Child - Knowledge (XXG)

826: 37: 907: 2146: 899:'s "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", the imagery of which he "fashioned from a complex mix of pastoral aesthetics, pantheistic views of divinity, and an idea of spiritual purity based on an Edenic notion of pastoral innocence infused with Neoplatonic notions of reincarnation". This Romantic conception of childhood, historian Margaret Reeves suggests, has a longer history than generally recognized, with its roots traceable to similarly imaginative constructions of childhood circulating, for example, in the neo-platonic poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet 880: 1288: 678:, and the peak of height velocity occurring. These changes usually occur between ages 11 and 14. It may also be defined as the 2-year period before the major onset of puberty. Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much 1410:

adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. However, courts at the time would consider the offender's age when deliberating sentencing. Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level.

2300: 2278: 1510: 716: 560: 986: 70: 1943:, and extend beyond it. At the level of prevention, their aim includes supporting and strengthening families to reduce social exclusion, and to lower the risk of separation, violence and exploitation. Responsibilities are often spread across government agencies, with services delivered by local authorities, non-State providers, and community groups, making coordination between sectors and levels, including routine referral systems etc.., a necessary component of effective child protection systems." 2161:, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average. 2063: 1239: 584: 572: 464: 1434: 971: 607:, early childhood also includes infancy. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Adults supervise and support the development process of the child, which then will lead to the child's autonomy. Also during this stage, a strong emotional bond is created between the child and the care providers. The children also start preschool and kindergarten at this age: and hence their social lives. 1231:

friendships). Unstructured play encourages creativity and imagination. Playing and interacting with other children, as well as some adults, provides opportunities for friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions. However, adults tend to (often mistakenly) assume that virtually all children's social activities can be understood as "play" and, furthermore, that children's play activities do not involve much skill or effort.

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become more independent and enhance their individuality. During middle childhood, children enter the school years, where they are presented with a different setting than they are used to. This new setting creates new challenges and faces for children. Upon the entrance of school, mental disorders that would normally not be noticed come to light. Many of these disorders include:

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allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them. This is especially true in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.

1321:, scrub and wasteland, and to local shops. It often imposes imaginative status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, kerbs, street objects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that serve as informal meeting and relaxation places (see: Sobel, 2001). An urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep ' 1220: 330: 1910:(also called child welfare) is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect. It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable. 1551:

Europe and North America were minimal. Child marriage is more prevalent with girls, but also involves boys. A 2018 study in the journal Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies found that, worldwide, 4.5% of males are married before age 18, with the Central African Republic having the highest average rate at 27.9%.

923:, often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay. As the century wore on, the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for poor children and the middle-class notion of childhood as a time of simplicity and innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children. 1525:

Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures and change over time. A 1988 study on European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain,

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It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers. Undirected play

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Play is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children. It offers children opportunities for physical (running, jumping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social skills, community norms, ethics and general knowledge) and emotional development (empathy, compassion, and

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It is the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that children are protected from harm and their rights are respected. This includes providing a safe environment for children to grow and develop, protecting them from physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and ensuring

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The initiation of play in a classroom setting allows teachers and students to interact through playfulness associated with a learning experience. Therefore, playfulness aids the interactions between adults and children in a learning environment. “Playful Structure” means to combine informal learning

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Even though play is considered to be the most important to optimal child development, the environment affects their play and therefore their development. Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities as they experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more

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Childhood evolves and changes as lifestyles change and adult expectations alter. In the modern era, many adults believe that children should not have any worries or work, as life should be happy and trouble-free. Childhood is seen as a mixture of simplicity, innocence, happiness, fun, imagination,

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way. This means taking into account the social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the risk of harm for individual children and their families. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines to create a comprehensive system of support and safety for

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report on child marriage, 37% of females were married before the age of 18 in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia at 30%. Lower levels were found in Latin America and Caribbean (25%), the Middle East and North Africa (18%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11%), while rates in Western

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Middle childhood is the time when children begin to understand responsibility and are beginning to be shaped by their peers and parents. Chores and more responsible decisions come at this time, as do social comparison and social play. During social play, children learn from and teach each other,

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around the world. Where violent conflicts are the norm, the lives of young children are significantly disrupted and their families have great difficulty in offering the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development. Studies on the effect of emergencies and

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The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time, and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later

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With increasing use of cellphones, computers, video games and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. “The average American child spends 44 hours a week with electronic media”. Research in 2007 has drawn a correlation between the declining number of

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Middle childhood begins at around age 7, and ends at around age 9 or 10. Together, early and middle childhood are called formative years. In this middle period, children develop socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to

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was estimated to be 2.37 children per woman, adding about 80 million people to the world population per year. In order to measure the total number of children, scientists often prefer the completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50). Although the number of children is also influenced by

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and behavioral changes. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function, and even within a single nation-state or culture there may be different ages at which an individual is considered to be mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain tasks.

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in England in 1760, the divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace, became increasingly apparent. By the late 18th century, British children were specially employed in factories and mines and as

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A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age

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Children's health includes the physical, mental and social well-being of children. Maintaining children's health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and exercise, and protecting their safety. Children in certain parts of the world often suffer from

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Léveillé, Sophie; Chamberland, Claire (1 July 2010). "Toward a general model for child welfare and protection services: A meta-evaluation of international experiences regarding the adoption of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families (FACNF)".

