision preventing Marcos or his wife Imelda from running for office after the end of his term in 1973. The provision was defeated in Congress by a narrow vote.
2405:, were in the country but managed to evade arrest. However, numerous members of the Constitutional Convention's opposition bloc were among those arrested in the early hours of September 22, 1972. Convention delegates immediately arrested after the proclamation of martial law included:
125:
Marcos surprised his critics by endorsing the move, and it was later revealed that the resulting Constitutional Convention would lay the foundation for the legal justifications Marcos would use to extend his term past the two four-year terms allowable under the 1935 Constitution.
2316:
was put in jail along with 10 other members of the opposition bloc, while numerous others, including Manglapus, were forced into hiding or exile. They were dropped from the Marcos-sponsored final draft of the constitution which was approved by the convention in November 1972.
2350:
of the 1935 constitution as well as the "Ban Marcos" provisions of Napoleon Rama. Quintero himself was politically indebted to the Marcoses because he was elected with the aid of Imelda Marcos' brother, but he said that he finally wanted "to do the correct thing".
67:
in September 1972, and had 11 opposition delegates arrested. The remaining opposition delegates were forced to go either into exile or hiding. Within two months, an entirely new draft of the constitution was created from scratch by a special committee. The
2559:. Due to the lack of reportage accompanying the gagging of the Philippine press during martial law, there are no reliable records of how many citizens actually participated in these assemblies. The results of the plebiscite were thus questioned before the
140:
A special election was held on November 10, 1970, to elect the delegates of the convention. Once the winners had been determined, the convention was convened on June 1, 1971, at the Manila Hotel and was later transferred in 1972 to the then-newly completed
93:
By the middle of the 1930s, the end of the American occupation of the Philippines was supposed to be in sight. In 1934 the US had approved a ten-year plan for the Philippines' transition from a commonwealth to a fully independent nation-state, based on the
2545:". Presidential Decree No. 86-A cancelled the election plebiscite in which Philippine citizens would have voted whether or not to ratify the new Constitution. Instead, the 1973 Constitution would be ratified using "Citizen's Assemblies".
2583:
Constitution whether or not the ratification was valid, saying that the question of whether the Constitution could be invalidated was a political determination and not a judicial one. The Constitution was thus effectively upheld.
2354:
Quintero eventually released a three-page sworn statement that named 14 persons involved in the bribery scheme. The list included 12 of Quintero's fellow Convention delegates, the wife of delegate Artemio Mate, and Imelda Marcos.
2512:
With nearly a dozen of its members in jail and some of its most prominent leaders overseas or in hiding, the "progressive faction" of the convention which spoke against Marcos was no longer able to contribute to the discussion.
2496:
The longest list the convention delegates were able to piece together listed a total of 32 delegates, identifying Bacalzo, Guingona, Concepcion, Nolledo, and Viterbo who were all arrested, and additionally mentioned
4251:
4020:
2522:
Macapagal thus allowed the regular rules of the convention to be suspended so that a 166-member group headed by Marcos-supporting delegate Gilberto Duavit came up with a new draft of the Constitution.
98:. One of the preconditions for this independence was the creation of "a stable democratic government" based on the American model of governance, rather than being based on the French model as the
3001:
49:. The delegates were elected on November 10, 1970, and the convention itself was convened on June 1, 1971. It was marked by controversies, including efforts to uphold term limits for incumbent
4246:
72:
was called to ratify the new constitution, but the validity of the ratification was brought to question because Marcos replaced the method of voting through secret ballot with a system of
3243:
4486:
2292:
Members of the opposition who were elected as Constitutional Convention delegates nevertheless proposed such "Ban the Marcoses" provisions during the deliberations of the convention.
106:
effect, featuring a government structure very similar to that of the United States: an executive branch with a President who could be elected to a maximum of two four-year terms; a
3102:
2970:
2769:
4281:
4015:
4372:
4336:
3450:
4216:
2604:
135:
2819:
4025:
34:
4061:
3042:
4516:
4135:
3427:
152:
was sworn in as the President of the Constitutional Convention on the day the convention was convened, but died thirteen days after taking oath. Former President
3562:
4491:
3701:
4271:
4236:
3901:
3811:
3770:
3552:
3236:
4241:
3279:
3527:
3467:
3309:
4353:
4099:
3908:
4296:
4276:
4226:
4155:
3826:
2549:
69:
3407:
3402:
4501:
4256:
4084:
3264:
3229:
4291:
4261:
4231:
3672:
2312:
Deliberations on these provisions dragged out due to partisan rambling, continuing until Marcos' declaration of martial law in September 1972.
2363:
Constitution, but the social unrest brought about by Marcos' 1970 debt crisis enabled him to stay in power anyway – by declaring martial law.
4301:
4046:
3694:
4511:
3973:
3397:
2331:
4140:
3995:
3801:
3110:
2599:
2978:
29:
4286:
4266:
3891:
3775:
2388:
64:
2798:
3169:
3073:
3379:
4496:
4348:
4343:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4211:
4201:
4191:
3779:
3636:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
4221:
4206:
4196:
3948:
3580:
3575:
3535:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3455:
3437:
3389:
2827:
46:
3864:
2889:
3034:
3990:
3766:
3697:
50:
4145:
4104:
3570:
3475:
3445:
3372:
3269:
200:
76:
voting by "citizens' assemblies". The ratification of the constitution was challenged in what came to be known as the
2744:
4119:
4056:
3665:
3419:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
4506:
4464:
4393:
3943:
3816:
3545:
3540:
3291:
3274:
1955:
2295:
Soon after the Constitutional Convention was convened, 176 of the 206 delegates signed a resolution by delegate
2560:
4030:
3984:
3821:
2632:
2587:
1888:
579:
95:
2718:
3874:
3322:
2415:
1640:
833:
188:
184:
4379:
3928:
3923:
3658:
2459:
2376:
4421:
2945:
4414:
4000:
3896:
3879:
3854:
3730:
3146:
2372:
2358:
The exposé tainted the convention, angered the anti-Marcos opposition, and scandalized the country.
