363:
painful engorgement. Engorgement may affect the areola, the periphery of the breast or the entire breast, and may interfere with breastfeeding both from the pain and also from the distortion of the normal shape of the areola/nipple. This makes it harder for the baby to latch on properly for feeding. Latching may occur over only part of the areola. This can irritate the nipple more, and may lead to ineffective drainage of breast milk and more pain. Reverse pressure softening (RPS) is a technique that can soften the areola enabling deeper latching and more milk transfer; RPS involves gentle positive pressure in the direction of the chest wall from the fingertips around the areola. Engorgement may begin as a result of several factors such as nipple pain, improper feeding technique, infrequent feeding or infant-mother separation.
390:(nipple pain, or thelalgia) are probably the most common complaint after the birth. They are generally reported by the second day after delivery but improve within 5 days. Pain beyond the first week, severe pain, cracking, fissures or localized swelling is not normal. The mother should see a doctor for further evaluation. Sore nipples, a common cause of pain, often come from the baby not latching on properly. Factors include too much pressure on the nipple when not enough of the areola is latched onto and an improper release of suction at the end of the feeding. Improper use of breast pumps or topical remedies can also contribute. Nipple pain can also be a sign of infection.
370:. Gentle massage can help start the milk flow and so reduce the pressure. The reduced pressure softens the areola, perhaps even allowing the infant to feed. Warm water or warm compresses and expressing some milk before feeding can also help make breastfeeding more effective. Some researchers have suggested that after breastfeeding, mothers should pump and/or apply cold compresses to reduce swelling pain and vascularity even more. One published study suggested the use of "chilled cabbage leaves" applied to the breasts. Attempts to reproduce this technique met with mixed results.
76:
804:
stop breastfeeding. This is not ideal for their infants. A Cochrane review assessed the effects of workplace interventions to support and promote breastfeeding among mothers returning to work after the birth of their babies. The review authors comprehensively searched in 2012 for studies addressing this question but found no eligible studies. "The return to work can impact the amount of breastmilk that your body produces due to the stress and changes of leaving your baby."
676:
risks of formula feeding, citing increased rates of marasmus and diarrhea. D Jelliffe and E Jelliffe also criticized the marketing of infant formulas by US companies to resource-poor countries, something they termed "comerciogenic malnutrition." A more recent article from 1992 describes how the health of an infant can be compromised by water, which in many resource-poor countries holds the risk of environmental pathogens that are not present in breastmilk.
3923:
302:(D-MER) is a newly recognized condition affecting lactating women that is characterized by an abrupt dysphoria, or negative emotions that occur just before milk release and continuing not more than a few minutes. Preliminary testing tells us that D-MER is treatable and preliminary research tells us that inappropriate dopamine activity at the time of the milk ejection reflex is the cause of D-MER.
530:
40:
659:(10-40% risk). Research on the timing of HIV transmission in 2000 revealed that a "substantial transmission occurs early during breastfeeding," concluding that 75% of all breast milk transmission had occurred within the first 6 months during a randomized control trial in Kenya. This research is of particular importance in developing countries where
721:, especially diarrhea. Even in babies exposed to the harmful effects of nicotine through breast milk, the likelihood of acute respiratory illness is significantly diminished when compared to infants whose mothers smoked but were formula fed. Regardless, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of nicotine exposure.
759:
With respect to alcohol, the
American Academy of Pediatrics states that when breastfeeding, "moderation is definitely advised" and recommends waiting for 2 hours after drinking before nursing or pumping. A 2014 review found that "even in a theoretical case of binge drinking, the children would not be
728:
process by decreasing milk production and altering the milk composition. Smoking reduces daily milk output by roughly 250–300 mL. Not only will this be problematic on a daily basis for not producing enough milk, it will also cause the mother to wean her baby early. The altered milk composition
437:
Milk stasis is when the milk ducts are blocked and cannot drain properly, usually due to swelling and insufficient breast emptying during the engorgement phase. This may affect only a part of the breast and is not associated with any infection. It can be treated by varying the baby's feeding position
139:
on breastfeeding instructs to, "delay weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-sticks, and eye prophylaxis until after the first feeding is completed." Many breastfeeding difficulties can be resolved with research based hospital procedures, properly trained nurses and hospital staff, speech pathologists
763:
If the mother consumes too much caffeine, it can cause irritability, sleeplessness, nervousness and increased feeding in the breastfed infant. Moderate use (one to two cups per day of coffee, tea, or cola) usually produces no effect. Breastfeeding mothers are advised to restrict or avoid caffeine if
803:
Many mothers have to return to work soon after their babies have been born. If their employers and fellow employees do not support mothers in breastfeeding (for example, providing a private breastfeeding room containing a fridge where mothers can express and safely store breast milk), mothers might
675:
consider the risks and benefits of each feeding practice on an individual level; they recommended women make an informed choice about infant feeding. In the days before the AIDS epidemic was clearly understood, some researchers pointed to the need to increase breastfeeding rates and pointed to the
598:
can suppress the sucking reflex in infants. In addition, when a baby is put to the breast for shorter periods of time, milk production decreases. The time spent sucking by the infant on the pacifier or artificial teat reduces the time on the breast. The CDC also currently (2022) reports that early
541:
of the nipple. In essence, blood does not flow properly to the nipple which causes the nipple to blanch. This can be caused by trauma to the nipple through early breastfeeding or candidal infection of the nipple. The pain is intense during the latch stage and in between breastfeeding sessions there
344:
sometimes make attachment to the breast difficult. These mothers need additional support to feed their babies. Treatment is started after the birth of the baby. The nipple is manually stretched out several times a day. A pump or a plastic syringe is used to draw out the nipple and the baby is then
362:
When the breast overfills with milk it becomes painful. Engorgement comes from not getting enough milk from the breast. It happens about 3 to 7 days after delivery and occurs more often in first time mothers. The increased blood supply, the accumulated milk and the swelling all contribute to the
620:
Women with tuberculosis who have been treated appropriately for 2 or more weeks and who are not considered contagious may breastfeed. Women with tuberculosis disease suspected of being contagious should refrain from breastfeeding or any other close contact with the infant because of potential
783:
An exclusively breastfed baby depends on breast milk completely so it is important for the mother to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and especially a good diet. Consumption of 1500–1800 calories per day could coincide with a weight loss of 450 grams (one pound) per week. While mothers in
514:
Overactive let-down (OALD) is the forceful ejection of milk from the breast during breastfeeding. The forceful spray of milk can cause the baby to consume too much milk too quickly as well as to swallow air during the period of rapid swallowing following the let-down.
