806:. Surgical fixation of sternotomy is achieved through the use of either wire cerclage or a plate and screw technique. The incidence of sternotomy complications falls within the narrow range of 0.5% to 5%. Nevertheless, these complications can have severe consequences, including increased mortality rates, the need for reoperation, and a mortality rate as high as 40%. Such complications often entail issues like dehiscence and sternal non-union, primarily stemming from lateral forces exerted during post-operative activities such as coughing and sneezing.
393:
334:
1335:
1073:
1097:
1121:
1133:
40:
468:
1085:
1109:
321:, and below by a small facet, which, with a similar facet on the upper angle of the body, forms a notch for the reception of the costal cartilage of the second rib. Between the depression for the first costal cartilage and the demi-facet for the second is a narrow, curved edge, which slopes from above downward towards the middle. Also, the superior sternopericardial ligament attaches the
737:
283:
56:
1981:
597:
586:
576:
565:
778:. Some studies reveal that repeated punches or continual beatings, sometimes called "breastbone punches", to the sternum area have also caused fractured sternums. Those are known to have occurred in contact sports such as hockey and football. Sternal fractures are frequently associated with underlying injuries such as
622:, in the following order: in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life; in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life; in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth; and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years.
363:
small facet, which, with a corresponding one on the xiphoid process, forms a notch for the cartilage of the seventh rib. These articular depressions are separated by a series of curved interarticular intervals, which diminish in length from above downward, and correspond to the intercostal spaces. Most of the
346:
attaches to it on either side. At the junction of the third and fourth parts of the body is occasionally seen an orifice, the sternal foramen, of varying size and form. The posterior surface, slightly concave, is also marked by three transverse lines, less distinct, however, than those in front; from
606:
The sternum develops from two cartilaginous bars one on the left and one on the right, connected with the cartilages of the ribs on each side. These two bars fuse together along the middle to form the cartilaginous sternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body,
273:
In its natural position, the sternum is angled obliquely, downward and forward. It is slightly convex in front and concave behind; broad above, shaped like a "T", becoming narrowed at the point where the manubrium joins the body, after which it again widens a little to below the middle of the body,
658:
The xiphoid process may become joined to the body before the age of thirty, but this occurs more frequently after forty; on the other hand, it sometimes remains ununited in old age. In advanced life the manubrium is occasionally joined to the body by bone. When this takes place, however, the bony
362:
Each outer border, at its superior angle, has a small facet, which with a similar facet on the manubrium, forms a cavity for the cartilage of the second rib; below this are four angular depressions which receive the cartilages of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The inferior angle has a
358:
is located at the point where the body joins the manubrium. The sternal angle can be felt at the point where the sternum projects farthest forward. However, in some people the sternal angle is concave or rounded. During physical examinations, the sternal angle is a useful landmark because the
341:
The body, or gladiolus, is the longest sternal part. It is flat and considered to have only a front and back surface. It is flat on the front, directed upward and forward, and marked by three transverse ridges which cross the bone opposite the third, fourth, and fifth articular depressions. The
639:
When two are present, they are generally situated one above the other, the upper being the larger; the second piece has seldom more than one; the third, fourth, and fifth pieces are often formed from two centers placed laterally, the irregular union of which explains the rare occurrence of the
728:
is a sternal foramen, a single round hole in the sternum that is present from birth and usually is off-centered to the right or left, commonly forming in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments of the breastbone body. Congenital sternal foramina can often be mistaken for bullet holes. They are usually
1145:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1152:
678:
may be presented at the lower third of the sternal body. In extremely rare cases, multiple foramina may be observed. Fusion of the manubriosternal joint also occurs in around 5% of the population. Small ossicles known as
443:. The right and left clavicular notches articulate with the right and left clavicles, respectively. The costal cartilage of the second rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle making it easy to locate.
1149:
371:, articulate with the sternum at the lines of junction of its primitive component segments. This is well seen in some other vertebrates, where the parts of the bone remain separated for longer.
454:
and superiorly attaches at the posterior surface of the lower sternum. Its inferior attachment is the internal surface of costal cartilages two through six and works to depress the ribs.
317:. The inferior border, oval and rough, is covered with a thin layer of cartilage for articulation with the body. The lateral borders are each marked above by a depression for the first
683:
may also be present posterior to the superior end of the manubrium. Another variant called suprasternal tubercle is formed when the episternal ossicles fuse with the manubrium.
636:
Occasionally some of the segments are formed from more than one center, the number and position of which vary . Thus, the first piece may have two, three, or even six centers.
1349:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (May 14, 2023).
