Brewster F2A Buffalo - Knowledge (XXG)

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no different in this regard. Its maneuverability was severely impaired (the aircraft was unable to perform loops), and initial rate of climb was reduced to 2,300 ft/min (700 m/min). The Wright Cyclone 1890-G-105 engine designated for use in the Brewster Mk I was in short supply; many aircraft were fitted with secondhand Wright engines sourced from Douglas DC-3 airliners and rebuilt to G105 or G102A specifications by Wright. In service, some effort was made by at least one Brewster squadron to improve the type's sluggish performance; a few aircraft were lightened by some 1,000 lb (450 kg) by removing armor plate, armored windshields, radios, gun camera, and all other unnecessary equipment, and by replacing the .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns with .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. The fuselage tanks were filled with a minimum of fuel, and run on high-octane aviation petrol where available. At Alor Star airfield in Malaya, the Japanese captured over 1,000 barrels (160 m) of high-octane aviation petrol from British forces, which they promptly used in their own fighter aircraft.

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then attacked a Zero in a head-on pass, shooting his opponent down. In the battle, some F2A-3s suffered from inoperative guns. The nose-mounted guns' occasional failure to fire was noticed by other users as well; the phenomenon may have been caused by frayed electrical wires in the mechanism that synchronized the nose guns with the propeller. Other Buffalos had not been fitted with plate armor behind the pilot, making them vulnerable to even a single bullet or shell. Losses were aggravated due to the Japanese practice of strafing pilots who had bailed out. Second Lt. Charles S. Hughes, whose Buffalo was forced to retire at the start of the raid due to engine trouble, had a ringside view of the aerial combat:

631:, a "gentlemen's travelling plane". The Buffalo was also popular within the FAF because of its relatively long range and good maintenance record. This was in part due to the efforts of the Finnish mechanics, who solved a problem that plagued the Wright Cyclone engine by inverting one of the piston rings in each cylinder, which had a positive effect on reliability. The cooler weather of Finland also helped, because the engine was prone to overheating as noted in tropical Pacific use. The Brewster Buffalo earned a reputation in Finnish Air Force service as one of its more successful fighter aircraft, along with the Fiat G.50, which scored an unprecedented kill-loss ratio of 33-1. 401:

6 lb/U.S. gal (0.72 kg/L), the fuel alone weighed nearly 500 lb (230 kg). The addition of armor plating for the pilot and increased ammunition capacity further increased the aircraft's weight, resulting in a reduced top speed and rate of climb, while substantially degrading the Brewster's turning and maneuvering capability. The Navy found that the added weight of the F2A-3 also aggravated the problem of landing gear failure during carrier landings. However, the −40 two-speed supercharged Cyclone engine in the F2A-3 was an excellent "cruising" engine, and as such the F2A-3 had some value and saw initial service on the carriers

373:, of which 43 were ordered by the U.S. Navy, included a more powerful R-1820-40 engine, a better propeller, and integral flotation gear, while still lacking pilot armor and self-sealing tanks. The increase in engine power was welcomed, but to some extent offset by the increased loaded weight (5,942 lb (2,695 kg)) of the aircraft; while top speed was increased to a respectable 323 mph (520 km/h) at 16,500 ft (5,000 m), initial climb rates dropped to 2,500 ft/min (760 m/min). Both the F2A-1 and the F2A-2 variants of the Brewster were liked by early Navy and Marine pilots, including 358: 1202:"Oscar", although both the "Oscar" and the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero still out-climbed the B-339 at combat altitudes (the Zero was faster as well). After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammo load in the wing, which allowed their Buffalos (and their Hurricanes) to stay with the Oscars in turns. In February 1942 they received new model gunsights. Around the same time the Dutch started to use tracer ammunition as well. These two improved their hit ratio. Still, their lack of heavy machine guns (.50") meant their success rate wasn't as high as it could have been. 340: 2203: 975:"Oscar" soon overwhelmed the Buffalo pilots, both in the air and on the ground. Another significant factor was the Brewster engine's tendency to overheat in the tropical climate, which caused oil to spray over the windscreen, usually forcing an aborted mission and greatly complicating attempts to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft. In the end, more than 60 Brewster Mk I (B-339E) aircraft were shot down in combat, 40 destroyed on the ground, and approximately 20 more destroyed in accidents. Only about 20 Buffalos survived to reach India or the 801: 1612: 1288: 1918: 2089: 1623: 1209:. Although reinforced by British Commonwealth Buffalo Mk I (B-339E) aircraft retreating from Malaya, the Dutch squadrons faced superior numbers in the air, usually odds of one against two or three. Timely early warning from British radar would have countered this deficit, especially in avoiding unnecessary losses from raids on airfields, but the British government had decided too late to send these: the first British radar stations became operational only towards the end of February. 287: 925: 1825: 1752: 413:

the F2A-3 began, the Navy decided to eliminate the type altogether. However, a project was begun to replace the wing-mounted .50 M2 machine guns with two M2 20mm cannons. At least eight sets of wings were completed, and at least one F2A-3 was fitted with them (preserved photographically). By then, considered a second line aircraft, some were transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps, which deployed two F2A-3 squadrons to the Pacific, one at

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Malaya and Singapore. The two RAAF, two RAF, and one RNZAF squadrons, during December 1941 – January 1942, were beset with numerous problems, including poorly built and ill-equipped aircraft. Aviation historian Dan Ford characterized it as, "The performance... was pathetic." Inadequate spare parts and support staff, airfields that were difficult to defend against air attack, lack of a clear and coherent command structure, a

2103: 1483: 614: 1389:, the Marines, flying in two divisions of aircraft, downed several Japanese bombers before the escorting Zeros reacted; a furious dogfight developed. Thirteen out of 20 Buffalos were lost; of the six Wildcats, only two remained flyable at the end of the mission. The losses included the Marine air commander, Major Parks, who bailed out of his burning Buffalo, only to be strafed by Zeros after parachuting into the sea. 1798: 29: 1719: 1688: 727:, as they called it, was already obsolete and only a single prototype was built. By late 1943, the lack of spares, wear-and-tear, and better Soviet fighters and training greatly reduced the effectiveness of Finnish B-239s, though LeLv 26 pilots would still claim some 35 victories against Soviet aircraft in mid-1944. The last victory by a Buffalo against Soviet aircraft was claimed over the 896: 377:, who praised the good turning and maneuvering abilities of the aircraft: "the early models, before they weighed it all down with armor plate, radios, and other ... were pretty sweet little ships. Not real fast, but the ... could turn and roll in a phone booth". This might reasonably have been expected with the low wing loading in earlier variants, which was comparable with the 837: 471: 2402: 1734: 1182:("Military Air Service of the Royal Netherlands East Indian Army", ML-KNIL) had ordered 144 Brewster B-339C and 339D models, the former with rebuilt Wright G-105 engines supplied by the Dutch and the latter with new 1,200 hp (890 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines Brewster purchased from Wright. At the outbreak of war, only 71 had arrived in the 336:

specified by the Navy for combat operations reduced the initial rate of climb to 2,600 ft/min (790 m/min). Plagued by production difficulties, Brewster delivered only 11 F2A-1 aircraft to the Navy; the remainder of the order was later diverted to the Finnish Air Force in modified form under the export designation Model 239.

421:. Those which still remained on board aircraft carriers narrowly missed a combat opportunity when a relief mission was dispatched to Wake Island, but the relief force was withdrawn before completing the mission. Shortly thereafter, F2A-3s still in naval service were transferred to training squadrons for use as advanced trainers. 316:(4,900 m) without any increase in power. Other manufacturers took notice of this 10% increase in speed and efficiency, and wind tunnel tests became standard procedure in the US. With only a single-stage supercharger, high-altitude performance fell off rapidly. Fuselage armament was one fixed .50 in (12.7 mm) 772:-G-105 engine approved for export use. The G-105 engine had a power output of 1,000 hp (745.7 kW) (peak) on takeoff, some 200 hp (150 kW) less than the engine fitted to the U.S. Navy F2A-2. The arrestor hook and liferaft container were removed, and the aircraft was modified with a slightly longer tail. 222:"Oscar". The British attempted to lighten their Buffalos by removing ammunition and fuel and installing lighter guns to improve performance, but it made little difference. After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammunition load in the wings, which allowed their Buffalos (and their 1104:

prompted Buffalo pilots in Burma to employ different tactics; according to Flight Sergeant Vic Bargh, "come in from above, or at the same level at the very least, then dive away before they got onto you, because if they did get onto you, well, you were shot down". One of the Buffalo's final victories

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In its original form, the B-339 had a theoretical maximum speed of 323 mph (520 km/h) at a rather unrealistic 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but fuel starvation problems and poor supercharger performance at higher altitudes meant that this figure was never achieved in combat; the B-339E was

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Even in late 1940 it was apparent that the Buffalo was rapidly becoming obsolete. It badly needed a more powerful engine and an enlarged wing (to offset the increased weight), but the limits of the airframe had been reached, making installation of a larger engine impossible. Soon after deliveries of

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was the last version of the Buffalo to enter service with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. A total of 108 examples were ordered in January 1941. By this time, the Navy had become disenchanted with the Buffalo, and had become especially annoyed at Brewster Aeronautical Corporation's frequent production

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Service testing of the XF2A-1 prototype began in January 1938 and in June, production started on the F2A-1. They were powered by 940 hp (700 kW) Wright R-1820-34 engines and had larger fins. The added weight of two additional .50 in (12.7 mm) Browning wing guns and other equipment

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From February - April 1942 the rebuilt squadron VMF-211 (most of which had been lost in the Battle of Wake Island) was re-equipped with F2A-3s and was ferried by the escort carrier Long Island to Palmyra Atoll, where it remained until recalled in July of that year, ferrying their aircraft to land on

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light bombers and 30 Ki-27 fighters during a daylight raid on Rangoon. Together with twelve P-40s, they claimed 13 bombers destroyed and seven probable; four P-40s including two pilots were lost while all the Buffalos returned safely. Nevertheless, the Japanese succeeded in bombing Rangoon, its port

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in the Army air liaison staff, antagonism between RAF and RAAF squadrons and personnel, and inexperienced pilots lacking appropriate training would lead to disaster. Although the Mk I had .50-inch guns, many aircraft were equipped with .303 Browning mounts and electric firing solenoids, which tended

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substantially heavier due to all of the additional modifications by some 900 lb (410 kg). The semi-retractable tail wheel had been exchanged for a larger fixed model, which was also less aerodynamic. Top speed was reduced from 323 to 313 mph (520 to 504 km/h) at combat altitudes.