2339:
2299:
calling for a ban on the Marcoses. Later, the Committee on Suffrage and Election Reforms, chaired by
2267:
99:
4109:
3913:
3132:
2502:
2347:
2334:– a former Ambassador to the United Nations and the elected Constitutional Convention delegate for
2225:
1277:
1169:
561:
421:
172:
2498:
163:
A total of 320 delegates were elected to the convention, the most prominent being former senators
4443:
4428:
4175:
4170:
4051:
4010:
3953:
3806:
2609:
2572:
2564:
2535:
1780:
1608:
1568:
1156:
1034:
417:
211:
Delegates Elected to the 1971 Constitutional Convention, sorted according to Provincial District
153:
77:
3751:
3978:
3963:
3886:
3175:
3165:
3079:
3069:
3009:
2895:
2885:
2246:
2213:
2133:
2050:
1931:
1892:
1877:
1654:
1474:
1202:
801:
4386:
3958:
3933:
3859:
3681:
3299:
2490:
2410:
2313:
1939:
1920:
1629:
1587:
817:
513:
247:
149:
142:
119:
53:
37:
to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the convention and installed inside the Manila Hotel.
4150:
4089:
3869:
3740:
3726:
3317:
2421:
2259:
2152:
1722:
1711:
1237:
914:
898:
620:
258:
228:
204:
168:
3221:
2401:, were either not in the Philippines when martial law was declared, while some, such as
4450:
4407:
3716:
2882:
How democracy was lost: a political diary of the Constitutional Convention of 1971-1972
2571:, and the legality of the 1973 Constitution questioned in what came to be known as the
2506:
2482:
2398:
2343:
2300:
2093:
2070:
1493:
1183:
966:
666:
268:
196:
176:
164:
110:
legislature consisting of a congress and a senate; and an independent judicial branch.
4480:
4400:
4114:
4094:
4005:
3849:
3685:
2296:
1740:
1549:
1258:
1112:
985:
939:
674:
639:
447:
180:
157:
57:
3968:
3734:
2454:
2375:– about 20 explosions in various locations in Metro Manila in the months after the
1023:
925:
650:
536:
107:
2481:
delegates: Sonny Alvarez, Antonio "Tonypet" Araneta, Romy Capulong, Boni Gillego,
4165:
4160:
4076:
4066:
3844:
3796:
3722:
3253:
1512:
703:
3103:"In 1971 and 2006, new Charters designed to keep embattled presidents in power"
2548:
The Constitution was supposedly presented for the people's ratification in the
3650:
2918:
2553:
2433:
1810:
1802:
1432:
1056:
73:
3179:
3083:
3013:
2899:
2486:
2402:
192:
2489:. (Among those actually arrested, this list named Garcia, Guiao, Lichauco,
2792:
2790:
209:
17:
3938:
2542:
2202:
2037:
1769:
1287:
877:
684:
523:
406:
3002:"Raul S. Manglapus, Former Foreign Secretary of Philippines, Dies at 80"
2552:, where the Citizen's Assemblies supposedly showed their assent through
2308:
any unexpired portion of his term or in one immediately succeeding term.
171:. Other delegates would become influential political figures, including
2820:"The election for the Presidency of the 1971 Constitutional Convention"
2426:
1995:
1750:
1451:
587:
546:
459:
387:
349:
3197:
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: a Commentary
2586:
Marcos would continue to rule as a dictator until being ousted by the
2371:
On September 18, 1972, the convention was targeted by one of the last
2704:
Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
2359:
2171:
1371:
1087:
1004:
753:
368:
2335:
2014:
1316:
722:
478:
306:
287:
28:
118:
In 1967, the executive branch was headed by the tenth president,
56:, and a bribery scandal in which 14 people, including First Lady
2799:"September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy"
2702:
Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".
2112:
776:
3654:
3225:
2505:, Badoy, Sanchez, the Espiritu brothers, Pepe Calderon, Kalaw,
2379:
and immediately preceding Marcos' declaration of martial law.
3719:
and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)
2824:
Official Tumblr page of the Presidential Museum and Library
60:, were accused of bribing delegates to favor the Marcoses.
4021:
Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship
4016:
Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship
2530:
1973 constitutional plebiscite and the Ratification Cases
2526:
marking the end of the Constitutional Convention's task.
2797:
Pedroso, Kate; Generalao, Minerva (September 21, 2016).
160:
served as the President Pro-Tempore of the convention.
3107:
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Website
3066:
Struggle for freedom: a textbook on Philippine history
2745:"G.R. No. L-32432 – Manuel B. Imbong vs. Jaime Ferrer"
2342:
which would have enabled President Marcos to run as
4373:
Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)
4364:
4184:
4128:
4075:
4039:
3835:
3789:
3759:
3708:
3561:
3526:
3466:
3436:
3418:
3388:
3308:
3290:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2971:"Looking Back: The 1971 Constitutional Convention"
2946:"Pilosopong Tasyo speaks ...: THE QUINTERO EXPOSE"
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2605:1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
136:1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
2854:De Leon, Hector S.; Lugue, Emilio Jr. E. (1984).