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Katz, Ilan; Katz, Carmit; Andresen, Sabine; Bérubé, Annie; Collin-Vezina, Delphine; Fallon, Barbara; Fouché, Ansie; Haffejee, Sadiyya; Masrawa, Nadia; Muñoz, Pablo; Priolo Filho, Sidnei R.; Tarabulsy, George; Truter, Elmien; Varela, Natalia; Wekerle, Christine (June 2021).

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when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently. While toddlerhood ends around age 3 when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately until the age of 5 or 6. However, according to the

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have challenged this view and argued that childhood has been seen as a separate stage since at least the medieval period. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. The English philosopher

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is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools. Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.

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The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since. The genre of

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The primary goal of child protection is to ensure that all children are safe and free from harm or danger. Child protection also works to prevent future harm by creating policies and systems that identify and respond to risks before they lead to harm.

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Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life. Formal education most often takes place through

2027: 1607: 1939:"The set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all social sectors – especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice – to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. These systems are part of 2676: 802:, which considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. During the early period of 5804: 1017:

The market economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun, happiness, and imagination. Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organized sports and activities were played by the boys. The

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The geographies of childhood involves how (adult) society perceives the idea of childhood, the many ways adult attitudes and behaviors affect children's lives, including the environment which surrounds children and its implications.

741:, adolescents are legally considered children, as they tend to lack adult rights and are still required to attend compulsory schooling in many cultures, though this varies. The onset of adolescence brings about various physical, 5072:

Winkworth, Gail; White, Michael (March 2011). "Australia's Children 'Safe and Well'?1 Collaborating with Purpose Across Commonwealth Family Relationship and State Child Protection Systems: Australia's Children 'Safe and Well'".

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and other social factors, the CCF50 appears to be most heavily dependent on the educational level of women, ranging from 5–8 children in women without education to less than 2 in women with 12 or more years of education.

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experience a higher burden of disease and are less capable of coping with climate change-related threats. Nearly every child in the world is at risk from climate change and pollution, while almost half are at extreme

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Watts, Nick; Amann, Markus; Arnell, Nigel; Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja; Belesova, Kristine; Boykoff, Maxwell; Byass, Peter; Cai, Wenjia; Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid; Capstick, Stuart; Chambers, Jonathan (16 November 2019).

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Nixon, Kendra L.; Tutty, Leslie M.; Weaver-Dunlop, Gillian; Walsh, Christine A. (December 2007). "Do good intentions beget good policy? A review of child protection policies to address intimate partner violence".

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indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education. According to a UN report,

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is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the "Children and Young Persons Act" whereas the age of majority is 21. In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21.

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visits in the U.S. and increasing consumption of electronic media by children. The media has accelerated the trend for children's nature disconnection by deemphasizing views of nature, as in Disney films.

455:, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties." 2684: 1469: 1011:, published in 1865 in England, was a landmark in the genre; regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature. 360: 3202:

Del Col L (September 1930). "The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century [sic] England — Evidence Given Before the Sadler Committee (1831–1832)". In Scott JF, Baltzly A (eds.).

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Yun S (2014). "BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".

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where children are traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods without supervision. It is invented and largely sustained by children themselves with little adult interference.

5616: 2654: 5641: 4073:"Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices" 1964:, in addition to other child protection systems. Some literature argues that child protection begins at conception; even how the conception took place can affect the child's development. 604: 1379: 1080:. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a child's life that widens their awareness of evil, pain or the world around them. This theme is demonstrated in the novels 1014:

The latter half of the 19th century saw the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children across Europe, which decisively removed children from the workplace into schools.

4662:"Child maltreatment reports and Child Protection Service responses during COVID-19: Knowledge exchange among Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Israel, and South Africa" 4026: 4489:"Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study" 5100:

Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations".

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Wulcyzn, Fred; Daro, Deborah; Fluke, John; Gregson, Kendra (2010). "Adapting a Systems Approach to Child Protection in a Cultural Context: Key Concepts and Considerations".

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and other 17th-century thinkers, Jean-Jaques Rousseau described childhood as a brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood. Sir

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In the biological sciences, a child is usually defined as a person between birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. Legally, the term

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Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult or

1619: 1043:. In 1961 he published a study of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records, finding that before the 17th century, children were represented as mini-adults. 1611: 1673:

occurs in anywhere from 3 to 87 percent of affected children. However, rates of PTSD for children living in chronic conflict conditions varies from 15 to 50 percent.

4027:"Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors? Getting up close with nature opens a child's eyes to the wonders of the world, with a bounty of health benefits" 1261:

as a right of every child. Children who are being raised in a hurried and pressured style may limit the protective benefits they would gain from child-driven play.

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review on health and climate change lists children as the worst-affected category by climate change. Children under 14 are 44 percent more likely to die from

1956:, a 'child protection system' provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways this can be enabled is through the provision of 5589: 4569:

Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM (January 1994). "Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles".

4392: 2114:, between and within countries, determine how climate change impacts children. Children often have no voice in terms of global responses to climate change. 6630: 5322:"The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate" 4118:

Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S (August 2015). "Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films".