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flight-tested the first B-239 to become operational in Finland. Unfamiliar with the aircraft, he burned out the engine while flying very low at high speed; crashing on a snow-covered field, damaging the propeller and some belly panels. Initially unimpressed, the Finns later witnessed a demonstration

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eliminated early on when the prototype could not reach more than 267 mph (430 km/h). The XF2A-1 first flew on 2 December 1937 and early test results showed it was far in advance of the Grumman biplane entry. While the XF4F-1 did not enter production, it later re-emerged as a monoplane, the

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With the emergence of new tactics for the F4F-3 and F4F-4 Wildcat, the Battle of Midway marked the end of the Buffalo in both U.S. Navy and Marine Corps fighting squadrons. Surviving F2A-3 aircraft were transported to the U.S. mainland, where they were used as advanced trainers. The introduction in

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Many of the pilots assigned the Buffalo lacked adequate training and experience in the type. A total of 20 of the original 169 Buffalos were lost in training accidents during 1941. By December 1941, approximately 150 Buffalo B-339E aircraft made up the bulk of the British fighter defenses of Burma,

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by Brewster. Unlike other fighters already in service, the F2A-1 and B-239E lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and cockpit armor. However, the B-239E was built with a more powerful engine than the F2A-1, in the form of the Wright R-1820-G5, producing 950 hp (710 kW), and the capacity to carry

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The Marine pilots who managed to shake off the Zeros used high speed split-s turns or very steep dives. These maneuvers were later found to be the best means to evade pursuit by the highly maneuverable Japanese fighters. One F2A-3 pilot, Marine Captain William Humberd, dove away from his pursuers,

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acceptance personnel criticized it on numerous points including inadequate armament and lack of pilot armor, poor high-altitude performance, engine overheating, maintenance issues, and cockpit controls, while it was praised for its handling, roomy cockpit, and visibility. With a top speed of about

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report on the Zero and air combat reached Washington in 1941, where it was disseminated to aviation forces of the U.S. Army and Navy. This information, along with the development of two-plane mutual defensive formations and tactics, were incorporated into U.S. and Marine Corps air combat training

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fighter. I continued flying on a rapid turning course at full throttle when I was hit in the head by a glancing bullet. After he fired a few short bursts he left as I had been in a general direction of 205 degrees heading away from the island. My plane was badly shot up... In my opinion, the Zero

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In April 1939, the Finnish government contacted the Roosevelt administration, requesting the supply of modern combat aircraft as quickly as possible. On 17 October, the Finnish Embassy in Washington, D.C., received a telegram clearing the purchase of fighter aircraft. The only strict requirements

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wrote in late 1940 after visiting Britain that the Buffalo and other American aircraft "cannot compete with either the existing British or German fighters", so Britain used them "either as advanced trainers --or for fighting equally obsolete Italian planes in the Middle East. That is all they are

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The Buffalos and P-40s carried out air defenses over Rangoon and Mingaladon as well as strafing missions on Japanese airfields. Like Malaya and Singapore, lack of effective early warning systems greatly hampered British and AVG efforts to defend Burma from air raids. Reports of Japanese aircraft

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It is not entirely clear how many Japanese aircraft the Buffalo squadrons shot down, although RAAF pilots alone managed to shoot down at least 20. Eighty were claimed in total, a ratio of kills to losses of just 1.3 to 1. Additionally, most of the Japanese aircraft shot down by the Buffalos were

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The B-339E, or Brewster Buffalo Mk I as it was designated in British service, was initially intended to be fitted with an export-approved Wright R-1820-G-105 Cyclone engine with a 1,000 hp (745.7 kW) (peak takeoff) engine. The Brewster aircraft delivered to British and Commonwealth air

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was established to acquire U.S. aircraft that would help supplement domestic production. Among the U.S. fighter aircraft that caught the Commission's attention was the Brewster. The remaining 32 B-339 aircraft ordered by the Belgians, suspended at the fall of France, were passed on to the United

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with self-sealing features and larger fuselage tanks which provided increased fuel capacity and protection, but this also increased the aircraft weight by more than 500 lb (230 kg). The wing and enlarged fuselage tank carried an additional 80 U.S. gal (300 L) of fuel; at

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construction, although control surfaces were still fabric-covered. The XF2A-1 also featured split flaps, a hydraulically operated retractable main undercarriage (and partially retractable tailwheel), and a streamlined framed canopy. However (as was still common at this time), the aircraft lacked

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full-scale wind tunnel, where it was determined that certain factors were contributing to parasitic drag. Based on the tests, improvements were made to the cowling streamlining and carburetor and oil cooler intakes, and the Buffalo's speed rose to 304 mph (489 km/h) at 16,000 ft

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The Brewster Model B-339E, as modified and supplied to Great Britain was distinctly inferior in performance to the F2A-2 (Model B-339) from the original order. It had a less powerful (1,000 hp (745.7 kW)) engine compared to the F2A-2's 1,200 hp (890 kW) Cyclone, yet was

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In June 2012, divers discovered the partial wreckage of a Buffalo in shallow water just off Midway Atoll. The aircraft had been ditched during February 1942, after an aborted landing attempt in bad weather by 1st Lt Charles W. Somers Jr., USMC (later Colonel, USMC Ret). Officials at the

238:. Shown by the experience of Midway to be no match for the Zero, the F2A-3 was derided by USMC pilots as a "flying coffin". Indeed, the F2A-3s performance was substantially inferior to the F2A-2 variant used by the Navy before the outbreak of the war despite detail improvements. 1212:

In a major engagement above Semplak on 19 February 1942, eight Dutch Brewster fighters intercepted a formation of about 35 Japanese bombers with an escort of about 20 Zeros. The Brewster pilots destroyed 11 Japanese aircraft and lost four Brewsters; two Dutch pilots died.

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323 mph (520 km/h) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but with fuel starvation issues over 15,000 ft (4,600 m), it was considered unfit for duty in western Europe. Still desperately in need of fighter aircraft in the Pacific and Asia for British and

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the most successful Dutch pilots on the Buffalo with three victories each. Altogether, 17 ML-KNIL pilots were killed, and 30 aircraft shot down; 15 were destroyed on the ground, and several were lost to misadventure. Dutch pilots claimed 55 enemy aircraft destroyed.

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I was at an altitude of about 9,000 ft, and shoved over in a dive trying to shake the plane on my tail until I was about 20 feet from the water. I was making radical turns hoping the pilot couldn't get steadied on me. I glanced out of the rear and saw that it was a

971:"Nate", the overloaded Brewsters could at least hold their own if given time to get to altitude, and at first achieved a respectable number of kills. However, the appearance of ever greater numbers of Japanese fighters, including markedly superior types such as the 1397:

The Zeros came in strafing immediately afterward. I saw two Brewsters trying to fight the Zeros. One was shot down and the other was saved by ground fires covering his tail. Both looked like they were tied to a string while the Zeros made passes at

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T.h.m.40 gunsight, and four .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns. The top speed of the Finnish B-239s, as modified, was 297 mph (478 km/h) at 15,675 ft (4,778 m), and their loaded weight was 5,820 lb (2,640 kg).

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to trade a squadron of P-40s for Buffalos. In response, Chennault arranged a mock dogfight between both fighters, with 1st Lieutenant Erik Shilling flying the P-40 and Squadron Leader Jack Brandt flying the Buffalo. Over their training base in

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The Buffalo was built in three variants for the U.S. Navy: the F2A-1, F2A-2 and F2A-3. (In foreign service, with lower horsepower engines, these types were designated B-239, B-339, and B-339-23 respectively.) The F2A-3 variant saw action with

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proved capable of engaging and destroying most types of Soviet fighter aircraft operating against Finland at that time, and claimed in the first phase of that conflict 32 Soviet aircraft shot down for every B-239 lost, producing 36 Buffalo

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Several nations, including Finland, Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands, ordered the Buffalo. The Finns were the most successful with their Buffalos, flying them in combat against early Soviet fighters with excellent results. During the

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fighter has been far underestimated. I think it is probably one of the finest fighters in the present war. As for the F2A-3, (or Brewster trainer), it should be in Miami as a training plane, rather than used as a first-line fighter.

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As the Brewster B-339 aircraft used by the ML-KNIL were lighter than the modified B-339E Brewster Mark Is used by British, Australian, and New Zealand air forces, they were able to successfully engage the Japanese Army

1149:. No. 67 Squadron claimed 27 Japanese aircraft destroyed; eight Buffalos were shot down and eight pilots were killed. For their actions, Squadron Leader Jack Brandt and Flight Lieutenant Colin Pinckney were awarded the 2578:

Some sources quote this engine as producing 1,100 hp (820.3 kW) peak takeoff power; there may also have been alternate use of the Wright GR-1820-G102A, which was also rated for 1,100 hp (820.3 kW)

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secured air superiority over Rangoon by early February 1942, and with the situation on the ground rapidly deteriorating, No. 67 Squadron withdrew north to Toungoo. On 13 February, the squadron moved further north to

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air group. On 8 December 1939, VF-3 received 10 of the 11 Buffalos delivered to the U.S. Navy. The remaining 43 F2A-1s were declared surplus (to be replaced with an equal number of the improved F2A-2s) and sold to

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fuel. Part of an F2A-1 shipment – 44 aircraft originally intended for the US Navy – was diverted to Finland, by the US State Department, after the USN agreed to instead accept a later shipment of F2A-2 variants.