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2627:
2625:
35:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
4105:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal
3213:Res Gestae: A Brief History of the Supreme Court
3097:
3095:
3093:
2919:"QUINTERO, Eduardo T. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani"
4487:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)
3147:"Presidential Decree No. 86-A January 5, 1973"
3133:"Presidential Decree No. 86 December 31, 1972"
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
3666:
3237:
3191:
3189:
2706:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
2397:Some of the individuals on the list, such as
2394:of members of the Constitutional Convention.
8:
3743:, Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives)
43:Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971
3207:
3205:
3160:Graham., Hassall; Saunders, Cheryl (2002).
2856:Textbook on the new Philippine Constitution
2849:
2847:
2845:
2633:"Constitutional history of the Philippines"
4337:Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign
4100:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family
3909:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
3817:President of the Senate of the Philippines
3673:
3659:
3651:
3244:
3230:
3222:
2321:Eduardo Quintero's delegate bribery exposé
3164:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2346:unhampered by the term limits set in the
3979:Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan
3812:2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959)
3068:(1st ed.). Manila: Rex Book Store.
114:Campaign to change the 1935 Constitution
4085:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
2621:
2414:, who was also associate editor of the
2320:
3860:Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre
4517:Manila during the Marcos dictatorship
4354:Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign
2944:Tasyo, Pilosopong (August 29, 2017).
7:
4492:Political history of the Philippines
47:1935 Constitution of the Philippines
3162:Asia-Pacific constitutional systems
2977:. February 17, 2003. Archived from
2884:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
2717:Bautista, Andy (October 11, 2014).
2600:Timeline of the Marcos dictatorship
2303:, drafted a resolution which read:
2284:Proposal of "Ban Marcos" provisions
3892:Communist Party of the Philippines
3702:10th First Lady of the Philippines
3045:from the original on July 22, 2018
2389:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
25:
4047:1st district of Leyte (1995–1998)
3035:"The intrepid 18, two times over"
2880:Espiritu, Augusto Caesar (1993).
130:Convention leadership and members
33:Historical marker created by the
4460:
4459:
3750:
2575:Javellana v. Executive Secretary
2563:in what came to be known as the
4141:Fake war claims and fake medals
2445:Jose "Joecon" S. Concepcion Jr.
214:
4502:Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos
3944:Integrated Reorganization Plan
3919:1971 constitutional convention
3776:St. Paul's College of Tacloban
3000:Weil, Martin (July 26, 1999).
2550:1973 constitutional plebiscite
2517:Revised new draft Constitution
2383:Arrest of opposition delegates
70:1973 constitutional plebiscite
1:
3991:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
3780:Philippine Women's University
3767:University of the Philippines
3109:. May 1, 2006. Archived from
4171:Murder of Archimedes Trajano
3698:President of the Philippines
2460:Teofisto "Tito" Guingona Jr.
148:Former Philippine President
4512:1970s political conferences
4176:Manila Film Center disaster
3252:Legislative periods of the
2144:Constantino M. Navarro, Jr.
207:, and Federico Dela Plana.
4533:
2950:Pilosopong Tasyo speaks ..
2533:
2386:
789:Casimiro R. Madarang, Jr.
133:
4438:
3902:Communist armed conflicts
3865:Establishment of the MNLF
3748:
3692:
3553:Constitutional Commission
3518:Constitutional Convention
3380:Constitutional Convention
3318:2nd Philippine Commission
3260:
3211:Cruz, Isagani A. (2000).
3064:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008).
2774:lawlibrary.chanrobles.com
2476:, who were later released
2465:Alejandro "Ding" Lichuaco
2169:
2035:
1956:Teofisto T. Guingona, Jr.
1918:
1875:
1835:Numeriano G. Tanopo, Jr.
1808:
1767:
1709:
1652:
1562:Demetrio A. Quirino, Jr.
1510:
1369:
1314:
1285:
1200:
1085:
1054:
1021:
774:
720:
637:
585:
544:
476:
404:
304:
45:was called to change the
3280:House of Representatives
3215:. Rex Book Store, Manila
3199:. Rex Book Store, Manila
3195:Bernas, Joaquin (2003).
2719:"Chartering change (II)"
2561:Philippine Supreme Court
2541:new structure called a "
2106:Federico U. de la Plana
1823:Jose F. S. Bengson, Jr.
1701:Plaridel G. Villadelgado
1602:Amado S. Tolentino, Jr.
1426:Antonio S. Araneta, Jr.
1412:Feliciano Jover Ledesma
1273:Lininding P. Pangandaman
1231:Rustico F. de los Reyes
1173:Francisco B. Albano, Jr.
580:Magtanggol C. Guinigundo
489:Natalio R. Castillo, Jr.
329:Domingo R. Imperial, Jr.
4497:1971 in the Philippines
4166:Affair with Dovie Beams
4031:People Power Revolution
3985:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa
3822:Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
2770:"Republic Act No. 6176"
2588:People Power Revolution
2273:Pedro M. Rodriguez, Jr.
2268:Maria Clara L. Lobregat
1971:Augusto L. Syjuco, Jr.
1969:Augusto Caesar Espiritu
1914:Benjamin M. Campomanes
1466:Mateo A. Esparrago, Jr.
1462:Andres C. Clemente, Jr.
1229:Estanislao A. Fernandez
1110:Emilio M. de la Cruz II
1038:Federico B. Ablan, Sr.
317:Jose A. Madrilejos, Jr.
3875:1976 Tripoli Agreement
3323:Philippine Legislature
3310:U.S. insular territory
3149:. The LAWPHIL Project.
3135:. The LAWPHIL Project.
2923:Bantayog ng mga Bayani
2493:, Rondon, and Velez.)
