169:
77:
68:. The term is German and means "ancient stream valley". Although often translated as "glacial valley", it should not be confused with a valley carved out by a glacier. More accurately some sources call them "meltwater valleys" or "ice-marginal valleys".
436:
converged on points where the valley could be crossed comparatively easily. These hubs thus became favourite sites for the founding of towns or castles. Examples from the German state of
Brandenburg include
272:
to its mouth on the North Sea is disputed. The Rhine was certainly a route for meltwaters during the Saale glaciation. The structure of the valley is however clearly older and was formed by recent
99:
slopes down from south to north. Thus the ice sheet that advanced from
Scandinavia flowed into a rising terrain. The meltwaters could therefore only flow for a short distance southwards over the
140:
have wide and very flat valley bottoms that are between 1.5 and 20 kilometres wide. The valley sides, by contrast are only a few to a few dozen metres high. The bottom and the edges of an
590:"The first estimation of Fleuve Manche palaeoriver discharge during the last deglaciation: Evidence for Fennoscandian ice sheet meltwater flow in the English Channel ca 20-18 ka ago"
548:"Timing of massive 'Fleuve Manche' discharges over the last 350 kyr: Insights into the European ice sheet oscillations and the European drainage network from MIS 10 to 2"
546:
Toucanne, S.; Zaragosi, S.; Bourillet, J.F.; Cremer, M.; Eynaud, F.; Van Vliet-Lanöe, B.; Penaud, A.; Fontanier, C.; Turon, J.L.; Cortijo, E.; Gibbard, P.L. (2009).
114:
are intermeshed with sandur areas for long stretches along their northern perimeters. It was over these outwash plains that the meltwaters poured into them.
588:
Toucanne, S.; Zaragosi, S.; Bourillet, J.F.; Marieu, M.; Cremer, M.; Kageyama, M.; Van Vliet-Lanöe, B.; Eynaud, F.; Turon, J.L.; Gibbard, P.L. (2010).
410:
and its tributaries carried the meltwaters of the North
American ice sheet away. In Eastern Europe the meltwaters flowed down the river basins of the
363:. The latter are formed beneath, not in front of, the ice mass. In addition most tunnel valleys run from north to south. The principal direction of
348:, during Pleistocene maximum glaciations, i.e. at times of confluence of the British and Fennoscandian ice-sheets in the intervening North Sea.
107:
basin that was parallel to the ice margin. At that time, the area that is now the North Sea was dry as a result of the low level of the sea.
751:
716:
694:
672:
657:
642:
534:
1356:
1006:
344:
of
Central Europe (Poland, Germany and Denmark especially) were directly connected to the North Atlantic Ocean, via the
986:
1382:
925:
17:
961:
126:; the grain size can vary considerably, however. Fine sand dominates especially in the upper sections of the
1011:
709:
FĂĽhrer zur
Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg, No. 9, Oderbruch – Märkische Schweiz – Östlicher Barnim
667:. 2nd improved edition. Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., Selbstverlag, Berlin 1994,
1271:
920:
744:
687:
FĂĽhrer zur
Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg, No. 5, Nordwestlicher Barnim – Eberswalder Urstromtal
1294:
1001:
511:
442:
388:
384:
1037:
604:
562:
371:
are only partly used by rivers, because the majority have found shorter routes to the sea (like the
1387:
1377:
1231:
1058:
976:
1063:
860:
415:
92:
1158:
724:
702:
680:
454:
299:
Some sections of the aforementioned main valleys have been given their own names. The
Lusatian
1346:
1309:
1133:
850:
737:
720:
712:
698:
690:
676:
668:
653:
638:
530:
407:
383:
between the rivers were used for canal routes due to their low gradient, for example for the
1351:
1251:
1148:
1078:
940:
819:
665:
FĂĽhrer zur
Geologie von Berlin und Brandenburg, No. 2, Bad Freienwalde – Parsteiner See
612:
608:
570:
458:
335:
205:
1246:
1221:
1103:
1016:
905:
235:
326:
In addition to the large main valleys there are also numerous smaller meltwater valleys (
27:
Type of broad glacial valley in northern
Central Europe that appeared during the ice ages
566:
144:
may have been significantly altered by more recent processes, especially the thawing of
1138:
1123:
996:
981:
910:
895:
829:
814:
589:
547:
181:
65:
53:
45:
711:. Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., Selbstverlag, Berlin 2003,
689:. Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e. V., Selbstverlag, Berlin 2004,
1371:
1319:
1261:
1241:
1236:
1183:
1178:
1163:
1108:
1053:
991:
966:
845:
411:
399:
395:
360:
345:
269:
100:
574:
1199:
1128:
885:
880:
824:
433:
60:
and was formed by meltwaters that flowed more or less parallel to the ice margin.
1314:
1193:
1173:
1168:
1153:
1113:
971:
855:
450:
446:
429:
334:, but they are considerably shorter. They are also not linked to a sandur and a
320:
215:
616:
1341:
1304:
1256:
890:
804:
930:
870:
799:
794:
789:
273:
149:
104:
57:
168:
428:, whether sandy or boggy, posed considerable obstacles to movement in the
1284:
1279:
1093:
1032:
956:
865:
250:
153:
145:
134:
sediments also varies a great deal, but is mostly well over ten metres.