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in 1942, VMF-221 was destined to participate in one of the few aerial combats involving the Buffalo in U.S. military service. The initial Buffalo interception of the first Japanese air raid was led by Major

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was found to have been used to achieve 42½ kills in total by all pilots operating it, possibly making it the highest-scoring fighter airframe in the history of air warfare. The top scoring Finnish ace,

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delays and its frequent management difficulties. This order was seen more as a way of keeping Brewster's production lines running; they would eventually build Corsair fighters for the Navy as well as

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Just before the start of the war, Belgium sought more modern aircraft to expand and modernize its air force. Belgium ordered 40 Brewster B-339 aircraft, a de-navalized F2A-2, fitted with the

884:, a gun camera, a larger fixed pneumatic tire tail wheel, fire extinguisher, engine shutters, a larger battery, and reinforced armor plating and armored glass behind the canopy windshield. 689:" (swarm), with a pair flying lower as bait, and a higher pair to dive on enemy interceptors. The Soviet Air Force was never able to counter this tactic. The top-scoring B-239 pilot was 182:

biplane it replaced, and the early F4Fs, the Buffalo was largely obsolete when the United States entered the war, being unstable and overweight, especially when compared to the Japanese

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radial engine, it had a good initial climb rate of 2,750 ft/min (840 m/min) and a top speed of 277.5 mph (446.6 km/h). The aircraft was then tested in 1938 in the

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Delivery and assembly of the Buffalos in Singapore took place in the spring of 1941. The first Buffalo units (Nos 67 and 243 Squadron RAF) were formed at RAF Kallang in March 1941.

1080:, the P-40 proved to be superior to the Buffalo. When Shilling and Brandt met again fifty years later, the RAF pilot said, "how I wish I could have swapped my aircraft for yours". 3212: 4100:

Horn, Steve. "The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II". Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005.

1474:(RNZAF), with six air victories, and Doug Vanderfield (RAAF) with five individual kills, plus one shared. Alf Clare (RAAF) and Maurice Holder (RAF) had five victories each. 6572: 6264: 5629: 5552: 872:

forces were significantly altered from the B-339 type sold to the Belgium and French forces in accordance with their purchase order. The Brewster factory removed the Navy

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The new Brewster fighter had a modern look with a stubby fuselage, mid-set monoplane wings and a host of advanced features. It was all-metal, with flush-riveted, stressed

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bombers. The Hawker Hurricane, which fought in Singapore alongside the Buffalo from 20 January, also suffered severe losses from ground attack; most were destroyed. The

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Five B-239s continued to fly until 1948, with last flights of Brewsters by the Finnish Air Force on 14 September 1948, when they were stored until scrapped in 1953.

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By the beginning of the Pacific War, the F2A, by then also known by the popular name 'Buffalo', was passing out of carrier squadron service in favor of the F4F-3.

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Following the surrender of the Netherlands East Indies on 8 March 1942, a shipment of 17 Brewster B339-23 fighters ordered for the ML-KNIL was diverted to the US

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was originally formed in Singapore before their redeployment to Burma in October 1941. They were equipped with thirty Buffalos inherited from 60 Squadron RAF at

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Improved F2A-2 for the United States Navy with larger fuel tank, heavier armour, and provision to carry two underwing 100 lb (45 kg) bombs, 108 built

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instead of the Buffalo. Early in the war all modern monoplane fighter types were in high demand, however. Consequently, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the

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containers were removed. The upgraded engine and slightly reduced net weight (i.e. from the omitted armor and de-navalization) resulted in an improved

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biplane. The Brewster XF2A-1 monoplane, designed by a team led by Dayton T. Brown, was one of two aircraft designs that were initially considered. The

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with a double-row radial engine was a "classic" biplane. The U.S. Navy competition was re-opened to allow another competitor, the XFNF-1, a navalized

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Captured Buffalos were repaired and test flown, both in Japanese markings, and – starring in recreated combat footage – in incorrect RAF markings.

757:, claiming two, the last victories to be made by Brewster pilots in World War II. By the end of the war in Lapland, only eight B-239s were left. 4670: 6635: 4377: 4362: 4347: 4215: 4174: 4105: 4028: 4013: 2187:. The Cradle of Aviation Museum houses a static full-scale replica/model F2A-2, carrying the markings of unit "201-S-13" from VS-201, aboard 670:

The Brewsters had their baptism by fire in Finland on 25 June 1941, when a pair of Buffalos from 2/LLv24, operating from Selänpää airfield (

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11 F2A-1s had been delivered to the US Navy; 44 would go to the Finnish Air Force before orders for more were cancelled at the end of the

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24 were Winter War combat veterans. This squadron claimed a total of 459 Soviet aircraft with B-239s, while losing 15 Buffalos in combat.

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to fail in service. Moreover, according to Flight Lieutenant Mowbray Garden of 243 Squadron RAF, the Buffalos were supplied with only

657: 635: 307:. Fuel capacity was only 160 US gal (610 L), stored in the fuselage. Powered by a 950 hp (710 kW) single-row 1141:, India on 11 March to re-equip with Hurricanes. They were swiftly relegated to training duties, though two were briefly acquired by 685:

Many Finnish pilots racked up enormous scores by using basic tactics against Soviet aircraft. The default tactic was the four-plane "

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four machine guns (rather than the two carried by the F2A-1). The B-239E was also "de-navalized" before shipment: equipment such as

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Squadron Leader W.J. Harper, 1946, "Report on NO. 21 and NO. 453 RAAF squadrons" (transcribed by Dan Ford for Warbird's Forum.)

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on ground attack missions. The Buffalo flew its last combat sortie with the RAF on 5 March, escorting Hawker Hurricanes and

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Second Lt. Charles M. Kunz reported that after successfully downing two Val bombers, he was attacked by Japanese fighters:

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Buffaloes over Singapore: RAF, RAAF, RNZAF and Dutch Brewster Fighters in Action over Malaya and the East Indies 1941–1942

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was developed for use by Wildcat pilots against the Zero and was later adopted by other Wildcat squadrons in the Pacific.

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The B-239E was never referred to as the name Buffalo in Finland; it was known simply as the Brewster, or by the nicknames

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in the West on 10 May 1940. The Buffalo was later captured intact by the Germans, and it was partially rediscovered near

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were claimed for the loss of just one B-239 (BW-378). After evaluation of claims against actual Soviet losses, aircraft

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operated a mixed group of 20 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalos and seven Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats. They were originally assigned to

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led this flight on its final sortie that day, and was credited with a Zero before he was killed. This made him and Lt.

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After Finland signed an armistice with the Soviet Union in September, 1944, they had to drive Finland's former ally,

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Ledet, Michel (April 2002). "Des avions alliés aux couleurs japonais" [Allied Aircraft in Japanese Colors].

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engine and two guns above engine cowling, plus two optional guns in the wings) for the United States Navy, 11 built

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On 16 December, the Finnish government signed a contract to purchase 44 aircraft: a F2A-1 variant designated Model

339: 321: 280: 231: 3686: 2202: 917:; Japanese aircraft lacked armor and self-sealing fuel tanks in the early years of the war, a fact unknown to the 717:

During the Continuation War, a lack of replacements led the Finns to develop a copy of the Buffalo built from non-

6436: 6401: 6081: 6041: 5756: 5320: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 3060: 2168: 489: 3234:"Some of the Belgian Brewster 339B Buffalo's in storage at La Pointe des Sables on the French island Martinique" 602:("flying beer-bottle"). The total of 44 examples of the B-239E fighters used by the FAF received serial numbers 5533: 5412: 5154: 5144: 4868: 2474: 1611: 1567: 1533: 1511: 1501: 1268: 1064: 170:

with an arrestor hook and other modifications for aircraft carriers. The Buffalo won a competition against the

4255:

Morareau, Lucien (September 1998). "Les oubliées des Antilles" [The Forgotten Ones of the Antilles].

3849: 2164:, where the wreckage was found, have not decided whether to recover any of the parts or leave them in place. 6316: 6146: 5931: 5741: 5721: 5671: 5614: 5594: 5246: 5114: 4828: 4627: 4622: 4585: 4575: 2188: 1316: 1287: 1041: 823: 693:, with 39 kills. Lt Hans Wind, with six other Buffalos of LeLv 24, intercepted some 60 Soviet aircraft near 656:

24 (Fighter Squadron 24) was equipped with the B-239s until May 1944, when the Buffalos were transferred to

552:

After delivery of the B-239E, the Finnish Air Force added armored backrests, metric flight instruments, the

459: 390: 362: 317: 312: 207: 5502: 6516: 6396: 6326: 6249: 6194: 6006: 5941: 5896: 5866: 5139: 4955: 4505:

Manual: (1939) AP 1806A – Pilot's Notes – The Buffalo I Aeroplane – Wright Cyclone GR. 1820 G. 105A Engine

1959: 1950: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1813: 918: 572:

fighter from Italy; although the Fiat fighter was faster in level flight, the Brewster could out-turn it.

497: 300: 59: 3646: 2121:

Only export models of the Buffalo are preserved. There is currently a complete Finnish B-239 (BW-372), a

1205:

Apart from their role as fighters, the Brewster fighters were also used as dive bombers against Japanese

6521: 6506: 6184: 6141: 5981: 5926: 5916: 5856: 5771: 5090: 4917: 4905: 4900: 4890: 4843: 4656: 3382:

Gunston, Bill “The Illustrated Directory of Fighting Aircraft of World War II.” Salamander Books, 1988.

1767: 1670: 1665: 1350: 1121:

with only eight Buffalos, where they continued to carry out reconnaissance flights as well as escorting

929: 914: 527: 6101: 2040: 1785: 1773: 1109:

was claimed by Bargh; he found the wreckage of the bomber and had his picture taken with it as proof.

6486: 6446: 6426: 6351: 6204: 6106: 6056: 6051: 5976: 5971: 5961: 5946: 5936: 5796: 5781: 5475: 5390: 5307: 5297: 5274: 5238: 5085: 5056: 4995: 4965: 4912: 4838: 4700: 1862: 1856: 1675: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1599: 1416: 1315:

rests in the flight deck gallery walkway after suffering landing gear failure while landing on board

1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1217: 1142: 1072: 1060: 841: 645:

warplanes destroyed, with the combat loss of just 19 Buffalos, an outstanding victory ratio of 26:1.

2088: 1059:; the aircraft they received in Singapore were passed on to 488 Squadron RNZAF. They were joined by 579:(1939–1940). However, five of the six delivered during the war became combat-ready before it ended. 6511: 6456: 6406: 6371: 6346: 6239: 6234: 6151: 6076: 5921: 5811: 5731: 5676: 5452: 5408: 5373: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5132: 5127: 5095: 4978: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4818: 4648: 2447: 2437: 1851: 1845: 1840: 1433: 1408: 1386: 1339: 1326:, 25 July 1942. VMF-211 was the last Marine Corps unit to operate the F2A in a front-line capacity. 1240:

All of these Buffalos were subsequently lent to the RAAF, which gave them the serial number prefix

1052: 980: 952: 738:

from Germany, and this much-superior fighter re-equipped most Finnish Air Force fighter squadrons.