2416:Philippines Free Press
2367:September 1972 bombing
2310:
2277:Benjamin A. Rodriguez
1959:Leonardo Siguion Reyna
1953:Miguel P. Cuaderno Sr.
1744:Felix G. Gaudiel, Sr.
1641:Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
1623:Elizabeth C. Johnston
1543:Raymundo A. Padiernos
1445:Ricardo G. Nepomuceno
1278:Pangalian M. Balindong
1069:Melchor G. Padua, Jr.
902:Sandiale A. Sambalawan
892:Anacleto D. Badoy, Jr.
834:Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
678:Felix R. Alfelor, Jr.
362:Arturo F. Pacificador
189:Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
185:Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
38:
4062:Historical distortion
3929:Proclamation No. 1081
3924:Plaza Miranda bombing
3715:Josefa Edralin &
2455:Jose "Pepito" Nolledo
2377:Plaza Miranda bombing
2305:
1985:Emilio de la Paz, Jr.
1967:Mary Rose J. Ezpeleta
1963:Alejandro A. Lichauco
1869:Felix M. Mamenta, Jr.
1781:Diosdado P. Macapagal
1761:Alfredo E. Abueg, Jr.
1726:Gonzalo O. Catan, Jr.
1669:Benito Montinola, Sr.
1341:Francisco A. Astilla
1310:Antonio M. de Guzman
1098:Salvador B. Britanico
1048:Gregorio R. Paruganan
871:Gerardo M. S. Pepito
716:Rafael P. Santelices
557:Pablo S. Trillana III
517:Simplico M. Apalisok
418:Felixberto M. Serrano
381:Armando L. Abad, Sr.
89:The 1935 Constitution
32:
4444:← Diosdado Macapagal
4161:Death of Alfie Anido
4001:Binondo Central Bank
3880:Pata Island massacre
2573:Ratification Cases (
2373:1972 Manila bombings
2263:Wilfredo G. Cainglet
2051:Bonifacio H. Gillego
2031:Valeriano C. Yancha
2027:Romualdo R. Mendiola
1943:Jose Concepcion, Jr.
1845:Ricardo B. Primicias
1685:Arsenio B. Yulo, Jr.
1673:Ramon Hortinela, Jr.
1269:Ahmed Domocao Alonto
1252:Francisco L. Abalos
1248:Mariano Ll. Badelles
1067:Ramon S. Encarnacion
1015:Gaspar R. Ponchinlam
956:Dominador F. Carillo
908:Antionio R. Velasco
831:Oliveros E. Kintanar
821:Antonio T. Bacaltos
766:Abraham F. Sarmiento
697:Antonio V. Borromeo
633:Fernando S. Vinzons
435:Jose P. Leviste, Jr.
398:Custodio A. Villalva
100:Malolos Constitution
65:declared martial law
4365:Cultural depictions
4156:Cult of personality
4136:Human rights abuses
4115:Golden Buddha theft
4110:Coco Levy Fund scam
3914:First Quarter Storm
3771:U.P. College of Law
2723:The Philippine Star
2348:presidential system
2240:Ernesto S. Amatong
2226:Zamboanga del Norte
2182:Mercedes C. Teodoro
2163:Vicente L. Pimentel
1951:Jose Ma. V. Paredes
1940:Salvador Z. Araneta
1847:Emiliano L. Abalos
1741:Emilio C. Macias II
1730:Cicero D. Calderon
1671:Emmanuel G. Aguilar
1468:Venancio L. Yaneza
1443:Carmencita O. Reyes
1382:Reynaldo T. Fajardo
1353:Antero M. Bongbong
1271:Mangontawar B. Guro
1215:Manuel A. Concordia
1194:Infante S. Calaycay
1175:Leocadio E. Ignacio
1170:Heherson T. Alvarez
1138:Licurgo T. Tirador
998:Generoso A. Juaban
952:Leon M. Garcia, Jr.
670:Domingo M. Guevarra
562:Mateo A. T. Caparas
540:Alfredo J. Lagamon
491:Victor de la Serna
422:Antonio de las Alas
343:Teresita D. Flores
319:Salvador C. Balane
300:Godofredo P. Ramos
279:Lamberto M. Mordeno
212:
173:Hilario Davide, Jr.
4429:Martyr or Murderer
4422:Maid in Malacañang
4292:1984 parliamentary
4052:Operation Big Bird
4011:Escalante massacre
3954:Palimbang massacre
3807:Nacionalista Party
2749:www.chanrobles.com
2610:Ratification Cases
2565:Plebiscite Cases (
2536:Ratification Cases
2425:, who was also an
2340:parliamentarianism
2271:Teodoro C. Araneta
2184:Homobono C. Sawit
2127:Benjamin Abubakar
2104:Gabriel O. Yñiguez
2006:Manuel F. Martinez
1987:Francisco Sumulong
1983:Gilberto M. Duavit
1945:Jose Mari U. Velez
1937:Voltaire R. Garcia
1898:Leandro P. Garcia
1857:Reynaldo A. Villar
1609:Occidental Misamis
1600:Juan Luces A. Luna
1579:Ricardo V. Quintos
1569:Occidental Mindoro
1541:Sedfrey A. Ordoñez
1539:Emmanuel T. Santos
1527:Ernesto R. Rondon
1525:Rebeck A. Espiritu
1386:Fidel A. Santiago
1384:Salvador L. Mariño
1327:Cirilo Roy Montejo
1281:Tocod M. Macaraya
1219:Vicente G. Hocson
1196:Eubulo G. Verzola
1081:Eduardo Guirnalda
1079:Godofredo S. Reyes
1035:Antonio V. Raquiza
1017:Raymundo Baguilat
979:Antonio D. Olmedo
899:Michael O. Mastura
869:Antionio Y. de Pio
847:Pedro B. Calderon
805:Natalio B. Bacalso
787:Lydia D. Rodriguez
764:Juanito R. Remulla
735:George H. Viterbo
714:Clemente A. Abundo
631:Rogelio E. Panotes
575:Justino P. Hermoso
472:Fernando Bautista
400:Geronimo M. Cabal
360:Angel Salazar, Jr.