625:
The centers make their appearance at the upper parts of the segments, and proceed gradually downward. To these may be added the occasional existence of two small
1148:
129:
2557:
790:
A manubriosternal dislocation is rare and usually caused by severe trauma. It may also result from minor trauma where there is a precondition of arthritis.
1695:
El
Ibrahimi, Abdelhalim; Sbai, Hicham; Kanjaa, Nabil; Shimi, Mohammed; Lakranbi, Marouane; Daoudi, Abdelkrim; Elmrini, Abdelmajid; Smahi, Mohammed (2011).
814:
The sternum can be totally removed (resected) as part of a radical surgery, usually to surgically treat a malignancy, either with or without a mediastinal
2013:
1096:
2146:
1132:
2136:
1392:
1358:
1317:
1284:
1224:
105:
1339:
1072:
640:
sternal foramen , or of the vertical fissure which occasionally intersects this part of the bone constituting the malformation known as
374:
The upper border is oval and articulates with the manubrium, at the sternal angle. The lower border is narrow, and articulates with the
1251:
274:
and then narrows to its lower extremity. In adults the sternum is on average about 1.7 cm longer in the male than in the female.
2837:
1842:
1817:
1673:
551:
830:
A bifid sternum is an extremely rare congenital abnormality caused by the fusion failure of the sternum. This condition results in
2550:
1120:
1905:
A Greek-English
Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.
1661:
708:(obese or grossly overweight) may present with excess tissue that makes access to traditional marrow biopsy sites such as the
819:
489:
302:(jugular notch) is located in the middle at the upper broadest part of the manubrium. This notch can be felt between the two
405:
124:
3756:
2225:
2126:
2064:
2006:
913:
2919:
2543:
907:
532:
424:
250:
209:, it is one of the largest and longest flat bones of the body. Its three regions are the manubrium, the body, and the
504:
2505:
254:
478:
2319:
2290:
2059:
2314:
2307:
2302:
511:
485:
136:
88:
659:
tissue is generally only superficial, the central portion of the intervening cartilage remaining unossified.
313:
The manubrium joins with the body of the sternum, the clavicles and the cartilages of the first 1.5 pairs of
2218:
2166:
1999:
701:
392:
333:
1084:
3588:
2161:
2081:
1169:
1108:
803:
112:
100:
518:
408:
can cause the xiphoid process to snap off, driving it into the liver which can cause a fatal hemorrhage.
3198:
2213:
2208:
2156:
3325:
3335:
2336:
2091:
725:
447:
348:
3300:
2936:
2773:
1216:
500:
3761:
2988:
2864:
2331:
2326:
2096:
891:
779:
758:
are rather uncommon. They may result from trauma, such as when a driver's chest is forced into the
721:
680:
644:
these conditions are further explained by the manner in which the cartilaginous sternum is formed.
440:
295:
3058:
2998:
2798:
2758:
2701:
1309:
1276:
3118:
3038:
2825:
2711:
2628:
2520:
2482:
2462:
2273:
2253:
2195:
2185:
2131:
2118:
451:
299:
3184:
3179:
2778:
2621:
3033:
1859:
Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre
Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.
415:
tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone which is thickest in the manubrium between the
3618:
3595:
3511:
3043:
2885:
2510:
2295:
2278:
2248:
2076:
1838:
1813:
1790:
1772:
1728:
1669:
1642:
1602:
1584:
1543:
1535:
1496:
1488:
1449:
1431:
1388:
1354:
1313:
1280:
1247:
1220:
799:
648:
619:
2793:
3581:
3364:
3133:
3123:
2831:
2664:
2235:
2141:
2049:
1780:
1762:
1718:
1708:
1592:
1574:
1527:
1480:
1439:
1421:
1380:
1374:
1301:
1268:
1208:
1181:
1176:
755:
750:
416:
364:
343:
318:
242:
3708:
3283:
3207:
2679:
2487:
2477:
2151:
2101:
2069:
1749:
Das, Sibes Kumar; Jana, Pulak Kumar; Bairagya, Tapan Das; Ghoshal, Bhaswati (2012-01-01).
1343:
1334:
859:
815:
759:
705:
675:
608:
401:
387:
375:
267:
210:
45:
1302:
1269:
1209:
3371:
3108:
3091:
2941:
2891:
2803:
2783:
2638:
2427:
2178:
2173:
2054:
1785:
1750:
1723:
1696:
1597:
1562:
1444:
1409:
1468:
282:
3750:
3502:
3457:
3434:
3268:
3235:
3156:
3113:
2946:
2896:
2879:
2843:
2753:
2732:
2689:
2659:
2644:
2515:
2497:
2472:
2454:
2432:
2410:
2346:
2285:
1881:
Onomatologia
Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.