306: 3653: 2628:. General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 5440: 4162: 3564: 2107: 1258: 5612: 1953: 2145: 5793: 5783: 2528: 2244: 4049: 3847:

Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K (July 2011). "Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms".

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Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from

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authoritarian. Children from low income families are less likely to have access to books and computers which would enhance their development.

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and wonder. It is thought of as a time of playing, learning, socializing, exploring, and worrying in a world without much adult interference.

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Bartlett, Sheridan (2008). "Climate change and urban children: Impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries".

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Child protection, according to UNICEF, refers to "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including

482: 316: 3039: 903:(e.g., "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Such views contrasted with the stridently didactic, Calvinist views of infant depravity. 4034: 1542:

rates of female children under the age of 18 reached 75% in Niger, 68% in Central African Republic and Chad, 66% in Bangladesh, and 47% in

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refers to the trend in the United States and Canada towards less time for outdoor play, resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.

782:, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not have much effect on the social attitude toward children, however. 729:

is usually determined to be between the onset of puberty and legal adulthood: mostly corresponding to the teenage years (13–19). However,

3977:"For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside" 1894: 1026:

in 1908, which provided young boys with outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness qualities.

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Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J (2009). "When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education".

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Collins WA, et al. (National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children) (1984).

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Young children's street culture usually takes place on quiet backstreets and pavements, and along routes that venture out into local

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Child protection systems are a set of services, usually government-run, designed to protect children and young people who are

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Hutchison, Elizabeth D., and Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Securing the welfare of children: Policies past, present, and future."

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was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the

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and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of

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Helldén, Daniel; Andersson, Camilla; Nilsson, Maria; Ebi, Kristie L.; Friberg, Peter; Alfvén, Tobias (1 March 2021).

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United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12–13.

870:' extensive children portraiture demonstrated the new enlightened attitudes toward young children. His 1788 painting 6616: 5510: 1282: 1164: 1129: 683: 246: 51: 28: 5581: 4402: 6534: 6500: 4365:

Jones RK, Brayfield A (June 1997). "Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children".

3614:"Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles" 3601:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2731: 2725: 2677:"Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill" 2078: 2074: 2042: 1769: 1346: 1182: 695: 286: 24: 2729:

397 (6th ed. 2007), which's first definition is "A fetus; an infant;...". See also ‘The Compact Edition of the

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argued that during the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe, however other historians like

670:. Preadolescence is commonly defined as ages 9–12, ending with the major onset of puberty, with markers such as 6699: 2379: 2373: 2264: 2002: 1623: 641: 545: 296: 261: 231: 217: 6475: 5448: 3660: 998: 733:

usually begins before the teenage years. Although biologically a child is a human being between the stages of

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Michail, Samia. "Understanding school responses to students’ challenging behaviour: A review of literature."

6577: 5773: 5723: 4822:"After Safety, What is the Goal of Child Welfare Services: Permanency, Family Continuity or Social Benefit?" 4762:"Protecting children from abuse: a neglected but crucial priority for the international child health agenda" 3557: 1887: 1848: 1627: 1369: 1358: 1125: 858: 421:

even after said age of majority), regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological

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Cromdal J (2009). "Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue".

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is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as

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In order to achieve these goals, research suggests that child protection services should be provided in a

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was widespread until the early 20th century. In the 21st century, child labor rates are highest in Africa.

1039: 69: 20: 3694:"The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds" 1333:, concerns have been expressed about the vitality – or even the survival – of children's street culture. 501:

may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In

6541: 5900: 3098:"'A Prospect of Flowers', Concepts of Childhood and Female Youth in Seventeenth-Century British Culture" 2346: 2254: 2158: 1644:, safety, and well-being of children. There are many different kinds of conflicts and emergencies, e.g. 1257:

Play is considered to be very important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the

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Cunningham H (July 2016). "The Growth of Leisure in the Early Industrial Revolution, c. 1780–c. 1840".

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Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse

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The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the 18th-century

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Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review

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took off, with a proliferation of humorous, child-oriented books attuned to the child's imagination.

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The end of American childhood: A history of parenting from life on the frontier to the managed child

2775: 1238: 1037:, suggested that childhood was not a natural phenomenon, but a creation of society in his 1960 book 583: 571: 6567: 6519: 6512: 6214: 6171: 4072: 2482: 2111: 1307: 1023: 876:

emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite.

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stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children.

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and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions.

168: 2629: 2099:, and those in urban areas are disproportionately impacted by lower air quality and overcrowding. 6865: 5502: 5494: 5422: 5367: 5152: 4799: 4416: 4204: 4143: 3864: 3723: 3505: 3328: 3324: 3131: 3123: 2739:, Oxford 1971): 396, which defines it as: ‘The unborn or newly born human being; foetus, infant’. 1994: 1990: 1880: 1461: 1250: 896: 895:

The idea of childhood as a locus of divinity, purity, and innocence is further expounded upon in

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The moral project of childhood: Motherhood, material life, and early children's consumer culture

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Charles Dickens and the Victorian child : romanticizing and socializing the imperfect child

463: 5272:"Climate changes reproductive and children's health: a review of risks, exposures, and impacts" 5213: 1669:

of children between birth and 8 years old show that where the disaster is natural, the rate of