298:Augusto B. Legaspi
281:Vicente M. Guzman
259:Edelmiro A. Amante
210:
154:Diosdado Macapagal
78:Ratification Cases
39:
4474:
4473:
3996:1980s debt crisis
3974:Tictapul massacre
3964:Thrilla in Manila
3949:1973 constitution
3897:New People's Army
3887:ASEAN Declaration
3827:Marcos propaganda
3648:
3647:
3536:Batasang Pambansa
3428:National Assembly
3398:National Assembly
3041:. July 27, 2017.
2858:. Rex Book Store.
2830:on April 16, 2015
2567:Planas v. COMELEC
2501:(the only girl),
2281:
2280:
2265:Antonio M. Ceniza
2257:Vincenzo A. Sagun
2247:Zamboanga del Sur
2236:Augusto C. Saguin
2217:Enrique J. Corpus
2214:Richard J. Gordon
2194:Jose Y. Feliciano
2165:Eriberto B. Misa
2134:Surigao del Norte
2087:Arturo P. Pingoy
2085:Fidel P. Purisima
2064:Celso P. Tabuena
1981:Pacifico A. Ortiz
1961:Ceferino P. Padua
1932:Raul S. Manglapus
1910:Cesar A. Caliwara
1908:Gil G. Puyat, Jr.
1893:Edgardo J. Angara
1889:Rodolfo D. Robles
1800:Ricardo M. Sagmit
1788:Fidel U. Canilao
1689:Loreto V. Valera
1675:Romeo C. Gonzaga
1655:Occidental Negros
1523:Romeo T. Capulong
1506:Cesar A. Sevilla
1475:Mountain Province
1408:Gerardo S. Espina
1329:Eduardo Quintero
1213:Jose A. Yulo, Jr.
1167:Benjamin C. Reyes
1148:Sonia S. Aldeguer
1136:Ramon A. Gonzales
1100:Lourdes S. Trono
1050:Emerito M. Salva
954:Pedro S. Castillo
894:Macario C. Camelo
890:Linda U. Ampatuan
888:Midpantao L. Adil
802:Marcelo B. Fernan
768:Jose P. Santillan
747:Pedro G. Exmundo
695:Pedro P. Romualdo
656:Antonio M. Sison
470:Floro R. Bugnosen
453:Oscar L. Leviste
451:Artemio M. Lobrin
437:Antonio C. Alano
331:Julian J. Locsin
262:Antonio R. Tupaz
241:Loreto L. Seares
239:Arturo V. Barbero
156:replaced Garcia.
96:Jones Act of 1916
16:(Redirected from
4524:
4507:1971 conferences
4463:
4462:
4451:Corazon Aquino →
4387:A Dangerous Life
3959:Green Revolution
3790:Political career
3754:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3300:Malolos Congress
3246:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:on July 25, 2018
3099:
3088:
3087:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2877:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2826:. Archived from
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2629:
2509:, and Amatong".
2332:Eduardo Quintero
2275:Ramon V. Blancia
2238:Adolfo S. Azcuna
2146:Fanny C. Garcia
2081:Rodolfo A. Ortiz
2029:Ramon V. Mijares
2025:Decoroso Rosales
1989:Augusto Sanchez
1965:Tomas C. Benitez
1949:Augusto T. Kalaw
1935:Jesus G. Barrera
1896:Vincent L. Recto
1798:Amelito R. Mutuc
1763:Jose N. Nolledo
1728:Vicente G. Sinco
1703:Jacinto Montilla
1699:Gregorio Tingson
1630:Oriental Misamis
1619:Timoteo C. Ruben
1588:Oriental Mindoro
1560:Jose D. Calderon
1464:Raul R. Estrella
1422:Carlos J. Valdez
1410:Eduardo M. Sison
1365:Flor L. Sagadal
1351:Ramon V. Salazar
1339:Damian V. Aldaba
1300:Pedro O. Valdez
1298:Victor F. Ortega
1177:Celso D. Gangan
1126:Amanio Sorongon
1124:Manuel C. Locsin
996:Jaime C. Opinion
977:Adolfo A. Angala
958:Samuel C. Occeña
950:Ismael I. Veloso
931:Lauro C. Arabejo
929:Gaudioso R. Buen
926:Camilio L. Sabio
896:Jose M. Estaniel
865:Seventh District
859:Francis M. Zosa
857:Andres R. Flores
818:Napoleon G. Rama
807:Jesus P. Garcia
675:Lilia B. de Lima
612:Leoncio M. Puzon
602:Pedro N. Laggui
598:Manuel T. Molina
577:Cesar B. Serapio
559:Dakila F. Castro
514:Carlos P. Garcia
448:Sotero H. Laurel
248:Agusan del Norte
213:
158:Sotero H. Laurel
150:Carlos P. Garcia
143:Quezon City Hall
120:Ferdinand Marcos
54:Ferdinand Marcos
21:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4434:
4360:
4297:1984 plebiscite
4180:
4151:Edifice complex
4124:
4090:Marcos mansions
4071:
4040:Post-presidency
4035:
3870:Manili massacre
3837:
3831:
3802:Military career
3785:
3774:
3755:
3746:
3741:Pacifico Marcos
3704:
3688:
3679:
3649:
3644:
3557:
3528:Fourth Republic
3522:
3462:
3432:
3420:Second Republic
3414:
3384:
3304:
3286:
3256:
3250:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3203:
3194:
3187:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3006:Washington Post
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2981:on May 24, 2018
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2637:ConstitutionNet
2631:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2596:
2538:
2532:
2519:
2470:Voltaire Garcia
2440:Natalio Bacalzo
2422:Jose Mari Velez
2391:
2385:
2369:
2326:payola scheme.