283:
can have difficulties coordinating their sucking reflex with breathing. They may need to be fed more frequently because their stomachs tend to be smaller, and they may get sleepier during feedings. Premature infants unable to take enough calories by mouth may need
438:
and applying heat before feeding. If it happens more than once, further evaluation is needed. Milk stasis is an urgent matter for mothers who wish to breastfeed, as failure to remove milk from the breasts causes milk production to decrease and eventually stop.
751:(SIDS) is more common in babies exposed to a smoky environment. Breastfeeding mothers who smoke are counseled not to do so during or immediately before feeding their child, and are encouraged to seek advice to help them reduce their nicotine intake or quit.
542:
is a throbbing pain when the nipple is blanched. The nipple can be massaged to help blood flow return to reduce pain, as well as avoiding cold. In some instances, heart medication, nifedipine, is used to help the blood flow return to the nipple.
3231:
2930:
2915:
2222:
Coovadia HM, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Little K, Coutsoudis A, Bennish ML, Newell ML (March 2007). "Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study".
428:
Another non-prescription treatment of candidia is gentian violet. It usually works, and relief is rapid. It is messy, and will stain clothing. The baby's lips will turn purple, but the purple will disappear after a few days.
358:
is the sense of breast fullness experienced by most women within 36 hours of delivery. Normally, this is a painless sensation of "heaviness". Breastfeeding on demand is the primary way of preventing painful engorgement.
3224:
3217:
4157:
3928:
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Nduati R, John G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Richardson B, Overbaugh J, Mwatha A, et al. (March 2000). "Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trial".
586:
are dispersed throughout the environment and are of concern to the nursing infant, the neurodevelopmental benefits of human milk tend to override the potential adverse effects of neurotoxicants.
775:
is listed by the
American Association of Pediatrics as a compound that transfers into human breast milk. Research demonstrated that certain compounds in marijuana have a very long half-life.
3962:
292:(prolonged skin-to-skin contact with the mother) which makes later breastfeeding easier. For some suckling difficulties, such as may happen with cleft lip/palate, the baby can be fed with a
2631:
318:
Primary lactation failure: occurs when the mother has a condition incompatible with full milk production, for example breast hypoplasia, breast reduction surgery, or bilateral mastectomy.
321:
Secondary lactation failure: milk production that is low due to preventable factors, such as formula supplementation, poor milk transfer by the baby, or unrelieved breast engorgement.
788:
conditions can produce milk with highly nutritional content, a malnourished mother may produce milk with decreased levels of several micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B
663:
is not widely available or safe to prepare. In fact, the World Health
Organization recommended breastfeeding in 1987 and 1992 for seropositive and seronegative women in areas where
406:, burning and redness, or a shiny or white patchy appearance. The baby could have a white tongue that does not wipe clean. Candidiasis is common and may be associated with infant
333:
Pain often interferes with successful breastfeeding. It is cited as the second most common cause for the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding after perceived low milk supply.
3482:
476:
like fever and nausea. It mostly occurs 2–3 weeks after delivery but can happen at any time. Typically results from milk stasis with primary or secondary local, later systemic
695:
The vast majority of over the counter and prescription medicines are compatible with breastfeeding, but there are some that might be passed onto the child through the milk.
3824:
2973:
2156:
724:
The main concern about smoking and breastfeeding is that infants may have smoking-induced reductions to the milk iodine content. Smoking can adversely affect the
599:
use of pacifiers can have a negative outcome on the success of breastfeeding and they suggest that it should be delayed until breastfeeding is firmly established.
3955:
637:
provides treatment recommendations and advises mothers to continue breastfeeding. TBC may be congenital, or perinatally acquired through airborne droplet spread.
