219:, Mormon historian William Bagley echoes David White's conclusion that the letter does not absolve Young of any wrongdoing. Bagley notes that Young often started his letters with broad generalizations with little meaning and then conceal the main message in one or two terse sentences in the middle of the text. In this case, the "real message" would have been that the Indians should be left to "do as they please." In such a framework, the message to "not interfere" would be subordinate to the main message: let nothing stand in the way of the Mormon-Paiute alliance.
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170:. Van Vliet's mission was to inform Young that the US troops then approaching Utah did not intend to attack the Mormons, but intended to establish an army base near Salt Lake City and to request Young's cooperation in procuring supplies for the army. Young informed Van Vliet that he was skeptical that the army's intentions were peaceful and that the Mormons intended to resist occupation.
235:.) Decades later, Young's son, who was 13 in 1857, said that he was in the office during that meeting and that he remembered Lee blaming the massacre on the Native Americans. According to Lee, he informed Young that the Mormons were responsible. However, Young later testified that he cut Lee off when he started to describe the massacre because he could not bear to hear the details.
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292:, and knowing all this, I did not doubt then, and I do not doubt it now, either, that Haight was acting by full authority from the Church leaders, and that the orders he gave to me were just the orders that he had been directed to give, when he ordered me to raise the Indians and have them attack the emigrants.
283:
I have always believed, since that day, that
General George A. Smith was then visiting Southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young. The knowledge of
197:
However, by the time that the express rider delivered Young's letter to Haight, the massacre at
Mountain Meadows had already taken place. According to trial testimony given later by Haslam, when Haight read Young's words, he sobbed like a child and could manage only the words, "Too late, too late."
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In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The
Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains
209:
and other church authorities did not specifically order the massacre, they did preach sermons and set up social conditions that made it possible." Brooks has argued the massacre was an overreaction by Mormon militia forces which resulted in the death of settlers and the tarnishing of the Church's
257:
During the 1870s Lee, Dame, Philip
Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair, Jr. were indicted and arrested; warrants were obtained to pursue the arrests of four others (Haight, John Higbee, William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) who had successfully gone into hiding. Klingensmith escaped
266:
At Lee's sentencing, as required by Utah
Territory statute, he was given the option of being hung, shot, or beheaded, and he chose to be shot. Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877. Young believed that Lee's punishment was just but not a sufficient
185:. After delivering the letter to Young, Haslam was told to rest for a few hours then return to pick up the reply. After his rest, Haslam picked up the reply from Young and was instructed to return to Cedar City with the letter quickly and not to "spare horseflesh."
143:, Mormon teachings were dramatic and strident. The religion had undergone a period of intense conflict with non-Mormons in the American midwest, and faithful Mormons made solemn oaths to pray for vengeance upon those who killed the "prophets" including founder
1091:
Message of the
President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No.
56:. It is unclear whether Young held this view because of a possible belief that this specific group posed a threat to colonists or that they were responsible for past crimes against Mormons. According to historian William P. MacKinnon, "After the war,
262:
some of the participants, including Haight and Lee, from the LDS Church. The U.S. posted bounties of $ 500 each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, and
Stewart, and prosecutors chose not to pursue their cases against Dame, Willden, and Adair.
231:, one of the participants. A few days after the massacre, September 29, 1857, Lee briefed Young in Salt Lake City. (Brigham Young was mistaken when he later testified that the meeting took place "some two of three months after the massacre"
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region who had started their treks to
California in early 1857, joining along the way and becoming known as the Baker–Fancher party. For the decade prior the emigrants' arrival, Utah Territory had existed essentially as a
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LDS Church officials in ordering the massacre and Young's concealing of evidence in its aftermath. Young's use of inflammatory and violent language in response to a federal expedition to the territory (known as the
60:
implied that face-to-face communications with
Brigham Young might have averted the Utah War, and Young argued that a north–south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows Massacre."