2323:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:Roseller T. Lim
2258:
2239:
2237:
2219:Luis D. Santos
2218:
2216:
2196:Ramon M. Nisce
2195:
2190:Second District
2183:
2164:
2153:Surigao del Sur
2145:
2126:
2125:Tating Sangkula
2124:
2105:
2086:
2084:
2083:Tomas T. Falgui
2082:
2063:
2062:Jose L. Lachica
2058:Second District
2049:
2048:Pacifico F. Lim
2030:
2028:
2026:
2008:Ernesto G. Ang
2007:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:Second District
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1913:
1912:Oscar F. Santos
1911:
1909:
1904:Second District
1897:
1895:
1891:
1871:Jesus M. Reyes
1870:
1859:Jose M. Aruego
1858:
1853:Fourth District
1846:
1834:
1833:Luis C. Catubig
1829:Second District
1822:
1801:
1799:
1794:Second District
1787:
1785:
1783:
1762:
1743:
1736:Second District
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:Margarito Teves
1712:Oriental Negros
1704:
1702:
1700:
1688:
1686:
1681:Second District
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1648:Pablo S. Reyes
1647:
1645:
1644:Rolando C. Piit
1643:
1622:
1621:Julio H. Osamis
1620:
1601:
1599:
1581:Honofre Restor
1580:
1561:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1533:Second District
1526:
1524:
1505:
1486:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1444:
1425:
1424:Jose P. Marcelo
1423:
1418:Fourth District
1411:
1409:
1397:
1392:Second District
1385:
1383:
1364:
1359:Fourth District
1352:
1340:
1335:Second District
1328:
1306:Second District
1299:
1280:
1276:
1275:Oga M. Mapupuno
1274:
1272:
1270:
1251:
1249:
1238:Lanao del Norte
1230:
1225:Second District
1218:
1217:Amado G. Garcia
1216:
1214:
1195:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1149:
1137:
1132:Fourth District
1125:
1111:
1106:Second District
1099:
1080:
1075:Second District
1068:
1049:
1044:Second District
1037:
1016:
997:
978:
960:Jesus V. Matas
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
933:Ramon A. Tirol
932:
930:
928:
915:Davao del Norte
907:
906:Sergio F. Tocao
905:
904:Duma D. Sinsuat
903:
901:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
870:
858:
846:
832:
827:Fourth District
820:
806:
804:
800:
795:Second District
788:
769:
767:
765:
746:
741:Second District
734:
733:Enrique M. Belo
715:
696:
677:
673:
672:Eddie P. Alanis
671:
669:
662:Second District
655:
653:
632:
621:Camarines Norte
613:
608:Second District
601:
600:Jose T. Antonio
599:
578:
576:
574:
569:Second District
560:
558:
539:
537:Luis R. Lorenzo
535:
516:
502:
497:Second District
490:
471:
452:
450:
436:
434:
433:Honesto Mendoza
429:Second District
420:
399:
380:
361:
342:
330:
325:Second District
318:
299:
280:
261:
240:
205:Margarito Teves
169:Roseller T. Lim
138:
132:
116:
91:
86:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4408:Here Lies Love
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4380:Kumander Dante
4376:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4120:BNPP kickbacks
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3720:
3717:Mariano Marcos
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3563:Fifth Republic
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3472:
3470:
3468:Third Republic
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3292:First Republic
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3201:
3185:
3170:
3152:
3138:
3124:
3089:
3074:
3056:
3026:
2992:
2962:
2936:
2925:. May 16, 2016
2905:
2890:
2861:
2841:
2811:
2786:
2761:
2735:
2709:
2649:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2534:Main article:
2531:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2483:Raul Manglapus
2478:
2477:
2474:George Viterbo
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Ernesto Rondon
2447:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2418:
2399:Raul Manglapus
2387:Main article:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2365:
2344:Prime Minister
2322:
2319:
2301:Raul Manglapus
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:First District
2175:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2094:Southern Leyte
2089:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2071:South Cotabato
2066:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2044:First District
2041:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1929:
1927:First District
1924:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1886:
1884:First District
1881:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:Fifth District
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:Third District
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:First District
1814:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:Jose E. Suarez
1784:Amado M. Yuzon
1778:
1776:First District
1773:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1720:
1718:First District
1715:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1695:Third District
1691:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1667:Rodolfo Gamboa
1665:Carlos Ledesma
1663:
1661:First District
1658:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1519:First District
1516:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1494:Northern Samar
1489:
1488:
1485:Willian Claver
1483:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1404:Third District
1400:
1399:
1398:Juan T. David
1396:Roberto S. Oca
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1378:First District
1375:
1367:
1366:
1363:Domingo Veloso
1361:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1347:Third District
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:First District
1320:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1294:First District
1291:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1250:Luis Quibranza
1246:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1209:First District
1206:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:Kalinga-Apayao
1179:
1178:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1150:Juan V. Borra
1146:
1144:Fifth District
1140:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:Third District
1116:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:First District
1091:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1063:First District
1060:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1030:First District
1027:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
981:
980:
975:
970:
967:Davao Oriental
962:
961:
948:
943:
935:
934:
923:
918:
910:
909:
886:
881:
873:
872:
867:
861:
860:
855:
853:Sixth District
849:
848:
845:Jorge Kintanar
843:
841:Fifth District
837:
836:
829:
823:
822:
815:
813:Third District
809:
808:
797:
791:
790:
785:
783:First District
780:
772:
771:
770:Alberto Jamir
762:
757:
749:
748:
745:Dandy K. Tupaz
743:
737:
736:
731:
729:First District
726:
718:
717:
712:
707:
699:
698:
693:
688:
680:
679:
667:Edmundo C. Cea
664:
658:
657:
648:
646:First District
643:
635:
634:
629:
627:First District
624:
616:
615:
614:Oscar L. Lazo
610:
604:
603:
596:
594:First District
591:
583:
582:
573:Manuel C. Cruz
571:
565:
564:
555:
553:First District
550:
542:
541:
532:
527:
519:
518:
511:
509:Third District
505:
504:
503:Jose S. Zafra
501:Teogenes Borja
499:
493:
492:
487:
485:First District
482:
474:
473:
468:
463:
455:
454:
445:
443:Third District
439:
438:
431:
425:
424:
415:
413:First District
410:
402:
401:
396:
391:
383:
382:
379:Jose R. Nuguid
377:
372:
364:
363:
358:
353:
345:
344:
341:Efren R. Sarte
339:
337:Third District
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
315:
313:First District
310:
302:
301:
296:
291:
283:
282:
277:
272:
269:Agusan del Sur
264:
263:
256:
251:
243:
242:
237:
232:
224:
223:
220:
217:
201:Richard Gordon
197:Edgardo Angara
177:Marcelo Fernan
165:Raul Manglapus
134:Main article:
131:
128:
115:
112:
90:
87:
85:
82:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4529:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:The Kingmaker
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4394:Batas Militar
4391:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:Controversies
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Marcos jewels
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Negros famine
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:Moro conflict
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3686:Imelda Marcos
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3171:9780511549960
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3075:9789712350450