1303:. It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban 6716: 6694: 6495: 6322: 6292: 6045: 5930: 5676: 5563: 5555: 5486: 5359: 5351: 5301: 5293: 5251: 5144: 5054: 4995: 4960: 4924: 4916: 4873: 4843: 4791: 4783: 4742: 4734: 4699: 4681: 4639: 4609: 4586: 4549: 4518: 4464: 4216: 4212: 4135: 4100: 3955: 3899: 3800: 3715: 3635: 3536: 3497: 3443: 3433: 3391: 3342: 3332: 3301: 3283: 3243: 3171: 3113: 3071: 3018: 2993: 2975: 2965: 2900: 2867: 2839: 2829: 2754: 2433: 2393: 2383: 1998: 1982: 1940: 1615: 1568: 1433: 1423: 1265:

with formal learning to produce an effective learning experience for children at a young age.

1174: 1121: 1088: 1030: 970: 951: 786: 691: 633: 549: 334: 281: 256: 183: 5670: 2423: 6587: 6259: 6249: 6244: 6219: 6050: 6029: 5925: 5821: 5737: 5545: 5478: 5414: 5341: 5333: 5283: 5243: 5136: 5105: 5082: 5046: 5018: 4987: 4952: 4906: 4865: 4833: 4773: 4726: 4689: 4673: 4578: 4508: 4500: 4454: 4374: 4196: 4127: 4092: 3947: 3924: 3891: 3856: 3829: 3777: 3750: 3705: 3625: 3528: 3489: 3291: 3275: 3105: 2821: 2429: 2401: 2249: 2140: 2006: 1907: 1816: 1810: 1779: 1683: 1649: 1635: 1404: 1210: 1152: 1034: 452: 5124: 4895:"WHO Regional Office for Europe and UNAIDS report on progress since the Dublin Declaration" 4630: 4316: 3594: 2312: 2290: 6844: 6760: 6390: 6239: 6234: 6224: 6114: 5920: 5915: 5866: 2896: 2889: 2292:

Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education

2136: 1712: 1662: 1653: 1572: 1396: 1322: 1202: 974: 931: 867: 591: 526: 494: 414: 41: 6490: 6470: 6458: 1139:, which is often associated with other conditions, such diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. 5534:"Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework" 5410: 4088: 6784: 6422: 6370: 6337: 6332: 6254: 6194: 6104: 6074: 5910: 5850: 4694: 4661: 4513: 4488: 4003: 3296: 3263: 2202: 2086: 1926:

they have access to education, healthcare, and resources to fulfill their basic needs.

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from the 1830s onward, bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by

811: 666:

Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding

661: 479: 121: 5550: 5533: 5337: 4504: 3976: 3781: 3220: 2453: 6859: 6557: 6352: 6269: 6199: 6099: 5749: 5371: 5156: 5086: 5050: 4956: 4582: 4208: 3928: 3868: 3509: 3480:

Ulbricht J (November 2005). "J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture".

3155: 3135: 2239: 2234: 1986: 1774: 1666: 1589: 1560: 1304: 1156: 1077: 1002: 989: 920: 900: 807: 790: 742: 533: 5506: 5426: 5270:

Anderko, Laura; Chalupka, Stephanie; Du, Maritha; Hauptman, Marissa (January 2020).

4803: 4487:

Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, et al. (October 2020).

4147: 3727: 3203: 2895:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 1076:

A "loss of innocence" is a common concept, and is often seen as an integral part of

6480: 6442: 6437: 6264: 6109: 4778: 4761: 4294: 4230: 3493: 2478: 2304: 2282: 2259: 2028:

Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

1789: 1641: 1608:

Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict

1527: 1364: 1242: 1178: 1136: 935: 768: 699: 4632:

Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education

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Cromdal J (2001). "Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school".

1438: 760: 4730: 4677: 3918: 3860: 3833: 3754: 2706: 2185: 818:, brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children. 6839: 6806: 6789: 6608: 6362: 6317: 6161: 6055: 6010: 5833: 2815: 1978: 1974: 1838: 1822: 1722: 1581: 1563:

became widely available in the 20th century, women had little choice other than

1518: 1514: 1464:

has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the

1326: 1160: 1148: 1066: 1047: 927: 849: 799: 779: 771: 726: 720: 667: 625: 497:

is attained earlier." This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term

410: 251: 241: 137: 126: 4911: 4894: 1054:. Since then, historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times. 6811: 6726: 6689: 6562: 6507: 6380: 6342: 6204: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6119: 6059: 6015: 5288: 5271: 4269:"Out-of-School Children Initiative | Basic education and gender equality" 4200: 3895: 2605: 2503: 2091: 1853: 1748: 1693: 1564: 1485: 1330: 1318: 1206: 863: 819: 803: 795: 734: 675: 576: 390: 178: 142: 5672:

America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)