434: 378: 348: 269: 260: 183: 171: 1267:

Between August 1942 and November 1943, 10 of these Buffalos constituted the air defense force for

1083:

The squadron first saw action on 23 December 1941, when 15 Buffalos intercepted a formation of 42

505:

laid down by Finnish authorities were that the aircraft be already operational and able to use 87-

286: 6551: 6331: 6321: 6286: 6219: 6011: 5801: 5776: 5691: 5686: 5646: 5599: 5430: 5420: 5368: 5353: 5279: 5122: 5051: 5031: 5000: 4988: 4983: 4895: 4717: 4679: 4637: 4606: 3853: 3824: 2517: 2035: 1456: 1437: 933: 718: 711: 628: 175: 74: 4477: 4095: 4066: 3360: 3293: 2953: 1361:

was shot down by Captain James L. Neefus near Midway, the Buffalo's first kill in U.S. service.

792:

and languished on a coastal hillside, never to be flown. The rest of the order went to the RAF.

2171:

in Long Island, New York. The aircraft carries the markings of an ML-KNIL fighter flown by Lt.

979:. The last airworthy Buffalo in Singapore flew out on 10 February, five days before the island 6476: 6254: 6066: 6016: 5363: 5261: 4688: 4487: 4473: 4452: 4437: 4422: 4407: 4388: 4373: 4358: 4343: 4321: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4260: 4244: 4226: 4211: 4195: 4170: 4153: 4139: 4125: 4101: 4091: 4076: 4062: 4039: 4024: 4009: 3994: 3972: 3957: 3620: 3383: 2902: 2732: 2612: 1779: 1698: 1571: 1183: 1122: 976: 937: 617: 479: 455: 218:

suffered severe losses in combat against the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero and the Japanese Army's

195: 86: 4519: 4514: 4237: 1598:

Export version of the F2A-3 for the Netherlands East Indies with 1,200 hp (890 kW)

6531: 6471: 6466: 6411: 6361: 6311: 6306: 6244: 6199: 6116: 6036: 5956: 5951: 5851: 5766: 5681: 5470: 5269: 4813: 2442: 2141: 2065: 2009: 1369: 1272: 1261: 1126: 1101: 1088: 1084: 964: 948: 924: 852: 728: 649: 642: 621: 252: 235: 223: 191: 155: 44: 2551:

The Fiat G.50 had an all-out maximum speed of 301 mph (484 km/h) in level flight.

1964: 6536: 6491: 6281: 6209: 6156: 6111: 6096: 5841: 5816: 5761: 5716: 5696: 5661: 5619: 5584: 4735: 4399: 3873: 3653: 3367: 3064: 3014: 2452: 2407: 2172: 2107: 2060: 2055: 1835: 1581: 1453: 1234: 1118: 992: 881: 818: 702: 493: 451: 374: 78: 4023:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008 (Second edition). 1165: 6336: 6224: 6214: 6179: 6071: 6046: 5986: 5711: 5666: 5210: 5110: 4833: 4823: 4580: 4468: 4113: 4057: 3080: 2102: 1830: 1482: 1464: 1460: 1374: 1199: 1106: 972: 968: 944: 864: 860: 845: 698: 613: 561: 304: 219: 4303:

Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930–1940

28: 6604: 6541: 6189: 6091: 5901: 5886: 5881: 5861: 5746: 5489: 5170: 5017: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4449:

The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters

3527:

Air Battle for Burma: Allied Pilots' Fight for Supremacy (2016), Bryn Evans, p. 17-18

3345: 2811: 2520:) exceed 400 mph (640 km/h) in level flight with its huge Twin Wasp engine. 2513: 2432: 2152:

and was rediscovered in 1998 and is now on display at the Keski-Suomen Ilmailumuseo (

1973: 1933: 1923: 1871: 1547: 1542:

Export version for Belgium, 40 built (only two delivered to Belgium, the rest to the

1354: 1323: 1276: 1221: 1191: 1068: 988: 877: 856: 805: 769: 754: 538: 414: 344: 308: 264: 3918: 1718: 6391: 6341: 6229: 6126: 6121: 6061: 6026: 5876: 5871: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5791: 5786: 5736: 5726: 5706: 5701: 5398: 5315: 5251: 5044: 5039: 4755: 2137: 2092: 1471: 1015: 999: 956: 826:

air forces, the UK ordered an additional 170 aircraft under the type specification

742: 418: 159: 1071:). AVG crews were initially impressed with the Buffalo, some even urging General 627:

Finnish pilots regarded the B-239E as being easy to fly, or in the words of ace

6086: 5996: 5751: 5651: 5641: 5579: 5493: 5358: 5348: 5343: 5289: 5200: 5178: 4945: 4940: 4880: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4111:

Huggins, Mark. "Falcons on Every Front: Nakajima's KI-43-I Hayabusa in Combat."

2635: 2633: 2377: 2370: 2184: 2180: 2115: 2111: 1803: 1757: 1566:

Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with 1,200 hp (890 kW)

1425: 1382: 1358: 1346: 1019: 746: 256: 215: 179: 895: 6376: 5836: 5656: 5609: 5589: 5564: 5425: 4935: 4745: 4740: 2846: 2530: 2397: 2144:

and crashed in 1942 on Lake Big Kolejärvi, about 31 mi (50 km) from

1723: 1543: 1421: 1130: 1056: 836: 789: 777: 675: 576: 546: 470: 200: 4264: 4199: 2872:"Pappy Boyington and the Buffalo: Interview of Pappy Boyington, October 1977" 2588:

The initial rate of climb would be reduced with completely full petrol tanks.

6501: 6366: 6131: 6031: 5966: 5486:

Not assigned • Assigned to a different manufacturer's type

5338: 1628: 1449: 1378: 1353:

on the following day. The squadron first saw action on 10 March 1942 when a

1206: 1187: 873: 788:

Six more Belgian Brewsters were offloaded at the French Caribbean island of

782: 694: 690: 566: 523: 492:, it was destroyed on 24 October 1944. Future ace Paavo Mellin shot down an 295: 167: 3866: 3319: 3317: 3307: 3305: 1420:

doctrine by some prescient U.S. commanders, including Lieutenant Commander

967:

on 8 December 1941, the B-339E initially performed adequately. Against the

541:. The crated fighters were then sent by railway to Sweden and assembled by 4305:(in French). Artselaar, Belgium: J.P. Publications, 2003, pp. 70–71. 3478: 3084: 2649: 429:

The first unit to be equipped with the F2A-1 was Lt. Cdr. Warren Harvey's

5574: 5078: 4509: 3984:

Buffalo Down Under: The Modeller's Guide to Australia's Inherited Fighter

2611:. United States Navy Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from 2018: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1448:

The Finnish Air Force produced 36 Buffalo aces. The top three were Capt.

1432:

late 1943 of vastly superior American carrier-borne fighters such as the

1138: 1134: 519: 397: 396:

The F2A-3s were conceived as long range reconnaissance fighters with new

3596: 2871: 1279:. In 1944, all of the surviving aircraft were transferred to the USAAF. 565:

by a Brewster test pilot, who was able to stay on the tail of a Finnish

5906: 5462: 5166: 4927: 4086:

Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Brewster's Benighted Buffalo".

4052:, July 1996. Expanded and revised digital edition, Warbird Books, 2013. 3808: 2786: 2420: 2255: 2145: 2122: 2028: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1955: 1946: 1693: 1335: 1312: 1292: 1153:(the latter posthumously), while Sergeant Gordon Williams received the 1077: 1045: 880:, while adding many new items of equipment, including a British Mk III 679: 553: 542: 442: 142: 3986:. Glen Waverly, Victoria, Australia: Red Roo Models Publication, 1998. 3057: 2167:

In July 2008, a static full-scale replica B-339C was completed by the

1514:

engine and four guns) for the United States Navy and Marines, 43 built

5330: 4727: 4357:(Aircraft of the Aces). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2010. 3762: 3743: 2149: 1300: 534: 506: 4524: 4208:

The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway

3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3039:"Finnish Air Force Fighters 1939–1945 (Performance specifications)." 1145:

in early April, one of which was regularly flown by Squadron Leader

3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 2967: 2965: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 2305:

9-cyl air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,200 hp (890 kW)

2201: 2101: 2087: 1739: 1717: 1610: 1481: 1306: 1286: 1164: 1035: 923: 894: 835: 799: 775:

Only one aircraft reached France by the time Germany launched its

612: 475: 469: 356: 338: 285: 3803: 3801: 3799: 1044:

of 67 Squadron RAF with a Nakajima Ki-27 that was shot down near

3619:. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications. p. 216. 2270: 2050: 2045: 1602:

engines; 20 built (17 later to the RAAF, some used by the USAAF)

1186:, and not all were in service. A small number served briefly at 1179:

Militaire Luchtvaart van het Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger

1014:. New Zealander Fisken, the top-scoring pilot, later flew RNZAF 723: 714:, scored 34 of his 94½ kills in B-239s, including 28 in BW-364. 430: 5506: 4652: 4528: 4071:

Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Brewster F2A Buffalo".

194:

of 1941–1944, the B-239s (de-navalized F2A-1s) operated by the

4225:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1988. 4038:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1987. 178:'s first monoplane fighter aircraft. Although superior to the 3850:"10 Feet below waters off Midway Atoll, a famous flying dud." 3518:

The Battle for Burma (2009), Roy Conyers Nesbit, p. 17 and 19

3479:"Notable Brewster Buffalo pilots in Southeast Asia, 1941–42." 1018:

and became the highest-scoring Commonwealth pilot within the

2997: 2995: 2156:). The Finnish museum also has components from FAF BW-393. 3825:"Charles Somers – Recipient – Military Times Hall Of Valor" 2691: 2689: 2465:

List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)

1137:. Only six Buffalos remained when the squadron withdrew to 804:

Brewster Buffalo Mk Is being inspected by RAF personnel at

4486:(bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2003. 4335:. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1971. 3085:"Robert Winston and the Finnish Brewsters, 1940 (part 1)." 2542:

Contemporary of the Buffalo and renowned for its handling

2503:

The guns were mounted well aft, just ahead of the cockpit.