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2955:September 22,
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:Napoleon Rama
2408:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:Napoleon Rama
2293:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2253:Lone District
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2233:
2232:Lone District
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Lone District
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2159:Lone District
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2140:Lone District
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2119:Lone District
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2100:Lone District
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2077:Lone District
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2021:Lone District
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2002:Lone District
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1957:
1947:Jose Y. Feria
1941:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1803:Bren Z. Guiao
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1757:Lone District
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1705:Juan G. Yulo
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:Carlos Hilado
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Lone District
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1615:Lone District
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1598:Jose A. Leido
1597:
1595:
1594:Lone District
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1575:Lone District
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1556:Lone District
1554:
1552:
1551:
1550:Nueva Vizcaya
1547:
1546:
1537:Juan R. Liwag
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1500:Lone District
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1481:Lone District
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1458:Lone District
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1439:Lone District
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1266:
1265:Lone District
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:Lanao del Sur
1256:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1244:Lone District
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1190:Lone District
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1163:Lone District
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:Oscar Ledesma
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1011:Lone District
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
992:Lone District
990:
988:
987:
986:Eastern Samar
983:
982:
976:
974:
973:Lone District
971:
969:
968:
964:
963:
949:
947:
946:Lone District
944:
942:
941:
940:Davao del Sur
937:
936:
927:
924:
922:
921:Lone District
919:
917:
916:
912:
911:
900:
887:
885:
884:Lone District
882:
880:
879:
875:
874:
868:
866:
863:
862:
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
830:
828:
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819:
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811:
810:
803:
798:
796:
793:
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786:
784:
781:
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773:
763:
761:
760:Lone District
758:
756:
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751:
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744:
742:
739:
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732:
730:
727:
725:
724:
719:
713:
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710:Lone District
708:
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694:
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691:Lone District
689:
687:
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681:
676:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
654:Ramon A. Diaz
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
641:
640:Camarines Sur
636:
630:
628:
625:
623:
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611:
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595:
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534:Dante Sarraga
533:
531:
530:Lone District
528:
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466:Lone District
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394:Lone District
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375:Lone District
373:
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366:
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359:
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356:Lone District
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328:
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297:
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294:Lone District
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278:
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275:Lone District
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266:
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254:Lone District
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235:Lone District
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182:
181:Sotero Laurel
178:
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137:
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97:
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58:Imelda Marcos
55:
52:
48:
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36:
31:
27:
19:
4458:
4449:
4442:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
3983:
3969:Metro Manila
3918:
3635:
3517:
3438:Commonwealth
3390:Commonwealth
3212:
3196:
3161:
3155:
3141:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3106:
3065:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3038:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3005:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:the original
2974:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2922:
2881:
2855:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:the original
2823:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2777:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2712:
2703:
2640:. Retrieved
2636:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2507:Father Ortiz
2495:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2420:
2409:
2396:
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2370:
2357:
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2306:
2294:
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2245:
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2208:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2158:
2151:
2139:
2132:
2118:
2111:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2069:
2057:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2013:
2001:
1994:
1976:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1883:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1821:Mauro Baradi
1816:
1809:
1793:
1775:
1768:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1717:
1710:
1694:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1635:
1628:
1614:
1607:
1593:
1586:
1574:
1567:
1555:
1548:
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1511:
1499:
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1480:
1473:
1457:
1450:
1438:
1431:
1417:
1403:
1391:
1377:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1293:
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1257:
1243:
1236:
1224:
1208:
1201:
1189:
1182:
1162:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1105:
1093:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1055:
1043:
1029:
1024:Ilocos Norte
1022:
1010:
1003:
991:
984:
972:
965:
945:
938:
920:
913:
883:
876:
864:
852:
840:
826:
812:
799:Pedro L. Yap
794:
782:
775:
759:
752:
740:
728:
721:
709:
702:
690:
683:
661:
651:Raul S. Roco
645:
638:
626:
619:
607:
593:
586:
568:
552:
545:
529:
522:
508:
496:
484:
477:
465:
458:
442:
428:
412:
405:
393:
386:
374:
367:
355:
348:
336:
324:
312:
305:
293:
286:
274:
267:
253:
246:
234:
227:
162:
147:
139:
124:
117:
104:
92:
62:
42:
40:
26:
4077:Kleptocracy
4067:Solid North
3934:New Society
3855:Sabah claim
3845:Vietnam War
3838:(1965–1986)
3797:Pi Gamma Mu
3773:(Ferdinand)
3254:Philippines
2804:October 20,
2779:January 29,
2429:broadcaster
2123:Jal M. Anni
1646:Felino Neri
1513:Nueva Ecija
1504:Emil L. Ong
1487:Felix Diaz
704:Catanduanes
4481:Categories
4282:1981 (Jun)
4277:1981 (Apr)
4232:1973 (Jul)
4227:1973 (Jan)
3836:Presidency
3737:(children)
3039:Bicol Mail
2891:9711005336
2743:R.E.Diaz.