135:
While breastfeeding difficulties are not uncommon, putting the baby to the breast as soon as possible after birth helps to avoid many problems. The policy of the
2687:
1610:
Nikodem VC, Danziger D, Gebka N, Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ (June 1993). "Do cabbage leaves prevent breast engorgement? A randomized, controlled study".
2723:
795:
There are no foods that are absolutely contraindicated during breastfeeding, but a baby may show sensitivity to particular foods that the mother eats.
3948:
578:. Other than cases of acute poisoning, no environmental contaminant has been found to cause more harm to infants than lack of breastfeeding. Although
187:
Swallowing difficulties such as with prematurity and coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing, or gastro-intestinal tract abnormalities like
1849:
Evans ME, Heads J (February 1999). "Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women during the six months after delivery: a prospective cohort study".
554:
cannot digest lactose and therefore cannot benefit from breast milk. Breastfeeding might harm the baby also if the mother has untreated pulmonary
425:
applied to the nipple and given by mouth to the baby. Strict cleaning of clothing and breast pumps is also required to eradicate the infection.
968:
Ballard JL, Auer CE, Khoury JC (November 2002). "Ankyloglossia: assessment, incidence, and effect of frenuloplasty on the breastfeeding dyad".
3462:
3429:
3162:
2966:
2806:
2762:
2363:
Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EF (August 1978). "Feeding young infants in developing countries: comments on the current situation and future needs".
1290:
1207:
935:
918:
646:
4102:
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1893:
1306:
178:
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subjected to clinically relevant amounts of alcohol ", and would have no adverse effects on children as long as drinking is "occasional".
2540:
371:
3477:
1977:
1471:
170:
3880:
3735:
3662:
3357:
2597:
1948:
3971:
3907:
2959:
1731:
Amir LH, Garland SM, Dennerstein L, Farish SJ (1996). "Candida albicans: is it associated with nipple pain in lactating women?".
2325:
Global
Programme on AIDS (1992). "Consensus statement from the WHO/UNICEF consultation on HIV transmission and breast-feeding".
3528:
3266:
2153:
3409:
655:
has highlighted a lower risk of HIV transmission with exclusive breastfeeding by HIV positive mothers (4% risk), compared to
299:
136:
2561:
Gunn AJ, Gunn TR, Mitchell EA (October 2000). "Is changing the sleep environment enough? Current recommendations for SIDS".
1645:
Ziemer MM, Paone JP, Schupay J, Cole E (December 1990). "Methods to prevent and manage nipple pain in breastfeeding women".
288:- inserting a feeding tube into the stomach to provide enough breast milk or a substitute. This is often done together with
1389:"Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology"
3611:
736:
Also, the nicotine obtained from smoking travels through a woman into her breast milk, thus giving nicotine to her child.
685:
48:
2822:
3895:
3678:
3523:
748:
563:
717:
than to completely avoid this practice altogether. There is evidence that breastfeeding offers protection against many
3988:
3691:
2527:
Najdawi, F and Faouri, M 1999. Maternal smoking and breastfeeding. Eastern
Mediterranean Health Journal. 5(3): 450-456
226:
188:
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and lactation consultants. Another source of information is the volunteer-based breastfeeding promotion organization,
1041:
120:
for human infants, there are circumstances under which breastfeeding can be problematic, or even in rare instances,
3601:
3575:
3311:
3257:
3066:
127:
Difficulties can arise both in connection with the act of breastfeeding and with the health of the nursing infant.
2128:
1003:
Hagan J Jr (September 2001). "The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents".
3839:
3829:
3747:
3647:
2780:
1065:
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to breastfeed until they are no longer contagious. According to the
American Academy of Pediatrics 2006 Redbook:
764:
her baby reacts negatively to it. Cigarette smoking is thought to increase the effects of caffeine in the baby.
3365:
2698:
1114:
Brent NB (September 2001). "Thrush in the breastfeeding dyad: results of a survey on diagnosis and treatment".
2548:
3998:
3764:
3686:
3444:
270:
743:
by the mother (more than 20 per day) has been shown to reduce the mother's milk supply and cause vomiting,
500:. Continued breastfeeding, plenty of rest and adequate fluid supply is the best treatment for light cases.
378:(acetaminophen) may relieve the pain. A warm shower and using cold compresses to help ease the discomfort.
4152:
3885:
3859:
3637:
3457:
3452:
3424:
3401:
3301:
3061:
3006:
2081:"Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding"
3209:
3849:
3844:
3296:
3001:
174:
524:
3854:
3723:
3618:
3439:
3414:
902:
672:
194:
2313:
Statement from the
Consultation on Breast-feeding/Breast Milk and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
1688:
Cable B, Stewart M, Davis J (December 1997). "Nipple wound care: a new approach to an old problem".
75:
4066:
4045:
4028:
3890:
3834:
3728:
3657:
3642:
3623:
3472:
3286:
3126:
3073:
2934:
2036:
Marmet C, Shell E, Aldana S (November 2000). "Assessing infant suck dysfunction: case management".