5559: 5490: 5418: 5355: 5297: 5148: 5140: 5058: 4999: 4964: 4920: 4847: 4787: 4738: 4685: 4468: 4343: 4131: 3501: 3287: 2979: 2397: 2013:. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as: 1069:, to what he refers to as the Post War Period of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. 6765: 6572: 6279: 6156: 5905: 5321: 5247: 4838: 4821: 4397: 3630: 3613: 3532: 3346: 3279: 1868: 1863: 1784: 1727: 1457: 1450: 1110: 1093: 1019: 687: 502: 198: 173: 5567: 5460: 5458: 5363: 5305: 5238:"Protecting Children from Violence: Historical Roots and Emerging Trends", 5109: 5022: 4928: 4862:

Child Custody & Domestic Violence: A Call for Safety and Accountability

4795: 4746: 4703: 4522: 4378: 4139: 4104: 3903: 3719: 3710: 3693: 3639: 3447: 3305: 3127: 2843: 2579: 2157:, about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four. During the 1325:' meanings in to children. Since the advent of indoor distractions such as 856:

formulated the romantic attitude towards children in his famous 1762 novel

5482: 5178: 4991: 4869: 4590: 3951: 2405: 946: 6375: 6312: 6307: 6284: 6229: 6189: 5975: 5818:

Social work practice with children and families: a family health approach

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Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice

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was created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2008

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The Best Medicine: How Science and Public Health Gave Children a Future

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being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions.

1442: 1296: 840:/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings. 815: 738: 730: 599: 525:). In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a 475:

may refer to anyone below the age of majority or some other age limit.

402: 394: 193: 147: 110: 6750: 6721: 6663: 6658: 6592: 6432: 6427: 6082: 6064: 5992: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5889: 5809:

Vissing, Yvonne. "History of Children’s Human Rights in the USA." in

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Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914

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Victorian child savers and their culture : a thematic evaluation

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Pictures of Innocence: Portraits of Children from Hogarth to Lawrence

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1898. It depicts poorer boys playing outdoors in a rural part of the

963: 617: 595: 564: 436: 417:(there are exceptions like, for example, the consume and purchase of 203: 105: 89: 84: 5799:

Sorin, Reesa. "Childhood through the eyes of the child and parent."

5613:"A billion children at 'extreme risk' from climate impacts – Unicef" 1437:

Children seated in a Finnish classroom at the school of Torvinen in

4295:"BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education" 1219: 6823: 6801: 6779: 6731: 6668: 6417: 6020: 4571:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

2962:

Forgotten children : parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900

2061: 2038:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

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Children's Human Rights in the USA: Challenges and Opportunities

4443:"Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data" 2825: 2375:

Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions

1652:. As of 2010 approximately 13 million children are displaced by 1314: 1299:

created by young children and is sometimes referred to as their

938:, which mitigated the exploitation of children at the workplace 702:: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."' 629: 6612: 5862: 690:

figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of

5970: 1645: 1470:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

978: 806:, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the 648:

are all specialized plans to help children with disabilities.

490: 489:

as, "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the

440: 19:"Children" and "Childhood" redirect here. For other uses, see 5582:"Unless we act now: The impact of climate change on children" 4317:"UK | Education | Barriers to getting an education" 1349:

which examines the places and spaces in which children live.

2183: 1571:

concerns have only become possible with drastically reduced

1345:

The geographies of childhood is similar in some respects to

686:

differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of

5801:

Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education

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Children playing ball games, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD

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Emergencies and conflicts pose detrimental risks to the

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National Association for the Education of Young Children

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Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, and Jim Goddard.

5441:"WHO | The global burden of disease: 2004 update" 4815: 4813: 4163:"बच्चे चुनौतियों का जवाब दे सकते हैं – द समझ एन.जी.ओ." 3996:"U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics" 2735:: Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically’, Vol. I ( 1476:

in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at

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Southall, David; MacDonald, Rhona (1 November 2013).

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3162:" Child Portraiture in Georgian Art and Society", in 1291:

Children in front of a movie theatre, Toronto, 1920s.

5467:"Children and Climate Change: Introducing the Issue" 4393:"Child brides around the world sold off like cattle" 2081:

estimated that 88% of the existing global burden of

2066:

A child at a climate demonstration in Juneau, Alaska

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Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies

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In 2017 the global 5734:Contemporary child care policy and practice 5075:Australian Journal of Public Administration 3221:"Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era" 1223:Dancing at Mother of Peace AIDs orphanage, 1181:and harmful traditional practices, such as 6631: 6617: 6609: 6358: 5881: 5867: 5859: 5827: 5465:Currie, Janet; Deschênes, Olivier (2016). 5125:"Miseducating children about their rights" 4766:Paediatrics and International Child Health 3618:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3463:Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys 3104:. 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The campaign eventually led to the 513:Some English definitions of the word 483:Convention on the Rights of the Child 7: 3525:Leisure in the Industrial Revolution 3264:"The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901" 1422:Children in an outdoor classroom in 962:An old man and his granddaughter in 719:An adolescent girl, photographed by 698:, and to have increased feelings of 5755:(Princeton University Press, 2016). 5698:"Modernization – Population Change" 5619:from the original on 28 August 2021 4638:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 118–125. 4077:Journal of Environmental Management 3558:"Major themes in Lord of the Flies" 2817:Development during Middle Childhood 1960:, the fourth of the United Nations 1932:and to encourage family stability. 706:Developmental stages post-childhood 378: 5592:from the original on 18 April 2021 5513:from the original on 18 April 2021 5378:from the original on 19 April 2021 5039:Children and Youth Services Review 4945:Children and Youth Services Review 3274:(2139): 1871–1872. December 1901. 2707:"8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions" 1046:In 1966, the American philosopher 14: 5240:Protecting Children from Violence 2801:"Development In Middle Childhood" 2711:LII / Legal Information Institute 2604:. 7 December 2007. Archived from 2153:During the early 17th century in 2106:in all its forms. Climate change 1517:in Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. 540:Developmental stages of childhood 5772:(WW Norton & Company, 2020) 5642:"Infant Mortality Rates in 2012" 5087:10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00706.x 5051:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.009 4957:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.09.007 4583:10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012 3411:Woolgar B, La Riviere S (2002). 3100:. In Cohen ES, Reeves M (eds.). 2776:"Infant and toddler development" 2647:"Children and Young Persons Act" 2298: 2276: 2195: 2054:This section is an excerpt from 1859:Men in early childhood education 1682:This section is an excerpt from 1008:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 425:. Children generally have fewer 328: 68: 4120:Public Understanding of Science 3102:The Youth of Early Modern Women 16:Human between birth and puberty 6386:Genealogical numbering systems 5736:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) 4980:British Journal of Social Work 4779:10.1179/2046905513Y.0000000097 4161:RJ, Raawat (9 December 2021). 3929:10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0193 3494:10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564 2964:. 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Worth Publishers. 2608:on 29 December 2007. 2560:. 31 December 2018. 2558:LibreTexts - Biology 2372:O'Toole, MT (2013). 2230:Outline of childhood 2222:More spoken articles 2118:low-income countries 1762:Educational settings 1754:Pre-school playgroup 1577:total fertility rate 1530:falling in between. 1308:industrial districts 1251:Northeast of England 873:The Age of Innocence 831:The Age of Innocence 778:During the European 756:History of childhood 680:less emotional being 399:developmental period 189:Language acquisition 6876:Kinship and descent 6568:Wedding anniversary 6520:American Family Day 6476:Father–Daughter Day 6423:Eros (marital love) 6172:Kinship terminology 5816:Yuen, Francis K.O. 5758:Fass, Paula S. ed. 5744:Families in Society 5722:(NYU Press, 2020). 5411:2008EnUrb..20..501B 4992:10.1093/bjsw/bch003 4604:De Jong JT (2002). 4089:2006JEnvM..80..387P 4050:"Outside Agitators" 3595:"Children's Health" 3110:10.2307/j.ctv8pzd5z 2960:Pollock LA (2000). 2950:(London 1993) p. 29 2635:on 31 October 2010. 2483:Merriam-Webster.com 2311:). Text taken from 2289:). Text taken from 1061:published the book 1050:published the book 1024:Robert Baden-Powell 1022:was founded by Sir 312:Cultural-historical 6795:Emerging adulthood 6328:collateral descent 5820:(Routledge, 2014) 5276:Pediatric Research 5219:on 23 January 2018 5171:"Child protection" 4231:"Define Education" 3795:Butler CW (2008). 3461:Boehmer E (2004). 3329:Edwin Mellen Press 3325:Lewiston, New York 3319:Jordan TE (1998). 2657:on 3 February 2018 2422:Rathus SA (2013). 2192: 2151: 2068: 1995:child prostitution 1991:child sexual abuse 1523: 1462:right to education 1447: 1431: 1293: 1255: 1228: 1100:Healthy childhoods 994: 992:girls in Ethiopia. 983: 968: 956: 914:With the onset of 912: 897:William Wordsworth 893: 852:that followed it. 842: 776: 724: 589: 581: 569: 521:(sometimes termed 469: 419:alcoholic beverage 227:Pre- and perinatal 45: 6853: 6852: 6717:Adult development 6695:Child development 6606: 6605: 6406: 6405: 6323:Lineal descendant 6293:Bilateral descent 6046:Great-grandparent 5931:Matrifocal family 5857: 5856: 5848:Succeeded by 5780:Improving schools 5682:978-0-7425-1189-7 5451:on 24 March 2009. 5257:978-0-203-85292-7 5102:PsycEXTRA Dataset 5015:PsycEXTRA Dataset 4951:(12): 1469–1486. 4879:978-0-7619-1826-4 4645:978-92-3-100113-0 4615:978-0-306-47675-4 4555:978-92-806-4445-6 3961:978-0-203-01752-4 3806:978-0-7546-7416-0 3542:978-1-315-63767-9 3397:978-0-8147-1665-6 3338:978-0-7734-8289-0 3249:978-1-135-07425-8 3189:, pp. 41–42. 3119:978-90-485-3498-2 3096:Reeves M (2018). 3077:978-1-134-86782-0 3015:Medieval Children 2971:978-0-521-25009-2 2906:978-0-674-04566-8 2887:Konner M (2010). 2873:978-1-319-01587-9 2862:Berger K (2017). 