76:
1226:
1216:
1143:
915:
900:
809:
784:
760:
475:
376:
246:
201:
160:
became bogs due to their low lying situation and the high water table.
49:
1188:
1098:
779:
774:
470:
438:
288:
197:
123:
96:
41:
257:
flowed successively through this valley towards the North Sea basin.
1289:
1118:
935:
419:
292:
265:
167:
75:
1299:
1068:
875:
372:
280:
242:
119:
733:
516:, Berlin Digital Environmental Atlas, accessed on 23 Dec 2011
729:
529:, Elsevier, London, Oxford, San Diego, Amsterdam. p. 139.
315:
are common short names for the associated sections of the
253:. The meltwaters of the three above-mentioned Weichselian
527:
Quaternary glaciations: extent and chronology, Part 3
525:
JĂĽrgen Ehlers, Philip
Leonard Gibbard (ed.) (2004).
330:). Their appearance is similar to that of the great
103:(outwash plains) before having to find a way to the
91:
is the fact that the general lie of the land on the
1270:
1209:
1086:
1077:
1046:
1025:
949:
838:
767:
231:; (Poland, Germany); formed during the Weichselian
224:; (Poland, Germany); formed during the Weichselian
406:there during the ice age did not take place. The
18:Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen glacial meltwater valley
56:of an ice age, at the edge of the Scandinavian
745:
8:
283:glaciation zone of Central Europe the term
1083:
752:
738:
730:
635:Die nordischen Vereisungen in Mitteleuropa
402:tilts towards the south, the formation of
307:are parts of the Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen
500:The Physical Geography of Western Europe
487:
214:; (Poland, Germany); formed during the
496:The Last Glaciation and Geomorphology
453:, and from Lower Saxony the town of
118:are relatively uniformly composed of
7:
311:. The Baruth, Berlin and Eberswalde
597:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
110:As elements of the glacial series,
87:Important for the emergence of the
25:
287:is not used. In this region, the
1357:Template:Periglacial environment
502:, Oxford University Press, p. 61
130:sediments. The thickness of the
648:H. Liedtke, J. Marcinek (ed.):
575:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.006
379:). The straight troughs of the
148:blocks or the accumulation of
1:
707:Johannes H. Schroeder (ed.):
685:Johannes H. Schroeder (ed.):
663:Johannes H. Schroeder (ed.):
650:Physische Geographie Germanys
40:) is a type of broad glacial
367:is from east to west. Today
359:should not be confused with
295:carried the meltwaters away.
48:, that appeared during the
44:, for example, in northern
1404:
617:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.050
555:Quaternary Science Reviews
513:Selected Soil Associations
1337:
245:roughly at the height of
192:Breslau-Magdeburg-Bremen
652:. 3rd ed., Gotha 2002,
637:. 2nd ed., Trier 1981,
609:2010E&PSL.290..459T
291:and, periodically, the
249:to the Elbe estuary at
72:Emergence and structure
498:in: Koster, E. (ed.):
188:from various periods.
177:
84:
64:are an element of the
1295:Giant current ripples
494:Böse, Margot (2005).
204:); formed during the
171:
79:
561:(13–14): 1238–1256.
394:Because the land in
184:, there are several
1232:Moraine-dammed lake
1059:Subglacial eruption
567:2009QSRv...28.1238T
432:. As a result, the
154:post-glacial period
80:Section through an
1064:Subglacial volcano
1047:Volcanic relations
178:
93:North German Plain
85:
1383:Glacial landforms
1365:
1364:
1333:
1332:
851:Accumulation zone
408:Mississippi River
227:Thorn-Eberswalde
16:(Redirected from
1395:
1252:Terminal moraine
1084:
820:Piedmont glacier
754:
747:
740:
731:
621:
620:
603:(3–4): 459–473.