1542:"Effectiveness of Reverse Pressure Softening of Areola in Women with Postpartum Breast Engorgement"
718:
668:
509:
275:
1541:
861:
Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI (February 2005).
733:
and crying which can promote early weaning, again something that is not beneficial to the infant.
366:
To prevent or treat engorgement, remove the milk from the breast, by breastfeeding, expressing or
3864:
3819:
3794:
3759:
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3596:
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1522:
1219:
1139:
947:
447:
354:
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Both mother and baby must be treated to get rid of this infection. First-line therapies include
1901:
3769:
3741:
3701:
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3249:
2878:
2802:
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2669:
2578:
2537:
2510:
2456:
2388:
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2110:
2053:
2007:
1866:
1831:
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1748:
1705:
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1627:
1514:
1453:
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1369:
1286:
1263:
1188:
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1020:
985:
914:
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are the major cause of infant mortality. In 1996 UNAIDS issued a recommendation that women in
583:
56:
2129:"Infant Safety in Maternity Care Practices that Support Breastfeeding in US Birth Facilities"
1773:
Wiener S (March–April 2006). "Diagnosis and management of
Candida of the nipple and breast".
3652:
3591:
3323:
3193:
3114:
2868:
2860:
2661:
2570:
2500:
2492:
2446:
2415:
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2286:
2232:
2194:
2186:
2100:
2092:
2045:
1997:
1989:
1858:
1821:
1810:"Nipple candidiasis among breastfeeding mothers. Case-control study of predisposing factors"
1782:
1740:
1697:
1654:
1619:
1553:
1506:
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1408:
1400:
1361:
1253:
1178:
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977:
874:
830:
341:
17:
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3774:
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3548:
3328:
3147:
3109:
2784:
2544:
2160:
2015:
710:
629:
is present, breastfeeding should be discontinued until the mother no longer is contagious.
312:
293:
285:
280:
141:
121:
2190:
1478:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Office on Women's Health. February 2017
2609:
2419:
1952:
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2002:
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1413:
1388:
1258:
1241:
1183:
1158:
907:
660:
482:
157:
109:
2236:
1978:"Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding"
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834:
4146:
4113:
4050:
4038:
4018:
3784:
3754:
3487:
3370:
2065:
1567:
656:
559:
489:
289:
259:
151:
105:
89:
3940:
2939:
1878:
1717:
1526:
1159:"Lactation after normal pregnancy is not associated with blood glucose fluctuations"
1143:
4126:
3779:
3713:
3183:
3119:
3078:
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2252:
2096:
1674:
664:
613:
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555:
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418:
255:
245:
218:
198:
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Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, Damkier P (February 2014). "Alcohol and breastfeeding".
1586:
2849:"Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment"
705:
Women and smoking § Unique gender differences and health effects for
Females
147:
A variety of factors and conditions can interfere with successful breastfeeding:
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4081:
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4003:
3718:
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575:
407:
399:
375:
367:
250:
206:
113:
2049:
1786:
1701:
1658:
1558:
1510:
1404:
1365:
1352:
Hurst NM (2007). "Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II".
1127:
529:
242:
Early return to work due to lack of financial support/maternity leave of mother
4008:
3338:
3245:
714:
652:
625:
rarely causes mastitis or a breast abscess, but if a breast abscess caused by
422:
202:
65:
61:
2826:
4076:
3382:
3241:
2924:
2344:
Joint United
Nations Program on HIV/AIDS. (1996). "HIV and infant feeding".
2290:
740:
725:
538:
477:
473:
264:
239:
Insufficient rest/support of the mother during the first 6 weeks post-partum
117:
69:
39:
2882:
2673:
2582:
2574:
2514:
2496:
2481:"Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep"
2460:
2451:
2434:
2298:
2244:
2114:
2057:
2011:
1870:
1794:
1422:
1373:
1192:
1135:
1024:
1016:
989:
981:
888:
879:
862:
842:
621:
transmission through respiratory tract droplets (see Tuberculosis, p 678).
2208:
1835:
1752:
1709:
1666:
1631:
1518:
1497:
Hill PD, Humenick SS (June 1994). "The occurrence of breast engorgement".
1457:
1267:
324:
Chronic low milk supply is estimated to be experienced by 10-15% of women.
3276:
2996:
2392:
1993:
772:
744:
595:
414:
403:
231:
2907:
1242:"Too much of a good thing. Maternal and infant hyperlactation syndromes"
3581:
3036:
2665:
2384:
567:
496:
387:
2777:
2406:
Dettwyler K; Fishman C (1992). "Infant Feeding Practices and Growth".
1744:
1174:
3585:
3178:
2919:
2632:"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Toolkit Frequently Asked Questions"
1587:"Overcoming breastfeeding problems: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
785:
571:
93:
2433:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (September 2001).
2376:
51:, a device which can assist with certain breastfeeding difficulties.
821:
Picciano MF (February 2001). "Nutrient composition of human milk".
3544:
3515:
3348:
1157:
Bentley-Lewis R, Goldfine AB, Green DE, Seely EW (November 2007).