2835:978-0-309-03478-4 2582:on 1 October 2013 2554:"23.8: Adulthood" 2439:978-1-285-67759-0 2389:978-0-323-07403-2 2188: 2116:People living in 2077:than adults. The 1999:child pornography 1983:child trafficking 1958:quality education 1941:social protection 1905: 1904: 1650:natural disasters 1616:Save the Children 1569:population growth 1367:in his 2005 book 1122:Childhood obesity 1116:Children's health 1089:Lord of the Flies 952:Davis, California 916:industrialisation 810:countries of the 634:Special education 550:Child development 505:, for example, a 397:, or between the 371: 370: 6883: 6833:Social and legal 6633: 6626: 6619: 6610: 6588:Astronaut family 6359: 6260:Iroquois kinship 6250:Sudanese kinship 6245:Hawaiian kinship 6220:Family of choice 6051:Great-grandchild 5926:Immediate family 5883: 5876: 5869: 5860: 5831:Preceded by 5828: 5706: 5705: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5658:on 14 July 2014. 5657: 5646: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5615:. The Guardian. 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5553: 5544:(3): e164–e175. 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5447:. Archived from 5437: 5431: 5430: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5349: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5291: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5212:. Archived from 5205: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5177:. 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Archived from 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3749:(8): 1493–1518. 3738: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3666:on 17 April 2021 3665: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3093: 3082: 3081: 3066:Cohen D (1993). 3063: 3052: 3051: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2894: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2859: 2848: 2847: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2746: 2740: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2683:. Archived from 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2653:. Archived from 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2430:Cengage Learning 2419: 2410: 2409: 2378:. St. Louis MO: 2369: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2339: 2302: 2280: 2250:One-child policy 2212: 2210: 2199: 2198: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2141:Infant mortality 2007:child laundering 1949: 1908:Child protection 1897: 1890: 1883: 1817:In loco parentis 1811:Child protection 1780:Pre-kindergarten 1741:Outside the home 1690: 1684:Child protection 1677:Child protection 1661:conflict on the 1636:Refugee children 1405:Marriageable age 1211:Imaginary friend 1153:Child labor laws 1143:Child protection 1035:medieval history 839: 836: 765:Playing Children 611:Middle childhood 453:authority figure 447:of any age) or, 380: 363: 356: 349: 333: 332: 331: 232:Infant and child 72: 47: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6845:Age of majority 6828: 6761:Early childhood 6736: 6683:Birth and after 6678: 6674:Gestational age 6642: 6637: 6607: 6602: 6546: 6447: 6402: 6391:Seize quartiers 6357: 6298:Common ancestor 6282: 6274: 6240:Chinese kinship 6235:Nurture kinship 6225:Fictive kinship 6166: 6126: 6115:daughter-in-law 6069: 6034: 5999: 5935: 5921:Conjugal family 5916:Extended family 5892: 5887: 5853: 5843: 5836: 5715: 5713:Further reading 5710: 5709: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5181:on 7 March 2023 5169: 5168: 5164: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4635: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4545: 4539:UNICEF (2010). 4538: 4537: 4530: 4486: 4485: 4476: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4323:. 10 April 2006 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4031:Canadian Living 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3691: 3690: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3556:Bloom, Harold. 3555: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3440: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3339: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3225:hiddenlives.org 3218: 3217: 3213: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3120: 3095: 3094: 3085: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3055: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2972: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2851: 2836: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2687:on 26 June 2018 2681:Ministry of Law 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2421: 2420: 2413: 2390: 2382:. p. 345. 2371: 2370: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2324: 2273: 2226: 2225: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2203:This audio file 2200: 2193: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2143: 2137:Child mortality 2135:Main articles: 2133: 2131:Child mortality 2128: 2123: 2122: 2059: 2051: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1950: 1947: 1901: 1713:Extended family 1687: 1679: 1654:armed conflicts 1638: 1604: 1599: 1573:child mortality 1557: 1536: 1507: 1453: 1416: 1407: 1397:Age of majority 1389: 1361: 1355: 1339: 1323:spirit of place 1285: 1277:Main articles: 1275: 1247:The Tournament, 1217: 1203:Play (activity) 1199: 1167: 1145: 1132: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1105:Role of parents 1102: 1059:Hugh Cunningham 944: 932:Charles Dickens 868:Joshua Reynolds 850:Romantic period 837: 758: 752: 713: 708: 664: 658: 613: 592:Early childhood 557: 555:Early childhood 552: 542: 527:rite of passage 461: 415:age of majority 367: 329: 327: 274: 129: 113: 102: 62:and development 61: 42:Liberty Weekend 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6785:Preadolescence 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6692: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6496:Children's Day 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6378: 6373: 6371:Pedigree chart 6367: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6338:Patrilineality 6335: 6333:Matrilineality 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Eskimo kinship 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6136: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6107: 6105:Sibling-in-law 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5911:Nuclear family 5908: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5851:Preadolescence 5849: 5846: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5814: 5807: 5797: 5788:Sorin, Reesa. 5786: 5776: 5768:Klass, Perri. 5766: 5756: 5750:Fass, Paula S. 5747: 5740: 5730: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5688: 5681: 5661: 5630: 5603: 5586:www.unicef.org 5573: 5524: 5454: 5432: 5405:(2): 501–519. 5389: 5311: 5282:(2): 414–419. 5262: 5256: 5230: 5192: 5175:www.unicef.org 5162: 5115: 5092: 5064: 5045:(7): 929–944. 5028: 5005: 4970: 4934: 4885: 4878: 4853: 4832:(4): 244–252. 