594:
585:
579:
578:
552:
543:
537:
523:
517:
509:
503:
492:
459:Wolfsburg Castle
389:Oder–Havel Canal
385:Elbe–Havel Canal
336:terminal moraine
206:Saale glaciation
52:, or individual
21:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1329:
1266:
1247:Sevetti moraine
1205:
1159:Roche moutonnée
1104:Cirque stairway
1073:
1042:
1021:
945:
906:Lateral moraine
834:
763:
758:
630:
625:
624:
592:
587:
586:
582:
550:
545:
544:
540:
524:
520:
510:
506:
493:
489:
484:
467:
354:
328:Urstromtalungen
260:The term Rhine
166:
74:
54:glacial periods
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1385:
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1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
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1274:
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1267:
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1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Hanging valley
1136:
1134:Glacial striae
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Periglaciation
994:
989:
987:Outburst flood
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
947:
946:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:Medial moraine
908:
903:
898:
896:Glacier tongue
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
836:
835:
833:
832:
830:Valley glacier
827:
822:
817:
815:Outlet glacier
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
769:
765:
764:
759:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
728:
727:
705:
683:
661:
646:
629:
626:
623:
622:
580:
538:
518:
504:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
473:
466:
463:
361:tunnel valleys
353:
350:
303:and the Aller
297:
296:
277:
258:
241:refers to the
232:
225:
220:Warsaw-Berlin
218:
210:Glogau-Baruth
208:
182:Central Europe
176:in Brandenburg
165:
164:Central Europe
162:
73:
70:
66:glacial series
46:Central Europe
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1355:
1353:
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1348:
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1339:
1336:
1326:
1323:
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1316:
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1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:Glaciofluvial
1269:
1263:
1262:Veiki moraine
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Rogen moraine
1240:
1238:
1237:Pulju moraine
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Erratic block
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Tunnel valley
1182:
1180:
1179:Trough valley
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
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1150:
1147:
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1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Crag and tail
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
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1080:
1076:
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1036:
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1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Overdeepening
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
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968:
967:Basal sliding
965:
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952:
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872:
869:
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852:
849:
847:
846:Ablation zone
844:
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717:3-928651-11-0
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695:3-928651-06-4
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
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673:3-928651-03-X
670:
666:
662:
660:, 786 p.
659:
658:3-623-00860-5
655:
651:
647:
645:, 307 p.
644:
643:3-87994-204-8
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535:0-444-51462-7
532:
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400:Russian Plain
397:
396:North America
392:
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358:
351:
349:
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346:Channel River
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55:
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47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
1324:
1210:Depositional
1200:Zungenbecken
1198:
1129:Glacial lake
1124:Glacial horn
1038:Mass balance
1026:Measurements
962:Accumulation
886:Glacier head
881:Glacier cave
825:Rock glacier
708:
686:
664:
649:
634:
633:H. Liedtke:
600:
596:
583:
558:
554:
541:
526:
521:
512:
507:
499:
495:
490:
443:FĂĽrstenwalde
434:trade routes
426:Urstromtäler
425:
424:
404:Urstromtäler
403:
393:
381:Urstromtäler
380:
369:Urstromtäler
368:
365:Urstromtäler
364:
357:Urstromtäler
356:
355:
342:Urstromtäler
341:
340:
332:Urstromtäler
331:
327:
325:
316:
313:Urstromtäler
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
284:
268:valley from
261:
255:Urstromtäler
254:
237:
228:
221:
211:
193:
186:Urstromtäler
185:
179:
174:Urstromtäler
173:
172:Weichselian
158:Urstromtäler
157:
141:
138:Urstromtäler
137:
136:
131:
127:
116:Urstromtäler
115:
112:Urstromtäler
111:
109:
89:Urstromtäler
88:
86:
81:
62:Urstromtäler
61:
38:Urstromtäler
37:
32:
31:
29:
1315:Outwash fan
1310:Kettle hole
1194:Valley step
1174:Trough lake
1154:Ribbon lake
1114:Finger lake
856:Bergschrund
451:Baruth/Mark
447:Luckenwalde
430:Middle Ages
398:and on the
321:Brandenburg
243:Elbe valley
216:Weichselian
1388:Glaciology
1378:Urstromtal
1372:Categories
1342:Glaciology
1325:Urstromtal
1305:Kame delta
1257:Till plain
1054:Jökulhlaup
1012:Starvation
891:Ice divide
805:Ice stream
628:Literature
482:References
317:Urstromtal
309:Urstromtal
305:Urstromtal
301:Urstromtal
285:Urstromtal
270:DĂĽsseldorf
262:Urstromtal
238:Urstromtal
229:Urstromtal
222:Urstromtal
212:Urstromtal
194:Urstromtal
150:sand dunes
142:Urstromtal
132:Urstromtal
128:Urstromtal
82:Urstromtal
33:urstromtal
1087:Erosional
1079:Landforms
950:Processes
931:Randkluft
926:Penitente
871:Dirt cone
800:Ice shelf
795:Ice sheet
790:Ice field
725:0941-2980
703:0941-2980
681:0941-2980
455:Vorsfelde
274:tectonics
234:The term
152:. In the
105:North Sea
58:ice sheet
36:(plural:
1347:Category
1285:Diluvium
1280:Alpentor
1189:U-valley
1033:Ice core
1002:Plucking
957:Ablation
941:Terminus
866:Crevasse
861:Blue ice
761:Glaciers
465:See also
352:Features
264:for the
251:Cuxhaven
146:dead ice
50:ice ages
1227:Moraine
1217:Drumlin
1144:Nunatak
1007:Retreat
972:Calving
916:Moraine
901:Icefall
839:Anatomy
810:Ledoyom
785:Ice cap
605:Bibcode
563:Bibcode
476:Urstrom
412:Dnieper
387:or the
377:Vistula
279:In the
247:Genthin
202:Germany
156:, many
124:gravels
101:sandurs
95:and in
1320:Sandur
1164:Suncup
1149:P-form
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921:Moulin
780:Cirque
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1352:List
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