937:
831:
775:
630:
525:
355:
1697:"Traumatic manubriosternal dislocation: A new method of stabilization postreduction"
1531:
633:; they are probably vestiges of the episternal bone of the monotremata and lizards.
3452:
3447:
3292:
3174:
2972:
2968:
2930:
2869:
2788:
2716:
2695:
2674:
2615:
2341:
2203:
2108:
1923:(Dritte Auflage). Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.
851:
767:
730:
615:
202:
39:
2535:
1985:
1241:
93:
3634:
3531:
3329:
3320:
2873:
2768:
2669:
2442:
2437:
2422:
1017:
The sternum as the solid bony part of the chest can be related to
Ancient Greek
989:
771:
697:
467:
428:
322:
3713:
3652:
3622:
3406:
3314:
3053:
3048:
3015:
3004:
2684:
2654:
2607:
2405:
1410:"A Comprehensive Review of the Sternal Foramina and its Clinical Significance"
736:
198:
1776:
1588:
1579:
1539:
1492:
1435:
117:
3703:
3697:
3657:
3628:
3540:
3411:
3225:
3147:
3100:
2978:
2819:
2706:
2467:
2400:
1965:
A Latin dictionary founded on
Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
1767:
1713:
1384:
986:
875:
867:
843:
420:
303:
238:
230:
186:
174:
3734:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
1794:
1732:
1646:
1606:
1515:
1514:
Stark, P.; Watkins, G. E.; Hildebrandt-Stark, H. E.; Dunbar, R. D. (1987).
1453:
890:, it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting
55:
1980:
1547:
1500:
1484:
1353:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 7.5 Embryonic development of the axial skeleton.
618:
centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the
17:
3536:
3467:
3378:
3340:
3304:
3255:
3230:
3215:
3010:
2960:
2573:
2570:
2387:
2034:
855:
847:
655:, and proceeds from below upward ; by the age of 25 they are all united.
412:
368:
307:
190:
1426:
874:, it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of
662:
The body of the sternum is formed by the fusion of four segments called
3691:
3526:
3491:
3442:
3346:
3263:
3240:
3219:
2993:
2982:
2763:
2649:
2598:
921:
898:
does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans.
871:
652:
492: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
206:
1138:
Computer-generated image of ribcage turntable highlighting the sternum
3662:
3485:
3416:
3385:
3310:
3140:
3128:
2923:
2378:
2358:
2265:
1991:
1561:
Duraikannu, Chary; Noronha, Olma V; Sundarrajan, Pushparajan (2016).
1211:
Anatomy and
Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Fifth Edition
917:
895:
879:
709:
1240:
Dyce, Keith M.; Sack, Wolfgang O.; Wensing, C. J. G. (2009-12-03).
647:
More rarely still the upper end of the sternum may be divided by a
596:
585:
575:
564:
3480:
3475:
3025:
2906:
2900:
2634:
2586:
2026:
1001:
954:
883:
595:
584:
574:
563:
391:
332:
291:
281:
234:
194:
178:
142:
76:
3737:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
439:
The cartilages of the top five ribs join with the sternum at the
257:. The sternum consists of three main parts, listed from the top:
249:. The inner surface of the sternum is also the attachment of the
3273:
3166:
2566:
2022:
1883:
Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und
Universitätsbuchhändler.
1102:
Sternum cut along the frontal plane showing interior of the bone
887:
863:
298:
shape, narrowing from the top, which gives it four borders. The
3079:
2584:
2539:
1995:
733:
but can be problematic if acupuncture in the area is intended.
629:
centers, which make their appearance one on either side of the
294:
for 'handle') is the broad upper part of the sternum. It has a
2395:
1837:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 188.
1041:. The English term breastbone is actually more like the Latin
774:
fracture. The most common site of sternal fractures is at the
763:
461:
314:
246:
182:
1947:
1308:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p.
1275:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. p.
1934:
Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen
Nomenclatur.
1633:
Fokin, AA (May 2000). "Cleft sternum and sternal foramen".
400:
Located at the inferior end of the sternum, is the pointed
802:) to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing
1563:"MDCT evaluation of sternal variations: Pictorial essay"
651:. Union of the various centers of the body begins about
306:. On either side of this notch are the right and left
44:
Parts of the sternum: manubrium (green), body (blue),
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1810:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1959:
1957:
1955:
1949:(Zweite Auflage). Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung.
1408:
Choi, Paul J; Iwanaga, Joe; Tubbs, R. Shane (2017).
834:
which can be observed at birth without any symptom.