812:

Facing a shortage of combat aircraft in January 1940, the

1365:

Long Island to return to Hawaii to re-equip with F4F-4s.

320:

with 200 rounds and one fixed .30 in (7.62 mm)

4048:

Ford, Daniel. "The Sorry Saga of the Brewster Buffalo".

2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 1216:

Only four airworthy Buffalos remained on 7 March. Capt.

4132:. Expanded and revised edition published in two parts: 3647:"U.S. Marine Fighting Squadron VMF-221 Defends Midway." 1440:

soon relegated the Brewster F2A-3 to a distant memory.

753:

took place on 3 October 1944 when HLeLV 26 intercepted

4288:

United States Naval Fighters of World War II in Action

2958:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 139, 154–156. 590:("pearl of the northern skies"). Other nicknames were 4419:

Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present

4075:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1976, pp. 5–15. 1190:

before being withdrawn for the defense of Borneo and

998:

The Brewster Mark I produced four Commonwealth aces:

701:

bombers, one Soviet Hawker Hurricane fighter, and 12

4275:

Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2000.

4210:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. 3890:"Cradle Of Aviation Museum: Brewster F2-A2 Buffalo." 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 2847:"Chapter 2, New Facilities, New Designs (1930–1945)" 1556:

Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with

533:

In four batches the B-239E was shipped initially to

324:

with 600 rounds, both in the nose. The Navy awarded

6565: 6263: 6170: 5628: 5551: 5461: 5407: 5389: 5329: 5306: 5288: 5260: 5237: 5209: 5165: 5109: 5065: 5026: 4926: 4867: 4779: 4726: 4687: 4615: 4594: 4563: 4340:

Nakajima Ki.43 "Hayabusa": Allied Code Name "Oscar"

4021:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

3949:(in Italian). Modena: Mucchi editore, 1996. NO ISBN 3780: 3778: 2427:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