730:
528:
97:
2951:
1208:"Tactile Defensiveness and Other Sensory Modulation Difficulties"
184:
Presence of an actual physical barrier between mother and infant
101:
3944:
3213:
2955:
2163:
on Breastfeeding and maternal tuberculosis; acquired 2006-08-19
1307:"Breastfeeding a baby with a health problem | womenshealth.gov"
4131:
4013:
2697:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
634:
3483:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1393:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
713:
after giving birth, however, it is still more beneficial to
633:
In areas where BCG vaccination is the standard of care, the
2825:. La Leche League International. 2006-08-29. Archived from
2175:"Congenital tuberculosis. Review and diagnostic guidelines"
1436:
Woolridge MW (December 1986). "Aetiology of sore nipples".
747:, rapid heart rate, and restlessness in breastfed infants.
792:. She may also have a lower supply than well-fed mothers.
1285:(3rd (revised) ed.). La Leche League International.
2079:
Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Jahanfar S, Angolkar M (August 2016).
1930:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006-08-26
1546:
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy
2435:"Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk"
729:
also caused infants to exhibit daily behaviors such as
472:). Later stages of mastitis cause symptoms of systemic
2479:
Mennella JA, Yourshaw LM, Morgan LK (September 2007).
112:
that enables them to suck and swallow milk, and human
4158:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
2897:
4111:
4090:
4059:
3978:
3873:
3793:
3677:
3541:
3514:
3496:
3438:
3400:
3391:
3347:
3265:
3256:
3171:
3135:
3097:
3022:
2989:
2901:
2823:"How can I lose weight safely while breastfeeding?"
1331:
55:
32:
2654:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
1472:"Challenge: Inverted, flat, or very large nipples"
906:
612:It is not safe for mothers with active, untreated
558:, is taking certain medications that suppress the
3825:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
2750:Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession
566:, or uses potentially harmful substances such as
215:Hypoplastic breasts/insufficient glandular tissue
2801:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 33.
618:
2787:on cannabis (see table 2); acquired 2006-08-19
1066:"Will stress during pregnancy affect my baby?"
1036:
1034:
856:
854:
852:
3956:
3225:
2967:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1808:Tanguay KE, McBean MR, Jain E (August 1994).
8:
3032:Adipomastia (lipomastia, pseudogynecomastia)
533:Nipple blanching, or vasospasm of the nipple
2853:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2085:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1928:"When should a mother avoid breastfeeding?"
3963:
3949:
3941:
3397:
3262:
3232:
3218:
3210:
2974:
2960:
2952:
2898:
2474:
2472:
2470:
163:Distractions or interruptions during feeds
74:
29:
4121:
2872:
2504:
2450:
2198:
2104:
2001:
1825:
1775:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1557:
1540:Pednekar, Priyanka Sandeep (2021-04-02).
1412:
1354:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
1257:
1182:
878:
863:"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk"
2179:American Journal of Diseases of Children
909:Dr. Jack Newman's guide to breastfeeding
197:resulting from surgical procedures like
2847:Abdulwadud OA, Snow ME (October 2012).
1971:
1969:
1733:Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation
813:
169:Tachypnea (rapid breathing) such as in
2799:The Yale guide to children's nutrition
3463:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3430:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3163:Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia
2797:Tamborlane WV, Weiswasser JZ (1997).
1581:
1579:
1577:
647:Breastfeeding by HIV infected mothers
456:of the breast. It causes local pain (
7:
4103:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
3994:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
3529:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2753:(5th ed.). C.V. Mosby. p.
2724:"Things to Avoid When Breastfeeding"
2191:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140050078028
1894:"Vasospasm and Raynaud's Phenomenon"
372:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2420:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.001131
1863:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127735.x
1647:Western Journal of Nursing Research
88:refers to problems that arise from
3478:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2778:American Association of Pediatrics
1898:Centre for Breastfeeding Education
1624:10.1111/j.1523-536X.1993.tb00418.x
1387:Lee S, Kelleher SL (August 2016).
823:Pediatric Clinics of North America
181:or other infant medical conditions
171:transient tachypnea of the newborn
25:
3972:Vertically transmitted infections
3736:Pain management during childbirth
3663:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2747:Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM (1999).
2315:. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1987.
2266:Breastfeeding alone cuts HIV risk
2173:Nemir RL, O'Hare D (March 1985).
1982:Environmental Health Perspectives
1090:"Supporting Nursing Moms at Work"
3922:
3921:
3908:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2630:American Academy of Pediatrics.
1851:The Medical Journal of Australia
1653:(6): 732–43, discussion 743–44.
680:Transmission of drugs and toxins
166:Long separations from the mother
38:
1476:Common breastfeeding challenges
480:. Infectious organisms include
267:, or "low-tone" infant disorder
3410:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
2865:10.1002/14651858.CD006177.pub3
2097:10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4
1281:Mohrbacher N, Stock J (2003).
1240:Livingstone V (January 1996).