3683:
3611:
3573:
3550:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3466:
3433:
3356:
3291:
3282:
3254:
3206:
3197:
3165:
3099:
3090:
3024:
2959:
2857:
2812:
2746:
2725:
2606:
2597:
2496:
2453:
2386:
2377:
2357:
2264:
2234:
2194:
2117:
2042:
2033:
1833:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
1376:
Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and Ans
1026:
975:
947:
674:In 2.5–13.5% of the population, a foramen known as
123:
111:
99:
87:
75:
70:
65:
32:
1861:(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
894:to which the flight muscles are attached. Only in
404:. Improperly performed chest compressions during
27:Flat bone in the middle front part of the rib cage
1469:"The manubriosternal joint in rheumatoid disease"
233:, forming the middle portion of the front of the
1664:. In Karmy-Jones R, Nathens A, Stern EJ (eds.).
1300:Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009).
1267:Agur, Anne M.R.; Dalley, Arthur F. II (2009).
1078:Position of sternum (shown in red). Animation.
854:in origin. It probably first evolved in early
2551:
2007:
1921:Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon
1567:The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging
8:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1018:
1005:
968:
958:
940:
724:of the sternum sometimes referred to as an
3516:
3507:
3498:
3353:
3288:
3279:
3203:
3096:
3087:
3076:
2822:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
2809:
2722:
2603:
2594:
2581:
2558:
2544:
2536:
2383:
2039:
2014:
2000:
1992:
846:that lies in the middle front part of the
822:codes # 21632 and # 21630, respectively).
770:. A fracture of the sternum is usually a
241:(collarbones) and its edges join with the
54:
38:
1784:
1766:
1722:
1712:
1701:Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock
1596:
1578:
1443:
1425:
1304:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition
1271:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Twelfth Edition
1126:Position of the sternum the thoracic cage
842:The sternum, in vertebrate anatomy, is a
552:Learn how and when to remove this message
1915:
1913:
798:The breastbone is sometimes cut open (a
735:
325:to the posterior side of the manubrium.
1192:
1068:
396:3D illustration of the xiphoid process.
337:3D illustration of the body of sternum.
217:originates from Ancient Greek στέρνον (
1903:Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940).
1668:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 235–243.
1635:Chest Surgery Clinics of North America
704:. In particular, patients with a high
237:. The top of the sternum supports the
140:
29:
1744:
1742:
1621:Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
1467:Sebes, Ji; Salazar, Je (1983-01-01).
1215:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p.
700:, it is sometimes used as a site for
7:
3625:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
1963:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
490:adding citations to reliable sources
347:its lower part, on either side, the
1057:is also used in classical Latin as
450:muscle is innervated by one of the
253:. Its top is also connected to the
205:from injury. Shaped roughly like a
177:located in the central part of the
158:
431:to the posterior xiphoid process.
411:The sternum is composed of highly
25:
2846:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
1666:Thoracic Trauma and Critical Care
1473:American Journal of Roentgenology
1979:
1812:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57.
1338: This article incorporates
1333:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1053:, chest or breast. Confusingly,
912:In arthropods, a sternum is the
466:
1936:Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
1532:10.1148/radiology.165.1.3628759
1379:. Elsevier. 2014. p. 226.
1045:, derived from classical Latin
477:needs additional citations for
1243:Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
826:Bifid sternum or sternal cleft
820:Current Procedural Terminology
193:, thus helping to protect the
1:
992:used στέρνον to refer to the
740:Manubrium sternal dislocation
696:Because the sternum contains
406:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
60:Position of the sternum (red)
2226:Uncinate process of vertebra
2127:Uncinate process of vertebra
1808:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
1660:Sattler S, Maier RV (2002).
1246:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1207:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010).
2834:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
1027:
976:
948:
908:Sternum (arthropod anatomy)
251:sternopericardial ligaments
189:and forms the front of the
3778:
2506:Superior thoracic aperture
1932:Schreger, C.H.Th. (1805).
1167:
1010:in the present meaning of
905:
782:, or bruised lung tissue.
748:
425:sternopericardial ligament
385:
359:second rib attaches here.
255:sternocleidomastoid muscle
245:of the first two pairs of
3730:
3648:
3402:
3086:
3075:
2915:
2593:
2580:
2320:posterior sacral foramina
1945:Siebenhaar, F.J. (1850).