2616:References
2434:Bren Guiao
1811:Pangasinan
1433:Marinduque
1057:Ilocos Sur
222:Delegates
102:had been.
84:Background
18:Bren Guiao
4272:1980 (KB)
4267:1979 (SP)
4242:1975 (SB)
4237:1975 (KB)
4185:Elections
3760:Education
3682:Ferdinand
3180:715166703
3084:958017661
3014:0190-8286
2975:Newsbreak
2834:April 16,
2590:in 1986.
2555:viva voce
2487:Raul Roco
2403:Raul Roco
219:District
216:Province
193:Raul Roco
108:bicameral
74:viva voce
51:President
4465:Category
4287:1982 (B)
3939:Rolex 12
3782:(Imelda)
3727:Bongbong
3571:Congress
3476:Congress
3446:Congress
3270:Congress
3117:July 25,
3049:July 22,
3043:Archived
3019:July 25,
2900:31066221
2754:July 25,
2728:July 25,
2642:July 25,
2594:See also
2557:votation
2543:barangay
2203:Zambales
2038:Sorsogon
1770:Pampanga
1288:La Union
878:Cotabato
685:Camiguin
524:Bukidnon
407:Batangas
4146:Cronies
4026:NAMFREL
3546:Regular
3541:Interim
2985:June 2,
2929:June 2,
2569:(1973))
2427:ABS-CBN
1996:Romblon
1751:Palawan
1452:Masbate
1157:Isabela
588:Cagayan
547:Bulacan
460:Benguet
388:Batanes
350:Antique
63:Marcos
4401:Chavit
4057:Burial
3733:&
3709:Family
3275:Senate
3178:
3168:
3082:
3072:
3012:
2898:
2888:
2503:Occeña
2499:Delima
2485:, and
2360:Manila
2172:Tarlac
1878:Quezon
1372:Manila
1203:Laguna
1088:Iloilo
1005:Ifugao
754:Cavite
369:Bataan
3735:Aimee
3731:Irene
2336:Leyte
2015:Samar
1921:Rizal
1317:Leyte
723:Capiz
479:Bohol
307:Albay
288:Aklan
4349:2022
4344:2019
4332:2016
4327:2013
4322:2010
4317:1998
4312:1995
4307:1992
4302:1986
4262:1978
4257:1977
4252:1976
4247:1975
4222:1971
4217:1970
4212:1969
4207:1967
4202:1965
4197:1963
4192:1949
3778:and
3769:and
3723:Imee
3700:and
3695:10th
3684:and
3637:20th
3631:19th
3626:18th
3621:17th
3616:16th
3611:15th
3606:14th
3601:13th
3596:12th
3591:11th
3586:10th
3373:10th
3265:List
3176:OCLC
3166:ISBN
3119:2018
3080:OCLC
3070:ISBN
3051:2018
3021:2018
3010:ISSN
2987:2018
2957:2021
2931:2018
2896:OCLC
2886:ISBN
2836:2015
2806:2018
2781:2024
2756:2018
2730:2018
2644:2018
2491:Rama
2472:and
2314:Rama
2113:Sulu
777:Cebu
229:Abra
167:and
41:The
3581:9th
3576:8th
3511:7th
3506:6th
3501:5th
3496:4th
3491:3rd
3486:2nd
3481:1st
3456:2nd
3451:1st
3408:2nd
3403:1st
3368:9th
3363:8th
3358:7th
3353:6th
3348:5th
3343:4th
3338:3rd
3333:2nd
3328:1st
4483::
3729:,
3725:,
3204:^
3188:^
3174:.
3105:.
3092:^
3078:.
3037:.
3008:.
3004:.
2973:.
2948:.
2921:.
2908:^
2894:.
2864:^
2844:^
2822:.
2789:^
2772:.
2747:.
2721:.
2652:^
2635:.
2624:^
2579:.
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
145:.
80:.
3674:e
3667:t
3660:v
3245:e
3238:t
3231:v
3182:.
3121:.
3086:.
3053:.
3023:.
2989:.
2959:.
2933:.
2902:.
2838:.
2808:.
2783:.
2758:.
2732:.
2646:.
2577:)
2497:"
20:)
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