936:"Tongue-tie and breastfeeding"
594:Artificial teats (nipples) or
300:Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
137:American Academy of Pediatrics
116:is usually the best source of
1:
4009:Congenital varicella syndrome
3612:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2688:"Your Guide to Breastfeeding"
2538:U.S. Surgeon General's Report
2408:Annual Review of Anthropology
2346:Weekly Epidemiological Record
2237:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60283-9
1450:10.1016/S0266-6138(86)80042-0
1283:The Breastfeeding Answer Book
835:10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70285-6
686:Breastfeeding and medications
537:Nipple pain can be caused by
518:
342:Inverted or retracted nipples
179:respiratory distress syndrome
3891:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3542:Maternal care related to the
3524:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2311:World Health Organization.
913:. HarperCollins Publishers.
749:Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
402:of the breast include pain,
3989:Congenital rubella syndrome
3692:Cephalopelvic disproportion
2783:September 27, 2007, at the
2598:"Smoking and Breastfeeding"
227:Polycystic ovarian syndrome
189:tracheo-oesophageal fistula
18:Breastfeeding complications
4174:
3803:Breastfeeding difficulties
3602:Constriction ring syndrome
3576:Braxton Hicks contractions
2608:(4): 75–78. Archived from
2365:Studies in Family Planning
2050:10.1177/089033440001600409
2038:Journal of Human Lactation
1787:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.11.001
1702:10.1177/089033449701300417
1690:Journal of Human Lactation
1659:10.1177/019394599001200603
1559:10.37506/ijpot.v15i2.14513
1511:10.1177/089033449401000212
1499:Journal of Human Lactation
1405:10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015
1366:10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.05.005
1218:(3): 51–53. Archived from
1128:10.1177/000992280104000905
946:(2): 27–29. Archived from
702:
683:
651:Research published in the
644:
623:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
522:
507:
445:
310:
108:. Although babies have a
86:Breastfeeding difficulties
33:Breastfeeding difficulties
3916:
3840:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
3830:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2159:November 7, 2006, at the
1814:Canadian Family Physician
1246:Canadian Family Physician
603:Transmission of infection
286:enteral or gavage feeding
46:
37:
3366:Gestational hypertension
2695:Office of Women's Health
1976:Mead MN (October 2008).
1951:. Unicef. Archived from
1949:"HIV and Infant Feeding"
212:Latching onto the breast
3999:Neonatal herpes simplex
3765:Umbilical cord prolapse
3687:Amniotic fluid embolism
3445:dermatoses of pregnancy
3067:Chronic cystic mastitis
2327:Weekly Epidemiol Record
2291:10.1001/jama.283.9.1167
519:Raynaud's of the nipple
271:Hyperlactation syndrome
3881:Concomitant conditions
3860:Postpartum thyroiditis
3638:Circumvallate placenta
3458:Impetigo herpetiformis
3453:Gestational pemphigoid
3425:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3358:hypertensive disorders
3062:Duct ectasia of breast
3007:Granulomatous mastitis
2575:10.1053/smrv.2000.0119
2563:Sleep Medicine Reviews
2497:10.1542/peds.2007-0488
2452:10.1542/peds.108.3.776
1042:"How do I breastfeed?"
1017:10.1542/peds.108.3.793
982:10.1542/peds.110.5.e63
880:10.1542/peds.2004-2491
631:
546:Infant health problems
534:
131:Breastfeeding problems
47:Infant nurses through
3850:Postpartum infections
3845:Postpartum depression
3023:Physiological changes
3002:Nonpuerperal mastitis
2596:Villamunga D (2004).
755:Other substance abuse
709:If one does continue
550:Infants with classic
532:
175:surfactant deficiency
3855:Postpartum psychosis
3724:Obstetrical bleeding
3619:Obstetrical bleeding
3440:Integumentary system
3415:Gestational diabetes
3394:related to pregnancy
3392:Other, predominantly
1994:10.1289/ehp.116-a426
1739:(1). Karger: 30–34.
673:developing countries
92:, the feeding of an
4029:Congenital syphilis
3835:Postpartum bleeding
3658:Placental abruption
3643:Monochorionic twins
3473:Prurigo gestationis
3127:Nipple pigmentation
3074:Dense breast tissue
2728:HealthyChildren.org
2704:on October 17, 2020
2231:(9567): 1107–1116.
1116:Clinical Pediatrics
905:; Pitman T (2000).
719:infectious diseases
669:infectious diseases
596:dummies (pacifiers)
590:Weak sucking reflex
510:Overactive let-down
504:Overactive let-down
345:put to the breast.
276:Overactive let-down
3865:Puerperal mastitis
3820:Breast engorgement
3607:Monoamniotic twins
3597:Chorionic hematoma
3057:Breast hypertrophy
3052:Breast engorgement
3012:Subareolar abscess
2666:10.1111/bcpt.12149
2543:2011-08-06 at the
535:
448:Puerperal mastitis
355:Breast engorgement
4140:
4139:
3938:
3937:
3896:Thyroid disorders
3886:Diabetes mellitus
3770:Uterine inversion
3702:Shoulder dystocia
3697:Obstructed labour
3673:
3672:
3537:
3536:
3506:Chorea gravidarum
3282:Ectopic pregnancy
3207:
3206:
2949:
2948:
2808:978-0-300-07169-6
2764:978-0-8151-2615-7
2135:. 28 January 2021
1988:(10): A427–A434.
1745:10.1159/000292031
1292:978-0-912500-92-8
1206:Genna CW (2002).