1019:
1006:
969:
959:
941:
229:The sternum is a narrow,
135:
53:
37:
2828:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
2308:anterior sacral foramina
1967:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1907:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1580:10.4103/0971-3026.184407
1351:Anatomy & Physiology
1090:Sternum seen posteriorly
756:Fractures of the sternum
137:Anatomical terms of bone
1768:10.4103/0970-2113.92370
1714:10.4103/0974-2700.82237
1385:10.1016/c2009-0-42801-0
1114:Sternum, lateral aspect
878:. It is absent in both
858:as an extension of the
3589:Intermediate cuneiform
2735:(Postparietal+Tabular)
2082:Intervertebral foramen
1170:anatomical terminology
1000:. The Greek physician
804:cardiothoracic surgery
741:
603:
593:
582:
572:
397:
338:
287:
1662:"Pulmonary contusion"
1516:"Episternal ossicles"
1485:10.2214/ajr.140.1.117
1004:was the first to use
916:part of a segment of
862:; it is not found in
739:
687:Clinical significance
599:
588:
578:
567:
395:
336:
285:
181:. It connects to the
3081:Postcranial skeleton
2840:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
2337:Lateral sacral crest
1988:at Wikimedia Commons
1919:Kraus, L.A. (1844).
1857:Triepel, H. (1910).
1619:Byers, S.N. (2008).
1342:available under the
996:, and στῆθος to the
936:is a translation of
780:pulmonary contusions
726:anatomical variation
486:improve this article
448:transversus thoracis
349:transversus thoracis
3757:Bones of the thorax
3637:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
2332:Medial sacral crest
2327:Median sacral crest
1835:The Vertebrate Body
1623:. Toronto: Pearson.
1427:10.7759/cureus.1929
983:chest of both sexes
953:. The Greek writer
722:congenital disorder
681:episternal ossicles
441:sternocostal joints
3119:Cervical vertebrae
2521:Infrasternal angle
2483:Xiphisternal joint
2463:Suprasternal notch
2196:Thoracic vertebrae
2186:Vertebra prominens
2147:Posterior tubercle
2132:Transverse foramen
2119:Cervical vertebrae
1879:Hyrtl, J. (1880).
1168:This article uses
742:
702:bone marrow biopsy
692:Bone marrow biopsy
604:
594:
583:
573:
452:intercostal nerves
398:
339:
308:clavicular notches
300:suprasternal notch
288:
286:Shape of manubrium
3744:
3743:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3644:
3643:
3612:Composite tarsals
3596:Lateral cuneiform
3594:Distal tarsal 3 (
3587:Distal tarsal 2 (
3580:Distal tarsal 1 (
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3398:
3397:
3384:Distal carpal 4 (
3377:Distal carpal 3 (
3370:Distal carpal 2 (
3363:Distal carpal 1 (
3193:
3192:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
2955:
2954:
2853:
2852:
2742:
2741:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2511:Intercostal space
2373:
2372:
2296:sacral tuberosity
2279:sacral promontory
2137:Anterior tubercle
2077:Vertebral foramen
2043:General structure
1984:Media related to
1394:978-0-323-07954-9
1360:978-1-947172-04-3
1319:978-0-7817-7055-2
1286:978-0-7817-7055-2
1226:978-0-07-352569-3
1153:
1065:Additional images
800:median sternotomy
620:costal cartilages
562:
561:
554:
536:
367:belonging to the
243:costal cartilages
151:
150:
146:
16:(Redirected from
3769:
3582:Medial cuneiform
3520:Proximal tarsals
3517:
3508:
3499:
3354:
3326:Lateral centrale
3289:
3280:
3204:
3134:Caudal vertebrae
3124:Dorsal vertebrae
3097:
3088:
3077:
2832:Parabasisphenoid
2810:
2723:
2604:
2595:
2582:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2384:
2236:Lumbar vertebrae
2142:Carotid tubercle
2040:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1983:
1968:
1961:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1770:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1582:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1204:
1182:Pectus excavatum
1177:Pectus carinatum
1155:
1154:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
981:to refer to the
979:
972:
971:
963:to refer to the
962:
961:
951:
944:
943:
751:Sternal fracture
731:without symptoms
720:A somewhat rare
607:and one for the
557:
550:
546:
543:
537:
535:
494:
470:
462:
417:articular facets
344:pectoralis major
319:costal cartilage
264:Body (gladiolus)
160:
143:edit on Wikidata
58:
42:
30:
21:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3718:
3709:Ossified tendon
3667:
3640:
3607:
3604:Distal tarsal 5
3601:Distal tarsal 4
3569:
3546:
3497:
3462:
3421:
3394:
3391:Distal carpal 5
3352:
3336:Medial centrale
3278:
3250:
3208:Pectoral girdle
3189:
3161:
3153:
3082:
3063:
3020:
2951:
2911:
2849:
2813:Composite bones
2808:
2738:
2726:Composite bones
2721:
2589:
2576:
2564:
2534:
2525:
2492:
2488:Xiphoid process
2478:Body of sternum
2449:
2369:
2353:
2291:Lateral surface
2260:
2230:
2190:
2113:
2029:
2020:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1887:
1878:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1751:"Bifid sternum"
1748:
1747:
1740:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1190:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1158:Sternum anatomy
1156:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1028:stereόs/sterrόs
1020:στερεός/στερρός
967:, and the term
930:
910:
904:
860:pectoral girdle
840:
828:
816:lymphadenectomy
812:
796:
788:
760:steering column
753:
747:
718:
716:Sternal opening
694:
689:
676:sternal foramen
672:
642:fissura sterni;
609:xiphoid process
558:
547:
541:
538:
495:
493:
483:
471:
460:
437:
423:. The inferior
402:xiphoid process
390:
388:Xiphoid process
384:
382:Xiphoid process
376:xiphoid process
331:
290:The manubrium (