1467:also had victories in the type (22.5 out of 32.5). 138: 130: 122: 114: 106: 101: 93: 70: 58: 50: 40: 35: 21: 6641:World War II fighter aircraft of the United States 4150:Brewster Model 239: Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 1B 4136:Brewster Model 239: Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 1A 3971:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 2006. 3912: 3910: 2714: 2712: 2710: 991:also used the Buffalo in the Mediterranean in the 936:in November 1941. Buffalo AN185/TD-V was flown by 251:In 1935, the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a 4464:A Rotund New Yorker: Brewster's Embattled Buffalo 4152:. Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman Publishing, 2005. 4138:. Espoo, Finland: Kari Stenman Publishing, 2005. 4073:WW2 Fact Files: US Navy and Marine Corps Fighters 361:F2A-3s serving as U.S. Navy training aircraft at 6593: Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes. 4239:Wake Island 1941: A Battle to Make the Gods Weep 4185:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 4167:The Flying Tigers Poke Payoff: They Saved China. 4120:Keskinen, Kalevi, Kari Stenman and Klaus Niska. 3989:Cull, Brian, Paul Sortenhaug and Mark Haselden. 3705:Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center. 2874:. www.warbirdforum.com. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 4434:The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. 4387:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2001. 4372:. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. 4124:(in Finnish). Espoo, Finland: Tietoteos, 1977. 2512:By the fall of 1940 the Navy had witnessed the 2136:Finnish B-239 (serial no. BW-372) flown by Lt. 537:, in Norway, in January and February 1940 from 4333:The Brewster Buffalo (Aircraft in Profile 217) 4008:. Simi Valley, CA: Ginter Publications, 2017. 3361:"1/48 Brewster B-339 Buffalo Pacific Theater." 2470:List of military aircraft of the United States 2133:markings and the other in U.S. Navy markings. 1532:Export version of the F2A-1 for Finland (with 1096:, inflicting extensive damage and casualties. 899:Buffalo Mk I formation over Malaya, late 1941. 863:. Damaged by ground fire, it was abandoned at 575:None of the B-239E fighters saw combat in the 5518: 4664: 4540: 4243:Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2011. 3895:, 16 August 2008. Retrieved: 26 January 2010. 3739: 3737: 3331: 3329: 2376:2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) wing-mounted 2369:2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) nose-mounted 2110:'s B-339C at the National Military Museum in 1592:; 170 built (also used by the RAAF and RNZAF) 1452:, with 39 Buffalo air victories (out of 75), 663:(Fighter Squadron 26). Most of the pilots of 8: 4342:. Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press, 1998. 4290:. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press, 1980. 4257:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 4192:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 4061:. No. 13, August–November 1980. p. 78. 3857:, 1 January 2013. Retrieved: 2 January 2013. 3450: 3448: 3299:, 27 June 2007. Retrieved: 6 September 2009. 2897:Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (2001). 943:, who shot down three Japanese bombers (two 598:("American hardware" or "American car") and 206:In December 1941, Buffalos operated by both 83:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force 4194:(in French). No. 109. pp. 17–21. 3052: 3050: 851:, who flew the first Buffalo sortie in the 328:a production contract for 54 aircraft, the 5525: 5511: 5503: 4671: 4657: 4649: 4547: 4533: 4525: 4417:Taylor, John W.R. "Brewster F2A Buffalo." 4318:Lentäjän näkökulma 2 – Pilot's viewpoint 2 4259:(in French). No. 66. pp. 30–37. 4036:U.S. Navy Carrier Fighters of World War II 3351:, 5 March 2003. Retrieved: 12 August 2010. 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3070:, January 2006. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 2817:25 December 1999. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 2162:Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument 634:In service from 1941 to 1945, Buffalos of 18: 3610: 3608: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3349:U.S. Navy Fighter Aircraft: Brewster F2A, 2815:U.S. Navy Fighter Aircraft: Brewster F2A, 2787:"The Sorry Saga of the Brewster Buffalo." 2338:965 mi (1,553 km, 839 nmi) 2332:161 mph (259 km/h, 140 kn) 2326:321 mph (517 km/h, 279 kn) 462:purchased several hundred export models. 4406:. London: Putnam, Second Edition, 1976. 4355:Brewster F2A Buffalo Aces of World War 2 4006:Brewster F2A Buffalo and Export Variants 3493:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003, p. 26 3323:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003, p. 14 3311:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003, p. 15 1260:and the Air Gunnery Training School, at 734:From 1943, Finland's air force received 3919:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 3867:"Netherlands Military Aviation Museum." 3009: 3007: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2600: 2496: 1129:for an attack on a Japanese airbase in 255:-based fighter intended to replace the 4421:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. 4404:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 3597:"Brewster 339/439 in the East Indies." 3294:"Brewster Buffalo in British Service." 3090:June 2008. Retrieved: 30 October 2010. 2923:Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of WWII 2516:XF4U-1 prototype (later to become the 2213:United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 1722:Captured Dutch Buffalo displayed as a 1271:, while assigned to 25 and 85 Sqns at 4447:Winchester, Jim. "Brewster Buffalo." 1678:(ex-Dutch, Photo Reconnaissance Unit) 488:was inscribed on BW-355. Operated by 7: 6616:1930s United States fighter aircraft 4320:(in Finnish). Self-published, 1993. 4117:, Issue 131, September/October 2007. 2835:Enzo Angelucci, The American Fighter 2792:, 2008. Retrieved: 6 September 2009. 1848:(ex-60 Sqn., most pilots were RNZAF) 1580:Export version of the F2A-2 for the 1463:, with 25.5 (out of 31.5). First Lt 1345:as part of a relief force bound for 620:Brewster B-239 formation during the 275:The Buffalo was manufactured at the 226:) to stay with the Oscars in turns. 4368:Stenman, Kari and Kalevi Keskinen. 3947:I caccia a motore radiale Fiat G.50 3904:Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 72. 3729:Naval History and Heritage Command. 3171:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 83–84. 3135:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 11–12. 3029:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 10–11. 2239:35 ft 0 in (10.67 m) 1615:U.S. Navy F2A being rearmed in 1943 1570:engines; 48 built (47 delivered to 1470:The non-Finnish Buffalo aces were: 560:In February 1940, pilot Lieutenant 496:and shared in the destruction of a 347:tipped this F2A-1 onto its nose on 4451:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. 3702:"Photo #: 80-G-6170 picture data." 3602:, 2008. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 3484:, 2008. Retrieved: 3 October 2007. 2350:2,440 ft/min (12.4 m/s) 2245:12 ft 0 in (3.66 m) 2233:26 ft 4 in (8.03 m) 2175:(two kills). It was built for the 2154:Aviation Museum of Central Finland 2097:Aviation Museum of Central Finland 1782:(2-VLG-V, helped defend Singapore) 1770:(3-VLG-IV: 3rd Squadron, IV Group) 641:(Fighter Squadron 24) claimed 477 14: 4353:Stenman, Kari and Andrew Thomas. 3809:"Annals of the Brewster Buffalo." 3442:Stenman & Thomas 2010, p. 67. 3399:Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003 3162:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 75. 3144:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 76. 3126:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 86. 3015:"Brewster F2A-1 & Model 239". 2971:Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 74. 2933:Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 6–7. 2609:"Brewster F2A 'Buffalo' Fighters" 2251:209 sq ft (19.4 m) 478:donated sufficient funds for the 326:Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 164:Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 65:Brewster Aeronautical Corporation 6646:World War II aircraft of Finland 4436:London: Chancellor Press, 1992. 4183:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 3545:Stenman & Thomas 2010, p.74. 2955:Report on England, November 1940 2569:Some sources claim two aircraft. 2480:List of aircraft of World War II 2400: 1916: 1823: 1796: 1750: 1732: 1686: 1621: 1536:engines and four guns), 44 built 1459:, with 34 (out of 94) and Capt. 867:before its fall to the Japanese. 840:Brewster B-339E (AN196/WP-W) of 530:and better general performance. 482:to purchase a B-239. In return, 27: 6621:Single-engined tractor aircraft 6583:Aircraft of the Australian Army 5536:aircraft serial-number prefixes 4472:105, May/June 2003, pp. 26–40. 4090:, No. 1, n.d., pp. 66–83. 4004:Dann, Richard S/Ginter, Steve. 3793:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 86. 3677:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 79. 3509:C O Lamp 2007, unspecified page 3417:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 46. 3373:. Retrieved: 10 September 2007. 3335:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 44. 3198:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 8." 3180:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 84. 3001:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 10. 2695:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 85. 2127:Central Finland Aviation museum 2084:Surviving aircraft and replicas 955:on 13 December 1941, while his 745:out of the country during the " 166:, it was one of the first U.S. 4520:Finnish Buffalo BW372 recovery 4301:Pacco, John. "Brewster B-339" 3956:. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011. 3617:Military Aircraft of Australia 3276:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 8. 2942:Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 7. 2560:High speed bomber air regiment 2344:33,200 ft (10,100 m) 2179:(Military Aviation Museum) at 1768:Vliegtuiggroep IV, 3e Afdeling 391:Buccaneer/Bermuda dive bombers 1: 4682:fighter designations pre-1962 3993:. London: Grub Street, 2003. 3877:militaireluchtvaartmuseum.nl. 3690:Military Times Hall of Valor. 2389:2 x bombs on underwing racks. 2295:7,159 lb (3,247 kg) 2289:4,732 lb (2,146 kg) 2129:), and two replicas – one in 1929:United States Army Air Forces 1786:Vliegtuiggroep V, 3e Afdeling 1780:Vliegtuiggroep V, 2e Afdeling 1774:Vliegtuiggroep V, 1e Afdeling 855:on 8 December 1941, strafing 844:. This aircraft was flown by 814:British Purchasing Commission 796:British Commonwealth (Malaya) 721:such as plywood, however the 674::EFSE) intercepted 27 Soviet 545:at Trollhättan, northeast of 6636:Aircraft first flown in 1937 3814:. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 3731:Retrieved: 20 November 2010. 3659:. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 2729:The Battle Off Midway Island 2206:F2A-1 Buffalo 3-view drawing 1297:Marine Corps Air Station Ewa 500:whilst flying this aircraft. 162:. Designed and built by the 5546:indicate prefixes not used. 4370:Finnish Aces of World War 2 3763:"Brewster Buffalo, Part 1." 3744:"'Brewster Buffalo Part 2." 3577:Stenman & Thomas, p.77. 3561:Stenman & Thomas, p.76. 3536:Stenman & Thomas, p.72. 3454:Dennis et al. 2008, p. 115. 3044:Retrieved: 25 October 2010. 1809:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1586:Wright GR-1820-G105 Cyclone 1558:Wright GR-1820-G105 Cyclone 1526:One converted from an F2A-3 749:". The only clash with the 158:which saw service early in 16:WWII American fighter plane 6662: 4055:Gerdessen, F. "Talkback". 