1175:10.2337/dc07-1243
1169:(11): 2792–2793.
934:Genna CW (2002).
920:978-0-00-638568-4
223:Lactation failure
83:
82:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4165:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3925:
3924:
3760:Postmature birth
3748:Placenta accreta
3653:Placenta praevia
3648:Placenta accreta
3592:Chorioamnionitis
3402:Digestive system
3398:
3324:Fetal resorption
3312:Rudimentary horn
3269:abortive outcome
3263:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3115:Nipple discharge
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2899:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2859:(10): CD006177.
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2788:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2558:
2552:
2551:; pp. 180–194).
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2285:(9): 1167–1174.
2274:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2170:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2014:. Archived from
2005:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1889:
1883:
1882:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1399:(2): E405–E422.
1384:
1378:
1377:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:womenshealth.gov
1303:
1297:
1296:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1094:womenshealth.gov
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1000:
994:
993:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
931:
925:
924:
912:
899:
893:
892:
882:
858:
847:
846:
818:
525:Nipple blanching
337:Inverted nipples
281:Premature babies
79:
78:
42:
30:
21:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4107:
4086:
4055:
3974:
3969:
3939:
3934:
3912:
3869:
3813:Cracked nipples
3808:Low milk supply
3789:
3775:Uterine rupture
3669:
3564:Oligohydramnios
3549:amniotic cavity
3543:
3533:
3510:
3492:
3443:
3434:
3393:
3387:
3356:
3343:
3329:Molar pregnancy
3268:
3252:
3238:
3208:
3203:
3167:
3148:Breast hematoma
3131:
3110:Inverted nipple
3105:Cracked nipples
3093:
3024:
3018:
2985:
2980:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2910:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2785:Wayback Machine
2776:
2772:
2765:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:Wayback Machine
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2377:10.2307/1965868
2362:
2361:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2161:Wayback Machine
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2091:(8): CD007202.
2078:
2077:
2073:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1591:medlineplus.gov
1585:
1584:
1575:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1313:. February 2017
1305:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1002:
1001:
997:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
933:
932:
928:
921:
901:
900:
896:
860:
859:
850:
820:
819:
815:
810:
801:
791:
781:
770:
757:
711:tobacco smoking
707:
701:
693:
688:
682:
649:
643:
627:M. tuberculosis
610:
605:
592:
548:
527:
521:
512:
506:
468:), and warmth (
452:Mastitis is an
450:
444:
435:
396:
384:
351:
339:
331:
315:
313:Low milk supply
309:
307:Low milk supply
294:Haberman Feeder
236:Maternal stress
142:La Leche League
133:
122:contraindicated
104:from a woman's
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4091:Late pregnancy
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:transplacental
4043:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3903:Maternal death
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Fetal distress
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:Polyhydramnios
3566:
3558:amniotic fluid
3553:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3498:Nervous system
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:HELLP syndrome
3368:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:Pregnancy with
3260:
3254:
3253:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3047:Breast atrophy
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3025:and conditions
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:Breast disease
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2927:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:Classification
2895:
2894:External links
2892:
2889:
2888:
2839:
2814:
2807:
2789:
2770:
2763:
2739:
2715:
2679:
2660:(2): 168–173.
2644:
2622:
2588:
2569:(5): 453–469.
2553:
2529:
2520:
2491:(3): 497–502.
2466:
2445:(3): 776–789.
2425:
2398:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2304:
2269:
2258:
2214:
2185:(3): 284–287.
2165:
2146:
2120:
2071:
2044:(4): 332–336.
2028:
1965:
1940:
1914:
1884:
1841:
1800:
1781:(2): 125–128.
1758:
1723:
1696:(4): 313–318.
1680:
1637:
1602:
1573:
1532:
1489:
1463:
1444:(4): 172–176.
1428:
1379:
1360:(6): 588–594.
1344:
1323:
1298:
1291:
1273:
1232:
1198:
1149:
1122:(9): 503–506.
1106:
1081:
1070:nichd.nih.gov/
1057:
1046:nichd.nih.gov/
1030:
1011:(3): 793–797.
995:
960:
926:
919:
894:
873:(2): 496–506.
848:
812:
811:
809:
806:
800:
797:
789:
780:
777:
769:
766:
756:
753:
700:
697:
692:
689:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
661:infant formula
645:Main article:
642:
639:
609:
606:
604:
601:
591:
588:
547:
544:
523:Main article:
520:
517:
508:Main article:
505:
502:
483:Staphylococcus
446:Main article:
443:
440:
434:
431:
395:
392:
383:
380:
350:
347:
338:
335:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
319:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
304:
303:
297:
278:
273:
268:
262:
253:
248:
243:
240:
237:
234:
229:
224:
221:
216:
213:
210:
192:
185:
182:
167:
164:
161:
155:
132:
129:
110:sucking reflex
81:
80:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Breastfeeding
4151:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Breastfeeding
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4114:breastfeeding
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:transcervical
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4051:TORCH complex
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4039:Toxoplasmosis
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:Fifth disease
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3785:Uterine atony
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Preterm birth
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3488:Stretch marks
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:Pre-eclampsia
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:Pathology of
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2829:on 2007-02-20
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2612:on 2018-01-27
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2018:on 2008-11-06
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1955:on 2018-05-11
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1904:on 2012-03-18
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:Kernerman E.