280:
268:Xiphoid process
227:
211:xiphoid process
147:
61:
49:
46:xiphoid process
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3631:(Centrale 1+2)
3626:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3575:
3574:Distal tarsals
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3357:Distal carpals
3351:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2976:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2942:Sclerotic ring
2939:
2937:Extracolumella
2934:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2804:Supraoccipital
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:Orbitosphenoid
2781:
2776:
2774:Laterosphenoid
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2315:Dorsal surface
2312:
2311:
2310:
2303:Pelvic surface
2300:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:posterior arch
2164:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1975:
1974:External links
1972:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1909:
1885:
1863:
1850:
1843:
1825:
1818:
1800:
1738:
1707:(2): 317–319.
1687:
1674:
1652:
1625:
1612:
1573:(2): 185–194.
1553:
1526:(1): 143–144.
1506:
1479:(1): 117–121.
1459:
1400:
1393:
1366:
1359:
1325:
1318:
1292:
1285:
1259:
1253:978-1437708752
1252:
1232:
1225:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1063:
957:used the term
929:
926:
906:Main article:
903:
900:
839:
836:
827:
824:
811:
808:
795:
792:
787:
784:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
717:
714:
693:
690:
688:
685:
671:
668:
560:
559:
474:
472:
465:
459:
456:
436:
433:
386:Main article:
383:
380:
351:takes origin.
330:
327:
279:
276:
271:
270:
265:
262:
226:
223:
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:Miscellaneous
3682:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3458:Epipubic bone
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3435:Pelvic girdle
3432:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Radius (bone)
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Interclavicle
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3157:Haemal arches
3155:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2947:Wormian bones
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Ectopterygoid
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Basioccipital
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2733:Interparietal
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Supratemporal
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:Quadratojugal
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:Intertemporal
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Costal margin
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2498:Thoracic cage
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Sternal angle
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:costal groove
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:floating ribs
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2347:sacral hiatus
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Ala of sacrum
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:Costal facets
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:anterior arch
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1844:0-03-910284-X
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1819:0-697-21991-7
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1677:
1675:1-4020-7215-5
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1641:(2): 261–76.
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:(12): e1929.
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1163:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1015:
1013:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
978:
966:
956:
952:
950:
939:
938:Ancient Greek
935:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
901:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:Other animals
837:
835:
833:
832:sternal cleft
825:
823:
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
785:
783:
781:
777:
776:sternal angle
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
744:
738:
734:
732:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
686:
684:
682:
677:
669:
667:
665:
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
637:
634:
632:
631:jugular notch
628:
623:
621:
617:
612:
610:
602:
598:
592:Peculiarities
591:
587:
581:
577:
570:
566:
556:
553:
545:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503: –
502:
498:
497:Find sources:
491:
487:
481:
480:
475:This section
473:
469:
464:
463:
457:
455:
453:
449:
444:
442:
434:
432:
430:
427:attaches the
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
394:
389:
381:
379:
377:
372:
370:
366:
360:
357:
356:sternal angle
352:
350:
345:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
277:
275:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:blood vessels
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
144:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
64:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3696:
3690:
3490:
3345:
3245:
3199:Appendicular
3175:Cervical rib
3146:
3139:
3059:Tympanohyoid
3003:
2999:Prearticular
2973:Ectotympanic
2931:Entotympanic
2929:
2884:
2870:Epipterygoid
2799:Sphenethmoid
2789:Parasphenoid
2759:Basisphenoid
2702:Septomaxilla
2694:
2675:Postparietal
2627:
2620:
2417:
2342:Sacral canal
2243:
2157:lateral mass
2109:Spinal canal
2086:
1964:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1904:
1880:
1858:
1853:
1834:
1828:
1809:
1803:
1761:(1): 73–75.