3716:Steve Horn 2005, page 137. 2899:The Great Book of Fighters 2303:Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone 9 2177:Militaire-Luchtvaartmuseum 1942:United States Marine Corps 1634:Royal Australian Air Force 1332:United States Marine Corps 1155:Distinguished Flying Medal 1151:Distinguished Flying Cross 1032:Japanese invasion of Burma 1029: 1026:Japanese invasion of Burma 963:When the Japanese invaded 911:armour-piercing ammunition 808:, Singapore in April 1941. 588:Pohjoisten taivaiden helmi 281:Long Island City, New York 232:United States Marine Corps 6591: 5541: 5484: 4181:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 4050:Air&Space/Smithsonian 3726:"Brewster F2A 'Buffalo'." 3652:October 11, 2008, at the 3366:October 28, 2007, at the 3058:"Jorma "Joppe" Karhunen." 2952:Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). 2169:Cradle of Aviation Museum 1763:Militaire Luchtvaart KNIL 1169:Brewster Buffalos of the 290:Brewster XF2A-1 prototype 214:(B-339C/D) air forces in 26: 5534:Australian Defence Force 4398:Swanborough, Gordon and 4088:Air Enthusiast Quarterly 3879:Retrieved: 16 June 2012. 3772:Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 3753:Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 3692:Retrieved: 15 June 2011. 3615:Wilson, Stewart (1994). 3426:Huggins 2007, pp. 35–36. 3346:"Brewster Buffalo Mk I." 3209:"Brewster Buffalo NX56B" 3079:Ford. Dan (reprinted by 3020:Retrieved: 8 March 2009. 2731:. New York: Avon, 1982. 2475:List of fighter aircraft 2140:was damaged by a Soviet 1865:(most pilots were RNZAF) 1568:Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone 1534:Wright R-1820-G5 Cyclone 1512:Wright R-1820-40 Cyclone 1502:Wright R-1820-34 Cyclone 1269:Perth, Western Australia 1065:American Volunteer Group 1012:R. D. (Doug) Vanderfield 454:'s American pilots used 309:Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone 234:(USMC) squadrons at the 4482:Zbiegniewski, Andre R. 4273:In the Skies of Europe. 3923:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu 3829:valor.militarytimes.com 3784:Lundstrom 2005, p. 480. 3707:Retrieved: 22 May 2012. 3068:Fighter Tactics Academy 2218:General characteristics 2125:variant (HM-671 at the 1726:with Japanese roundels. 1457:Eino Ilmari Juutilainen 1229:USAAF/RAAF in Australia 1161:Netherlands East Indies 460:Netherlands East Indies 322:AN Browning machine gun 318:M2 Browning machine gun 313:Langley Research Center 301:self-sealing fuel tanks 6626:Carrier-based aircraft 4515:Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo 4241:(Osprey Campaign 144). 4122:Brewster B-239 ja Humu 3463:Wixey 2003, pp. 38–39. 3063:July 19, 2009, at the 2757:Lundstrom 2005, p. 12. 2656:. The Doublestar Group 2650:"Brewster F2A Buffalo" 2207: 2198:Specifications (F2A-3) 2118: 2099: 1936:, Australia (ex-Dutch) 1907:885 Naval Air Squadron 1902:813 Naval Air Squadron 1897:805 Naval Air Squadron 1892:804 Naval Air Squadron 1887:760 Naval Air Squadron 1882:759 Naval Air Squadron 1877:711 Naval Air Squadron 1814:No. 488 Squadron RNZAF 1727: 1616: 1487: 1486:Brewster Buffalo F2A-2 1414: 1400: 1327: 1304: 1173: 1049: 960: 900: 868: 817:Kingdom. Appraisal by 809: 736:Messerschmitt Bf 109Gs 678:from 201st SBAP near 624: 594:(lit. "butt-walter"), 562:Jorma "Joppe" Karhunen 501: 366: 354: 291: 242:Design and development 174:in 1939 to become the 4331:Shores, Christopher. 4271:Neulen, Hans Werner. 4223:F2A Buffalo in action 4019:Dennis, Peter et al. 3657:Pacific War Home Page 3408:Harper 1946, pp. 1–2. 3105:century-of-flight.net 2205: 2105: 2095:'s FAF BW-372 at the 2091: 1721: 1671:No. 452 Squadron RAAF 1666:No. 453 Squadron RAAF 1614: 1595:B-339-23 a.k.a. B-439 1485: 1404: 1395: 1310: 1291:F2A-3, probably from 1290: 1168: 1147:Count Manfred Czernin 1100:performance from the 1039: 930:No. 453 Squadron RAAF 927: 898: 839: 803: 616: 528:power-to-weight ratio 473: 369:A later variant, the 360: 342: 289: 6573:Aircraft of the RAAF 4484:Brewster F2A Buffalo 3969:Het Verlies van Java 3586:Stanaway 1998, p. 9. 3477:Flores, Santiago A. 3153:Neulen 2000, p. 208. 3101:"Ilmari Juutilainen" 2989:Stenman 2001, p. 39. 2980:Stenman 2001, p. 27. 2801:Shores 1971, p. 133. 2704:Ethell 1995, p. 213. 2683:Neulen 2000, p. 217. 2674:Ethell 1995, p. 212. 2654:www.warbirdalley.com 2639:Wheeler 1992, p. 58. 2443:Hawker Sea Hurricane 1960:Camp Kearney, Calif. 1951:Camp Kearney, Calif. 1863:No. 243 Squadron RAF 1857:No. 146 Squadron RAF 1660:No. 85 Squadron RAAF 1655:No. 43 Squadron RAAF 1649:No. 25 Squadron RAAF 1644:No. 24 Squadron RAAF 1639:No. 21 Squadron RAAF 1600:Wright GR-1820-G205A 1218:Jacob van Helsdingen 1143:No. 146 Squadron RAF 1008:A. W. B. (Alf) Clare 842:No. 243 Squadron RAF 659:Hävittäjälentolaivue 450:good for". Even the 208:British Commonwealth 152:Brewster F2A Buffalo 6578:Aircraft of the RAN 5492: • 4206:Lundstrom, John B. 3766:USMC Combat Reports 3747:USMC Combat Reports 3117:Arena 1996, p. 483. 2885:Baa Baa Black Sheep 2448:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 2438:Grumman F4F Wildcat 2415:Related development 2293:Max takeoff weight: 1852:No. 71 Squadron RAF 1846:No. 67 Squadron RAF 1841:No. 60 Squadron RAF 1053:No. 67 Squadron RAF 953:Butterworth, Penang 882:reflector gun sight 719:strategic materials 425:Operational history 379:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 184:Mitsubishi A6M Zero 172:Grumman F4F Wildcat 36:General information 6269:Tri-Service series 4680:United States Navy 4432:Wheeler, Barry C. 4286:O'Leary, Michael. 3893:williammaloney.com 3872:2010-10-23 at the 3854:The New York Times 3687:"James L. Neefus." 3668:Moran 2011, p. 24. 3595:Andriessen, Paul. 3244:on 18 January 2018 3189:Pacco 2003, p. 71. 2901:. MBI Publishing. 2845:Launius, Roger D. 2812:"Brewster XF2A-1." 2727:Theodore, Taylor. 2208: 2119: 2100: 2070:Training Units at 2036:United States Navy 1728: 1617: 1488: 1438:Vought F4U Corsair 1417:Claire Chennault's 1330:At Midway Island, 1328: 1305: 1174: 1123:Westland Lysanders 1087:heavy bombers, 27 1050: 1048:on 24 January 1942 961: 901: 869: 810: 712:Ilmari Juutilainen 629:Ilmari Juutilainen 625: 600:Lentävä kaljapullo 502: 367: 355: 292: 247:United States Navy 75:United States Navy 6631:Low-wing aircraft 6611:Brewster aircraft 6598: 6597: 6265:RAAF Series Three 5500: 5499: 4646: 4645: 4378:978-1-85532-783-2 4363:978-1-84603-481-7 4348:978-1-57638-141-0 4216:978-1-59114-471-7 4175:978-0-595-86785-1 4169:iUniverse, 2007. 4106:978-1-59114-388-8 4029:978-0-19-551784-2 4014:978-0-9968258-6-3 3917:Lednicer, David. 3807:Lindberg, Jarno. 3770:warbirdforum.com. 3751:warbirdforum.com. 3088:warbirdforum.com, 2718:Boer 2006, p. 83. 1699:Finnish Air Force 1572:Dutch East Indies 1560:engines; 24 built 1334:fighter squadron 1283:U.S. Marine Corps 1184:Dutch East Indies 1127:Bristol Blenheims 977:Dutch East Indies 731:on 17 June 1944. 618:Finnish Air Force 586:("sky pearl") or 486: 456:Hawker Hurricanes 417:, and another at 277:Brewster Building 196:Finnish Air Force 148: 147: 115:Introduction date 87:Finnish Air Force 6653: 6275: 6274: 5634: 5557: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5504: 5449: 5444: 5439: 4887: 4810: 4709: 4689:General Aviation 4673: 4666: 4659: 4650: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4526: 4338:Stanaway, John. 4268: 4249:978-1-849086-035 4203: 4186: 3954:The Loss of Java 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3821: 3815: 3812:warbirdforum.com 3805: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3773: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3603: 3600:warbirdforum.com 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3562: 3559: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482:warbirdforum.com 3475: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3443: 3440: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3352: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3324: 3321: 3312: 3309: 3300: 3297:historyofwar.org 3290: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3240:. Archived from 3238:belgian-wings.be 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3211:. 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Bowers 4383:Stenman, Kari. 4316:Raunio, Jukka. 4254: 4189: 4180: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3888:Maloney, Bill. 3887: 3883: 3874:Wayback Machine 3865: 3861: 3848:Eckholm, Erik. 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3806: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3742: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3696: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3654:Wayback Machine 3645: 3634: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3565: 3560: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3368:Wayback Machine 3359: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3291: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3078: 3074: 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1385:escorted by 36 1303:, 25 April 1942 1285: 1235:Fifth Air Force 1231: 1163: 1092:facilities and 1040:Flying officer 1034: 1028: 1020:Pacific theatre 995:in early 1941. 993:Battle of Crete 965:northern Malaya 959:was still down. 819:Royal Air Force 798: 766: 490:No. 24 Squadron 468: 452:Eagle Squadrons 447:Ralph Ingersoll 427: 375:Pappy Boyington 249: 244: 216:South East Asia 154:is an American 126:2 December 1937 89: 85: 81: 79:Royal Air Force 51:National origin 17: 12: 11: 5: 6659: 6657: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 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2296: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2262: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2199: 2196: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1926: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1833: 1831:United Kingdom 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1806: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1760: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1696: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676:No. 1 PRU RAAF 1673: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1578: 1575: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1540: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1479: 1476: 1465:Lauri Nissinen 1461:Jorma Karhunen 1445: 1442: 1375:Floyd B. Parks 1284: 1281: 1277:RAAF Guildford 1237:in Australia. 1230: 1227: 1200:Nakajima Ki-43 1162: 1159: 1107:Burma Campaign 1094:RAF Mingaladon 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 1004:Maurice Holder 973:Nakajima Ki-43 969:Nakajima Ki-27 876:container and 865:RAF Kota Bharu 861:Kelantan River 857:landing barges 849:Maurice Holder 846:Flying Officer 797: 794: 765: 762: 755:Junkers Ju 87s 592:Pylly-Valtteri 467: 464: 433:, assigned to 426: 423: 248: 245: 243: 240: 220:Nakajima Ki-43 146: 145: 140: 139:Developed into 136: 135: 134:1948 (Finland) 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 77: 72: 68: 67: 62: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 33: 32: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6658: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 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3106: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3056:Lindberg, J. 