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1820:: 1407–1413.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1222:on 2017-08-06
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Diabetes Care
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
961:
950:on 2017-08-26
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
916:
911:
910:
904:
898:
895:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
814:
807:
805:
798:
796:
793:
787:
778:
776:
774:
767:
765:
761:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
739:Heavy use of
737:
734:
732:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
706:
699:Tobacco smoke
698:
696:
690:
687:
679:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:mixed feeding
654:
648:
640:
638:
636:
630:
628:
624:
617:
615:
607:
602:
600:
597:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:immune system
557:
553:
545:
543:
540:
531:
526:
516:
511:
503:
501:
499:
498:
493:
491:
490:Streptococcus
486:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:), swelling (
463:
459:
455:
449:
441:
439:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
393:
391:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
357:
356:
348:
346:
343:
336:
334:
328:
323:
320:
317:
316:
314:
306:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:Kangaroo care
287:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
266:
263:
261:
260:hyperglycemia
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:Ankyloglossia
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
138:
130:
128:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:breastfeeding
87:
77:
71:
67:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
49:nipple shield
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4127:Tuberculosis
4060:During birth
3927:
3920:
3802:
3780:Vasa praevia
3740:
3714:Locked twins
3630:
3580:
3556:
3302:Interstitial
3184:Fat necrosis
3120:Galactorrhea
3079:Gynecomastia
2990:Inflammation
2929:
2914:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2817:
2798:
2792:
2773:
2749:
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2699:the original
2694:
2682:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2625:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:the original
2605:
2601:
2591:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2532:
2523:
2488:
2484:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2371:(8): 227–9.
2368:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2261:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:the original
1985:
1981:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1897:
1887:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1778:
1774:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1618:(2): 61–64.
1615:
1611:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1552:(2): 50–58.
1549:
1545:
1535:
1505:(2): 79–86.
1502:
1498:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1282:
1276:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1215:
1211:
1201:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1096:. 2018-07-12
1093:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1008:
1004:
998:
973:
969:
963:
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
943:
939:
929:
908:
897:
870:
866:
829:(1): 53–67.
826:
822:
816:
802:
794:
782:
771:
762:
758:
738:
735:
723:
708:
694:
665:malnutrition
650:
632:
626:
622:
619:
614:tuberculosis
611:
608:Tuberculosis
593:
580:heavy metals
576:amphetamines
556:tuberculosis
552:galactosemia
549:
536:
513:
495:
488:
481:
469:
465:
461:
460:), redness (
457:
454:inflammation
451:
436:
427:
419:ketaconazole
412:
398:Symptoms of
397:
385:
365:
361:
353:
352:
340:
332:
256:Hypoglycemia
246:Cleft palate
219:Galactorrhea
207:vaccinations
199:circumcision
154:(tongue tie)
146:
134:
126:
85:
84:
4098:Listeriosis
4082:Listeriosis
4072:Candidiasis
4004:Hepatitis B
3979:Gestational
3719:Nuchal cord
3468:Linea nigra
3420:Hepatitis E
3353:proteinuria
3334:Miscarriage
3319:Embryo loss
3297:Heterotopic
3158:Galactocele
3153:Breast lump
3143:Breast cyst
3089:Micromastia
3084:Mammoplasia
3042:Anisomastia
2708:November 7,
2414:: 171–204.
2139:January 14,
1334:. d-mer.org
1332:"d-mer.org"
691:Medications
433:Milk stasis
400:candidiasis
394:Candidiasis
382:Nipple pain
376:paracetamol
349:Engorgement
329:Breast pain
203:blood tests
118:nourishment
114:breast milk
4147:Categories
3729:Postpartum
3624:Antepartum
3339:Stillbirth
3250:puerperium
3248:, and the
3246:childbirth
2833:2007-02-12
2733:2018-11-07
2616:2007-08-27
2485:Pediatrics
2439:Pediatrics
2352:: 289–291.
2333:: 177–179.
2022:2008-10-23
1959:2006-08-19
1934:2007-03-04
1908:2012-10-18
1857:(4): 192.
1596:2020-10-29
1482:7 November
1338:2010-09-10
1317:2018-11-07
1226:2007-08-27
1100:2020-10-29
1075:2020-10-29
1051:2020-10-29
1005:Pediatrics
976:(5): e63.
970:Pediatrics
954:2007-08-27
867:Pediatrics
808:References
799:Workplaces
741:cigarettes
715:breastfeed
703:See also:
423:miconazole
66:pediatrics
62:Obstetrics
4077:Gonorrhea
4025:Bacteria
3795:Puerperal
3383:Eclampsia
3287:Abdominal
3258:Pregnancy
3242:pregnancy
2549:Chapter 5
2066:208505043
1568:241146508
1438:Midwifery
1252:: 89–99.
745:diarrhoea
726:lactation
539:vasospasm
478:infection
474:infection
265:Hypotonia
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