1758:
1754:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1375:
1369:
1350:
1332:
1328:
1303:
1295:
1270:
1262:
1242:
1235:
1210:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1016:
1011:
997:
993:
985:. The Greek
982:
974:
964:
946:
933:
931:
911:
852:endochondral
841:
829:
813:
797:
789:
768:car accident
754:
719:
695:
673:
663:
661:
657:
646:
641:
638:
635:
626:
624:
616:ossification
613:
605:
600:
589:
579:
571:Ossification
568:
548:
539:
529:
522:
515:
508:
496:
484:Please help
479:verification
476:
445:
438:
410:
399:
373:
361:
353:
340:
312:
296:quadrangular
289:
272:
228:
218:
214:
201:, and major
170:
166:
162:
154:
152:
106:A02.3.03.001
81:
3532:Intermedium
3321:Intermedium
3039:Ceratohyoid
2874:Alisphenoid
2826:Otoccipital
2769:Exoccipital
2670:Postorbital
2665:Postfrontal
1049:, bone and
1043:os pectoris
990:Hippocrates
786:Dislocation
712:difficult.
698:bone marrow
542:August 2024
458:Development
429:pericardium
323:pericardium
221:) 'chest'.
213:. The word
71:Identifiers
3762:Flat bones
3751:Categories
3714:Osteoderms
3653:Metatarsal
3619:Astragalus
3566:Centrale 4
3563:Centrale 3
3560:Centrale 2
3557:Centrale 1
3407:Metacarpal
3315:Triquetral
3185:Caudal rib
3180:Dorsal rib
3054:Thyrohyoid
3049:Stylohyoid
3016:Surangular
3005:Predentary
2779:Opisthotic
2685:Premaxilla
2680:Prefrontal
2622:Internasal
2608:Skull roof
2406:false ribs
2254:mammillary
2219:transverse
2092:transverse
1755:Lung India
1681:2008-04-21
1188:References
1059:breastbone
1033:, meaning
1012:breastbone
998:breastbone
965:male chest
902:Arthropods
868:amphibians
794:Sternotomy
772:comminuted
670:Variations
664:sternebrae
627:episternal
512:newspapers
365:cartilages
173:is a long
171:breastbone
18:Breastbone
3704:Gastralia
3698:Baubellum
3658:Phalanges
3629:Navicular
3551:Centralia
3541:Calcaneum
3412:Phalanges
3372:Trapezoid
3365:Trapezium
3226:Cleithrum
3148:Pygostyle
3101:Vertebrae
3034:Basihyoid
2979:Articular
2920:Columella
2892:Pterygoid
2820:Occipital
2747:Braincase
2707:Squamosal
2639:Zygomatic
2468:Manubrium
2401:true ribs
2249:accessory
2244:Processes
2097:articular
2087:Processes
2035:Vertebrae
1777:0970-2113
1589:0971-3026
1540:0033-8419
1520:Radiology
1493:0361-803X
1436:2168-8184
1344:CC BY 4.0
987:physician
928:Etymology
876:cartilage
856:tetrapods
844:flat bone
810:Resection
745:Fractures
501:"Sternum"
421:clavicles
369:true ribs
304:clavicles
278:Manubrium
261:Manubrium
239:clavicles
231:flat bone
225:Structure
187:cartilage
175:flat bone
3537:Fibulare
3468:Hindlimb
3379:Capitate
3341:Pisiform
3305:Scaphoid
3256:Forelimb
3231:Coracoid
3216:Clavicle
3044:Epihyoid
3011:Splenial
2989:Coronoid
2961:Mandible
2897:Quadrate
2886:Prevomer
2880:Palatine
2844:Temporal
2838:Petrosal
2660:Parietal
2645:Lacrimal
2574:skeleton
2571:tetrapod
2428:tubercle
2388:Rib cage
2214:inferior
2209:superior
1795:22345921
1733:21769224
1647:10803333
1607:27413263
1454:29456905
1346:license.