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:0-380-78790-3 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:Chance-Vought 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2459:Related lists 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433:CAC Boomerang 2431: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330:Cruise speed: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2287:Empty weight: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2072:NAS Pensacola 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Palmyra Atoll 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1934:5th Air Force 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1924:United States 1914: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1872:Fleet Air Arm 1869: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1548:Fleet Air Arm 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422:"Jimmy" Thach 1418: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355:Kawanishi H8K 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1324:Palmyra Atoll 1321: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222:August Deibel 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1069:Flying Tigers 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1042:Edward Sadler 1038: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 989:Fleet Air Arm 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 958: 957:undercarriage 954: 950: 946: 942: 939: 935: 934:RAF Sembawang 931: 926: 922: 921:at the time. 920: 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Two Soviet 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 660: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 638: 632: 630: 623: 619: 615: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:Amerikanrauta 593: 589: 585: 584:Taivaan helmi 580: 578: 573: 571: 568: 563: 558: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 539:New York City 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 516: 511: 508: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 477: 472: 465: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 439: 438: 432: 424: 422: 420: 419:Midway Island 416: 415:Palmyra Atoll 410: 408: 404: 399: 394: 392: 387: 382: 381:'s lb/sq ft. 380: 376: 372: 364: 359: 352: 351: 346: 345:John S. 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Retrieved 2613:the original 2603: 2584: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2525: 2508: 2499: 2458: 2457: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2413: 2383: 2380:machine guns 2373:machine guns 2363: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2314: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2276: 2267: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2190: 2176: 2166: 2158: 2138:Lauri Pekuri 2135: 2120: 2093:Lauri Pekuri 1859:(ex-67 Sqn.) 1662:(ex-25 Sqn.) 1590:Buffalo Mk I 1589: 1472:Geoff Fisken 1469: 1447: 1444:Buffalo aces 1430: 1415: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1383:dive bombers 1367: 1363: 1341: 1329: 1318: 1266: 1241: 1239: 1232: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1178: 1175: 1111: 1098: 1082: 1061:Curtiss P-40 1051: 1000:Geoff Fisken 997: 985: 962: 932:lined up at 928:Buffalos of 906:Japanese spy 902: 890: 886: 870: 832: 827: 824:Commonwealth 811: 787: 776: 774: 767: 759: 750: 743:Nazi Germany 740: 733: 722: 716: 706: 686: 684: 669: 664: 658: 653: 647: 636: 633: 626: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 581: 574: 569: 559: 551: 532: 514: 512: 503: 483: 436: 428: 411: 406: 402: 395: 385: 383: 370: 368: 353:, March 1940 349: 334: 329: 293: 274: 250: 228: 205: 188: 160:World War II 151: 149: 123:First flight 107:Manufactured 94:Number built 60:Manufacturer 5494:Vought VE-7 5290:Supermarine 4221:Maas, Jim. 3982:Byk, Gary. 3967:Boer, P.C. 3952:Boer, P.C. 3013:Maas, Jim. 2785:Ford, Dan. 2660:23 February 2518:F4U Corsair 2378:M2 Browning 2371:M2 Browning 2317:Performance 2309:Propellers: 2299:Powerplant: 2191:Long Island 2185:Netherlands 2181:Soesterberg 2116:Netherlands 2112:Soesterberg 2017:, based at 1999:, based at 1990:, based at 1981:, based at 1972:, based at 1958:, based at 1949:, based at 1870:Royal Navy 1804:New Zealand 1758:Netherlands 1712:(1944–1945) 1706:(1941–1944) 1434:F6F Hellcat 1426:Thach Weave 1368:During the 1359:flying boat 1347:Wake Island 1319:Long Island 1273:RAAF Pearce 747:Lapland War 676:Tupolev SBs 665:Lentolaivue 654:Lentolaivue 648:During the 637:Lentolaivue 365:, 1942–1943 305:pilot armor 257:Grumman F3F 180:Grumman F3F 22:F2A Buffalo 6605:Categories 6172:RAN Series 5488:See also: 3626:1875671080 3371:tamiya.com 3219:2018-09-09 2883:Boyington, 2531:Winter War 2486:References 2279:NACA 23009 2249:Wing area: 2008:, used in 1724:war trophy 1651:(ex-Dutch) 1544:Royal Navy 1207:troopships 1131:Chiang Mai 1057:Mingaladon 915:incendiary 790:Martinique 778:Blitzkrieg 577:Winter War 547:Gothenburg 224:Hurricanes 168:monoplanes 118:April 1939 5071:McDonnell 5018:F12F (II) 4873:McDonnell 4628:Buccaneer 4478:0143-5450 4265:1243-8650 4200:1243-8650 4096:0143-5450 4067:0143-5450 2596:Citations 2237:Wingspan: 2211:Data from 2076:NAS Miami 1788:(3-VLG-V) 1776:(1-VLG-V) 1629:Australia 1607:Operators 1494:Prototype 1450:Hans Wind 1379:Aichi D3A 1340:USS 1317:USS 1311:F2A-3 of 1188:Singapore 874:life raft 785:in 1945. 783:Darmstadt 751:Luftwaffe 691:Hans Wind 567:Fiat G.50 524:life raft 520:tailhooks 435:USS 407:Lexington 398:wet wings 363:NAS Miami 176:U.S. Navy 110:1938–1941 6002:A68 (II) 5413:CC&F 5391:Lockheed 5308:Northrop 5239:Lockheed 5032:Goodyear 5028:Eberhart 5013:F12F (I) 4984:-6 to -8 4979:-1 to -5 4693:Brewster 4595:Fighters 4558:aircraft 4556:Brewster 3928:16 April 3870:Archived 3650:Archived 3364:Archived 3061:Archived 2394:See also 2356:Armament 2311:3-bladed 2019:MCAS Ewa 2001:MCAS Ewa 1992:MCAS Ewa 1983:MCAS Ewa 1478:Variants 1381:1 "Val" 1357:"Emily" 1342:Saratoga 1139:Calcutta 1135:Thailand 947:and one 695:Kronstad 437:Saratoga 403:Saratoga 350:Saratoga 296:aluminum 6477:A40/N40 6387:A22/N22 6362:A17/N17 6273:present 5997:A68 (I) 5633:1935–63 5556:1921–34 5544:Italics 5463:Convair 5252:FO (II) 5167:Loening 4928:Grumman 4869:Douglas 4781:Curtiss 4638:Corsair 4633:Buffalo 4623:Bermuda 3834:4 April 3248:4 April 2856:4 April 2579:engine. 2421:VL Humu 2256:Airfoil 2243:Height: 2231:Length: 2146:Segezha 2131:ML-KNIL 2123:VL Humu 2029:VMO-251 2024:VMF-224 2015:VMF-222 2006:VMF-221 1997:VMF-214 1988:VMF-213 1979:VMF-212 1970:VMF-211 1956:VMF-112 1947:VMF-111 1694:Finland 1336:VMF-221 1313:VMF-211 1293:VMF-212 1171:ML-KNIL 1105:of the 1078:Toungoo 1046:Rangoon 951:) over 913:and no 859:on the 764:Belgium 680:Heinola 570:Freccia 554:Väisälä 466:Finland 443:Finland 270:Wildcat 253:carrier 143:VL Humu 131:Retired 102:History 5409:Wright 5331:Vought 5247:FO (I) 5196:F2L-1K 4728:Boeing 4490: 4476: 4455: 4440: 4425: 4410: 4391: 4376: 4361: 4346: 4324: 4309: 4294: 4279: 4263: 4247: 4229: 4214: 4198: 4173: 4156: 4142: 4128: 4104: 4094: 4079: 4065: 4042: 4027: 4012: 3997: 3975: 3960: 3623: 3386: 2905: 2735: 2384:Bombs: 2336:Range: 2183:, the 2150:Russia 2066:VS-201 1921: 1828: 1801: 1755: 1737: 1691: 1626: 1577:B-339E 1563:B-339D 1553:B-339C 1539:B-339B 1523:XF2A-4 1510:(with 1500:(with 1491:XF2A-1 1424:. The 1322:, off 1301:Hawaii 1258:85 Sqn 1254:25 Sqn 1250:24 Sqn 945:Ki-48s 938:Flt Lt 919:Allies 828:B-339E 707:BW-364 608:BW-394 604:BW-351 535:Bergen 515:B-239E 507:octane 330:F2A-1s 261:XF4F-1 6566:Lists 6271:1964– 5191:F2L-1 5006:-1F/2 4616:Names 4581:XA-32 2491:Notes 2364:Guns: 2273:23018 2268:Root: 2225:Crew: 1965:VMD-2 1740:Japan 1584:with 1529:B-239 1517:F2A-3 1507:F2A-2 1497:F2A-1 1398:them. 1387:Zeros 1295:, at 1246:1 PRU 1119:Magwe 1114:IJAAF 1089:Ki-30 1085:Ki-21 1016:P-40s 949:Ki-51 703:I-16s 687:parvi 498:MiG-3 476:Nokia 386:F2A-3 371:F2A-2 212:Dutch 6162:A100 5262:Ryan 5171:Bell 5150:-2/3 5067:Hall 5001:F11F 4996:F10F 4975:F9F 4859:F15C 4854:F14C 4849:F13C 4844:F12C 4839:F11C 4834:F10C 4586:A-34 4576:SB2A 4488:ISBN 4474:ISSN 4453:ISBN 4438:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4408:ISBN 4389:ISBN 4374:ISBN 4359:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4322:ISBN 4307:ISBN 4292:ISBN 4277:ISBN 4261:ISSN 4245:ISBN 4227:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4196:ISSN 4171:ISBN 4154:ISBN 4140:ISBN 4126:ISBN 4102:ISBN 4092:ISSN 4077:ISBN 4063:ISSN 4040:ISBN 4025:ISBN 4010:ISBN 3995:ISBN 3973:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3930:2019 3836:2018 3768:via 3749:via 3621:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3250:2018 2903:ISBN 2858:2018 2733:ISBN 2662:2015 2621:2013 2301:1 × 2277:Tip: 2271:NACA 2189:USS 2074:and 2061:VJ-6 2056:VJ-5 2051:VF-9 2046:VF-3 2041:VF-2 1436:and 1409:Zero 1351:fell 1275:and 1242:A51– 1192:Java 1176:The 1112:The 1010:and 981:fell 724:Humu 699:Pe-2 672:ICAO 543:SAAB 522:and 494:I-16 485:NOKA 431:VF-3 405:and 384:The 303:and 201:aces 150:The 41:Type 6557:A69 6552:A56 6547:A55 6542:A54 6537:A53 6532:N52 6527:A51 6522:N49 6517:N48 6512:A47 6507:A46 6502:A45 6497:A44 6492:A43 6487:N42 6482:A41 6472:A39 6467:A38 6462:A37 6457:A36 6452:A35 6447:A34 6442:A33 6437:A32 6432:A31 6427:A30 6422:N29 6417:N28 6412:A27 6407:A26 6402:A25 6397:N24 6392:A23 6382:A21 6377:A20 6372:A19 6367:A18 6357:A16 6352:A15 6347:A14 6342:A13 6337:A12 6332:A11 6327:A10 6255:N16 6250:N15 6245:N14 6240:N13 6235:N12 6230:N11 6225:N10 6157:A99 6152:A98 6147:A97 6142:A96 6137:A95 6132:A94 6127:A93 6122:A92 6117:A91 6112:A90 6107:A89 6102:A88 6097:A87 6092:A86 6087:A85 6082:A84 6077:A83 6072:A82 6067:A81 6062:A80 6057:A79 6052:A78 6047:A77 6042:A76 6037:A75 6032:A74 6027:A73 6022:A72 6017:A71 6012:A70 6007:A69 5992:A67 5987:A66 5982:A65 5977:A64 5972:A63 5967:A62 5962:A61 5957:A60 5952:A59 5947:A58 5942:A57 5937:A56 5932:A55 5927:A54 5922:A53 5917:A52 5912:A51 5907:A50 5902:A49 5897:A48 5892:A47 5887:A46 5882:A45 5877:A44 5872:A44 5867:A43 5862:A42 5857:A41 5852:A40 5847:A39 5842:A38 5837:A37 5832:A37 5827:A37 5822:A36 5817:A35 5812:A34 5807:A33 5802:A32 5797:A31 5792:A30 5787:A30 5782:A29 5777:A28 5772:A27 5767:A26 5762:A25 5757:A24 5752:A23 5747:A22 5742:A21 5737:A20 5732:A19 5727:A18 5722:A17 5717:A16 5712:A15 5707:A14 5702:A13 5697:A12 5692:A11 5687:A10 5620:A12 5615:A11 5610:A10 5476:F2Y 5453:F4W 5448:F3W 5443:F2W 5431:F3W 5426:F2W 5374:F8U 5369:F7U 5364:F6U 5359:F5U 5354:F4U 5349:F3U 5344:F2U 5321:F2T 5280:F3R 5275:F2R 5229:F3M 5224:F2M 5201:F3L 5133:F3J 5128:F2J 5101:F4H 5096:F3H 5091:F2H 5057:F2G 5045:F2G 4971:F8F 4966:F7F 4961:F6F 4956:F5F 4951:F4F 4946:F3F 4941:F2F 4918:F2D 4906:F6D 4901:F5D 4896:F4D 4891:F3D 4886:F2D 4829:F9C 4824:F8C 4819:F7C 4814:F6C 4809:F5C 4804:F4C 4799:F3C 4794:F2C 4771:F8B 4766:F7B 4761:F6B 4756:F5B 4751:F4B 4746:F3B 4741:F2B 4718:F3A 4713:F2A 4607:F3A 4602:F2A 4571:SBA 3083:). 2227:one 1546:'s 606:to 480:FAF 343:LT 279:in 203:". 97:509 6607:: 6322:A9 6317:A8 6312:A7 6307:A6 6302:A5 6297:A4 6292:A3 6287:A2 6282:A1 6220:N9 6215:N8 6210:N7 6205:N6 6200:N5 6195:N4 6190:N3 6185:N2 6180:N1 5682:A9 5677:A8 5672:A7 5667:A6 5662:A5 5657:A4 5652:A3 5647:A2 5642:A1 5605:A9 5600:A8 5595:A7 5590:A6 5585:A5 5580:A4 5575:A3 5570:A2 5565:A1 5471:FY 5438:FW 5421:WP 5399:FV 5379:-3 5339:FU 5316:FT 5298:FS 5270:FR 5219:FM 5186:FL 5179:FL 5155:-4 5145:-1 5140:FJ 5123:FJ 5086:FH 5079:FH 5052:FG 5040:FG 4989:-9 4936:FF 4913:FD 4881:FD 4789:FC 4736:FB 4708:FA 4701:FA 4466:. 4402:. 3921:. 3909:^ 3827:. 3798:^ 3777:^ 3736:^ 3635:^ 3607:^ 3566:^ 3550:^ 3498:^ 3468:^ 3447:^ 3431:^ 3328:^ 3316:^ 3304:^ 3281:^ 3236:. 3103:. 3049:^ 3006:^ 2994:^ 2964:^ 2849:. 2762:^ 2744:^ 2709:^ 2688:^ 2652:. 2632:^ 2623:. 2194:. 2148:, 2114:, 1454:WO 1299:, 1264:. 1256:, 1252:, 1248:, 1194:. 1157:. 1133:, 1022:. 1006:, 1002:, 983:. 830:. 661:26 652:, 639:24 610:. 549:. 445:. 409:. 393:. 332:. 283:. 272:. 186:. 5526:e 5519:t 5512:v 4672:e 4665:t 4658:v 4548:e 4541:t 4534:v 4494:. 4459:. 4444:. 4429:. 4414:. 4395:. 4380:. 4365:. 4350:. 4328:. 4313:. 4298:. 4283:. 4267:. 4251:. 4233:. 4218:. 4202:. 4177:. 4160:. 4146:. 4108:. 4083:. 4031:. 4016:. 4001:. 3979:. 3964:. 3932:. 3838:. 3629:. 3390:. 3266:. 3252:. 3222:. 2911:. 2887:, 2860:. 2739:. 2664:. 2533:. 2258:: 1574:) 1550:) 1067:( 199:"

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