4809: 4772:(4): 199–206. 4752: 4725:(7): 427–429. 4709: 4651: 4644: 4621: 4614: 4596: 4561: 4554: 4528: 4474: 4453:(3): 219–228. 4433: 4408: 4384: 4357: 4334: 4308: 4286: 4260: 4258:, Article 13.1 4248: 4235:Dictionary.com 4222: 4179: 4153: 4126:(6): 672–680. 4110: 4083:(4): 387–393. 4063: 4048:O'Driscoll B. 4040: 4017: 4006:on 2 July 2007 3986: 3967: 3960: 3934: 3909: 3874: 3855:(2): 107–119. 3839: 3828:(8): 1473–76. 3812: 3805: 3787: 3776:(4): 515–543. 3760: 3733: 3704:(1): 182–191. 3677: 3645: 3624:(1): 193–198. 3604: 3586: 3580:Barrie, J. M. 3573: 3548: 3541: 3515: 3472: 3453: 3439:978-0839535942 3438: 3418: 3403: 3396: 3378: 3365: 3352: 3337: 3311: 3255: 3248: 3230: 3211: 3191: 3179: 3156:Postle, Martin 3148: 3118: 3083: 3076: 3053: 3030: 3023: 3005: 2985: 2970: 2952: 2939: 2935:Okay Parenting 2926: 2912: 2905: 2879: 2872: 2849: 2834: 2806: 2792: 2766: 2760:978-8178441986 2759: 2741: 2716: 2698: 2668: 2638: 2611: 2593: 2567: 2545: 2533:NSPCC Learning 2520: 2495: 2470: 2445: 2438: 2432:. p. 48. 2411: 2388: 2359: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2296: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2215: 2201: 2194: 2182: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2087:climate change 2060: 2052: 2050: 2049:Climate change 2047: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 1970: 1967: 1945: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1844:Child marriage 1841: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1795:Primary school 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1582:cultural norms 1556: 1553: 1540:child marriage 1535: 1534:Child marriage 1532: 1506: 1503: 1482:home-schooling 1466:United Nations 1449:Main article: 1445:, in the 1920s 1415: 1412: 1393:Age of consent 1388: 1385: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1338: 1335: 1274: 1273:Street culture 1271: 1198: 1195: 1187:child marriage 1144: 1141: 1117: 1114: 1109:Main article: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1031:Philippe Ariès 943: 940: 921:chimney sweeps 812:Dutch Republic 787:Philippe Ariès 772:Chinese artist 754:Main article: 751: 748: 712: 709: 707: 704: 662:Preadolescence 660:Main article: 657: 656:Late childhood 654: 612: 609: 556: 553: 541: 538: 480:United Nations 460: 457: 449:metaphorically 369: 368: 366: 365: 358: 351: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 322: 321: 320: 319: 314: 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6558:Single parent 6556: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411:Relationships 6409: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6353:Royal descent 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6270:Omaha kinship 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Consanguinity 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:Parent-in-law 6098: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6075:Family-in-law 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5852: 5845: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5803:14.1 (2007). 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5728:online review 5725: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5674: 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3356: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Reeves (2018) 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050:(3): 286–306. 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3024:0-300-08541-9 3020: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2933:Mavis Klein, 2930: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2686: 2682: 2679:. Singapore: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2240:Childlessness 2238: 2236: 2235:Child slavery 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2204: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:child selling 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1944: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775:Homeschooling 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667:mental health 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590:peer pressure 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:contraception 1554: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380:National Park 1375: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305:working class 1302: 1298: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1185:/cutting and 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Risk aversion 1154: 1150: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1112: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078:coming of age 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1003:Lewis Carroll 1000: 991: 987: 980: 976: 972: 965: 960: 953: 948: 941: 939: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 917: 908: 904: 902: 901:Henry Vaughan 898: 890: 886: 881: 877: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 860: 855: 851: 847: 846:Enlightenment 833: 832: 827: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 791:Nicholas Orme 788: 783: 781: 773: 770: 766: 762: 757: 749: 747: 744: 743:psychological 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 717: 710: 705: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:relationships 681: 677: 673: 669: 663: 655: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 610: 608: 606: 601: 597: 593: 585: 578: 573: 566: 561: 554: 551: 547: 539: 537: 535: 534:child custody 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 481: 476: 474: 465: 458: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 376: 364: 359: 357: 352: 350: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 326: 325: 324: 323: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 273: 268: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 219: 215: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 169:Fertilization 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 128: 125: 123: 122:Preadolescent 120: 118: 115: 112: 109: 107: 104: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 81: 80: 75: 71: 67: 66: 63: 57: 53: 49: 48: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6812:Middle adult 6770: 6747:Early years 6647:Before birth 6491:Parents' Day 6481:Siblings Day 6471:Father's Day 6459:Mother's Day 6443:Polyfidelity 6438:Filial piety 6363:Family trees 6265:Crow kinship 6215:Estrangement 6110:Child-in-law 6030:Niece/Nephew 5965: 5839: 5817: 5810: 5800: 5789: 5779: 5769: 5759: 5752: 5743: 5733: 5719: 5701: 5691: 5671: 5664: 5653:the original 5621:. 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