1164:See also
932:English
872:reptiles
850:. It is
848:rib cage
601:Figure 7
590:Figure 6
580:Figure 5
569:Figure 4
419:for the
413:vascular
191:rib cage
163:sternums
48:(purple)
3692:Baculum
3527:Tibiale
3492:Patella
3443:Ischium
3347:Pteroid
3301:Radiale
3264:Humerus
3246:Sternum
3241:Scapula
3220:Furcula
2994:Dentary
2983:Malleus
2969:Angular
2794:Prootic
2764:Ethmoid
2717:Tabular
2696:Rostral
2650:Maxilla
2616:Frontal
2599:Cranium
2569:in the
2455:Sternum
2102:spinous
2060:pedicle
2025:of the
1986:Sternum
1786:3276042
1724:3132377
1598:4931775
1548:3628759
1501:6600299
1445:5805319
1007:στέρνον
977:stithos
960:στέρνον
949:sternon
942:στέρνον
934:sternum
922:abdomen
914:ventral
896:mammals
880:turtles
653:puberty
649:fissure
526:scholar
219:stérnon
215:sternum
207:necktie
155:sternum
94:D013249
82:sternum
66:Details
33:Sternum
3663:Ungual
3635:Cuboid
3512:Tarsus
3486:Fibula
3417:Ungual
3386:Hamate
3330:Lunate
3311:Ulnare
3293:Carpus
3141:Coccyx
3129:Sacrum
2924:Stapes
2858:Palate
2379:Thorax
2359:Coccyx
2266:Sacrum
2065:lamina
1841:
1816:
1793:
1783:
1775:
1731:
1721:
1672:
1645:
1605:
1595:
1587:
1546:
1538:
1499:
1491:
1452:
1442:
1434:
1414:Cureus
1391:
1357:
1316:
1283:
1250:
1223:
1055:pectus
1051:pectus
970:στῆθος
918:thorax
884:snakes
710:pelvis
528:
521:
514:
507:
499:
435:Joints
167:sterna
3623:Talus
3481:Tibia
3476:Femur
3453:Pubis
3448:Ilium
3284:Manus
3109:Atlas
3092:Axial
3026:Hyoid
2907:Vomer
2901:Incus
2655:Nasal
2635:Jugal
2587:Skull
2567:Bones
2423:angle
2418:Parts
2152:Atlas
2070:notch
2027:torso
2023:Bones
1039:solid
1002:Galen
994:chest
955:Homer
888:birds
886:. In
866:. In
766:in a
762:of a
533:JSTOR
519:books
292:Latin
235:chest
199:lungs
195:heart
179:chest
169:) or
141:[
77:Latin
3274:Ulna
3167:Ribs
3114:Axis
2443:head
2438:neck
2396:Ribs
2366:none
2274:Base
2179:dens
2174:Axis
2055:Arch
2050:Body
1839:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1791:PMID
1773:ISSN
1729:PMID
1670:ISBN
1643:PMID
1603:PMID
1585:ISSN
1544:PMID
1536:ISSN
1497:PMID
1489:ISSN
1450:PMID
1432:ISSN
1389:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1340:text
1314:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1035:firm
892:keel
882:and
870:and
864:fish
614:The
505:news
446:The
354:The
329:Body
315:ribs
247:ribs
185:via
183:ribs
153:The
130:7485
118:1129
101:TA98
89:MeSH
3503:Pes
1781:PMC
1763:doi
1719:PMC
1709:doi
1593:PMC
1575:doi
1528:doi
1524:165
1481:doi
1477:140
1440:PMC
1422:doi
1381:doi
1217:266
1037:or
920:or
764:car
706:BMI
488:by
165:or
159:pl.
125:FMA
113:TA2
3753::
1954:^
1912:^
1888:^
1866:^
1789:.
1779:.
1771:.
1759:29
1757:.
1753:.
1741:^
1727:.
1717:.
1703:.
1699:.
1639:10
1637:.
1601:.
1591:.
1583:.
1571:26
1569:.
1565:.
1542:.
1534:.
1522:.
1518:.
1495:.
1487:.
1475:.
1471:.
1448:.
1438:.
1430:.
1416:.
1412:.
1387:.
1312:.
1310:21
1279:.
1277:10
1219:.
1195:^
1061:.
1047:os
1023:,
1014:.
973:,
945:,
924:.
666:.
611:.
378:.
310:.
197:,
161::
3695:/
3621:(
3598:)
3591:)
3584:)
3543:)
3539:(
3388:)
3381:)
3374:)
3367:)
3332:)
3328:(
3317:)
3313:(
3307:)
3303:(
3222:)
3218:(
2985:)
2981:(
2975:)
2971:(
2926:)
2922:(
2903:)
2899:(
2876:)
2872:(
2641:)
2637:(
2559:e
2552:t
2545:v
2015:e
2008:t
2001:v
1847:.
1822:.
1797:.
1765::
1735:.
1711::
1705:4
1684:.
1649:.
1609:.
1577::
1550:.
1530::
1503:.
1483::
1456:.
1424::
1418:9
1397:.
1383::
1363:.
1322:.
1289:.
1256:.
1229:.
1172:.
1031:)
1025:(
818:(
555:)
549:(
544:)
540:(
530:·
523:·
516:·
509:·
482:.
157:(
145:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