173:
On
September 10, 1857, James Holt Haslam arrived in Salt Lake City, after experiencing long delays during his nearly 300-mile journey, to deliver a message to Young from the acting commander of the
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James H. Haslam, interview by S. A. Kenner, reported by Josiah Rogerson, 4 December 1884, typescript, 11, in Josiah Rogerson, Transcripts and Notes of John D. Lee Trials, LDS Church Archives.
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soon after the massacre. Hamblin said he was told by Young and Smith to keep quiet, but that "as soon as we can get a court of justice, we will ferret this thing out."
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how George A. Smith felt towards the emigrants, and his telling me that he had a long talk with Haight on the subject, made me certain that it was the wish of the
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43:. Evidence as to whether or not Young ordered the attack on the migrant column is conflicted. Historians still debate the autonomy and precise roles of local
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181:. This letter has yet to be found, but accounts say that it asked Young what, if anything, should be done with the Baker–Fancher party camped at nearby
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52:) added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. After the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the
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believes that the letter demonstrates that Young "did not order the massacre, and would have prevented it if he could." Brooks writes, "While
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When Young sent his report on the massacre to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1858, he said that it was the work of Native Americans.
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said that he had heard a detailed description of the massacre and Mormon involvement from Lee and that Hamblin had reported it to Young and
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Brigham Young to Isaac C. Haight, 10 September 1857, Letterpress Copybook 3:827–28, Brigham Young Office Files, LDS Church Archives.
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826:. Salt Lake City: Utah State Division of Indian Affairs : Utah State Division of History : Distributed by
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Supplement to the lecture on the Mountain Meadows massacre. Important additional testimony recently received
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Historians debate whether the Haight letter absolves Young of any complicity. Mormon historian
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The Mountain Meadows Massacre victimized several groups of emigrants from the northwestern
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1161:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre: An Analytical Narrative Based on Participant Confessions"
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722:. Young replied, "I do, and I believe that Lee has not half atoned for his great crime.")
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Young's belated message to Isaac C. Haight, acting commander of the Iron County Brigade
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Mormonism Unveiled; or the Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee
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459:"Deposition of Brigham Young Regarding the Mountain Meadows Massacre July 30, 1875"
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going south that I know of f those who are there will leave let them go in peace.
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Tragedy at Mountain Meadows Massacre: Toward a Consensus Account and Time Line
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Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows
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135:. Haight and Dame were also the senior regional military leaders of the
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961:"Loose in the stacks, a half-century with the Utah War and its legacy"
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prosecution by agreeing to testify against the others. In 1870, Young
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Young's message of reply to Haight, dated September 10, 1857, read:
271:, given the enormity of the crime, to allow Lee entrance into the
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1309:(1881), "Jacob Hamblin: A Narrative of His Personal Experience",
1292:"Visit of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to Southern Utah"
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Mountain Meadows Massacre Trials (John D. Lee Trials) 1875–1876
1300:, vol. 9, no. 10 (published May 11, 1859), p. 1
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Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. "John D. Lee Arrested",
139:. During the period just before the massacre, known as the
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Burying the Past: Legacy of the Mountain Meadows Massacre
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leader of the Utah Territory at the time of the massacre.
1340:, vol. 2, no. 16, pp. 2–3, archived from
108:"Kingdom of God," Young established colonies along the
1321:"Horrible Massacre of Arkansas and Missouri Emigrants"
1114:, vol. 24, no. 27, Salt Lake City, p. 8
1071:. Fredonia, Ariz.: Kaibab Paiute Tribe. p. 57.
275:. Prior to his execution, Lee claimed that he was a
39:. He was replaced as governor the following year by
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341:Utah State Historical Society/Utah State History.
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166:, of the US Army Quartermaster Corps, arrived in
316:History of the Church - Presidents of the Church
1562:Brigham Young and the Mountain Meadows Massacre
1223:Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre
944:, St. Louis, Missouri: Bryan, Brand & Co.,
702:"Territorial Dispatches: the Sentence of Lee",
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33:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1095:, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior
919:School of Law (published 2006), archived from
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1353:; also included in Brooks (1991) Appendix XI.
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87:Mountain Meadows massacre and Mormon theology
8:
1069:Kaibab Paiute history : the early years
1067:Stoffle, Richard W; Michael J Evans (1978).
447:, Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office
312:"Brigham Young, 2nd President of the Church"
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588:. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13
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238:Some time after Lee's meeting with Young,
227:Young first heard about the massacre from
1319:Hamilton, Henry, ed. (October 10, 1857),
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1258:(March 29, 1859), Anderson, Kirk (ed.),
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1266:, vol. 1, no. 22, p. 3,
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104:. As part of Young's vision of a pre-
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1332:Rogers, Wm. H. (February 29, 1860),
1249:, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 2
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549:"Blood of the Prophets [2]"
938:(1877), Bishop, William W. (ed.),
917:University of Missouri-Kansas City
823:History of Utah's American Indians
310:LDS Church Department of History.
14:
905:Hamblin, Jacob (September 1876),
439:Penrose, Charles W., ed. (1885),
1487:
441:"Testimony of James Holt Haslam"
253:Lee's suggestion of a conspiracy
35:(LDS Church) and as Governor of
1526:Investigations and prosecutions
1334:"The Mountain Meadows Massacre"
1270:from the original on 2012-09-02
1023:, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.),
611:, where the subject is debated.
1125:"Interview with Brigham Young"
959:MacKinnon, William P. (2007),
732:Interview with Brigham Young,
585:Association for Mormon Letters
162:On September 8, 1857, Captain
73:Historians debate the role of
1:
1630:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
1587:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
1276:Fisher, Alyssa (2003-09-16),
1260:"Discharge of the Grand Jury"
798:The Mountain Meadows Massacre
222:
1611:Massacre at Mountain Meadows
909:, in Linder, Douglas (ed.),
907:"Testimony of Jacob Hamblin"
803:University of Oklahoma Press
775:University of Oklahoma Press
318:. LDS Church. Archived from
19:In 1857, at the time of the
1362:"Deposition, People v. Lee"
1106:"Deposition, People v. Lee"
1021:"Mountain Meadows Massacre"
828:Utah State University Press
675:, November 18, 1874, p. 16.
77:in the massacre. Young was
1697:
1290:Forney, J. (May 5, 1859),
1241:"The Court & the Army"
1228:Government Printing Office
1159:Briggs, Robert H. (2006),
1019:Shirts, Morris A. (1994),
901:in response to the review.
84:
1671:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1499:Mountain Meadows massacre
1485:
1435:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1168:Utah Historical Quarterly
1026:Utah History Encyclopedia
820:Cuch, Forrest S. (2000).
706:, October 18, 1876, p. 4.
605:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
21:Mountain Meadows Massacre
1031:University of Utah Press
1029:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
64:
1379:; Barnes, Jane (2007),
1239:, ed. (April 6, 1859),
1550:Other related articles
1521:Killings and aftermath
1459:Southern Paiute people
1311:Faith Promoting Series
865:Denton, Sally (2003),
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195:
124:, led respectively by
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1595:Blood of the Prophets
1218:Carleton, James Henry
578:Blood of the Prophets
279:for others involved:
223:Young's investigation
216:Blood of the Prophets
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16:1857 incident in Utah
1536:LDS public relations
1516:Conspiracy and siege
1449:Hawn's Mill massacre
1385:, Washington, D.C.:
1344:on December 15, 2012
1137:on September 2, 2012
899:Letter to the editor
830:. pp. 131–139.
801:, Norman, Oklahoma:
773:, Norman, Oklahoma:
425:, pp. 164–165;
421:, pp. 138–139;
417:, pp. 134–139;
405:, p. endnote 50
147:, and more recently
1557:Baker–Fancher party
1506:Theological factors
1497:Articles about the
891:The Washington Post
749:, pp. 225–226.
54:Baker–Fancher party
1579:Mormonism Unveiled
1237:Carrington, Albert
1123:(April 30, 1877),
1104:(August 4, 1875),
690:2011-07-26 at the
347:Utah History to Go
286:Church authorities
141:Mormon Reformation
114:Old Spanish Trails
83:
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1603:American Massacre
1360:(July 30, 1875),
1256:Cradlebaugh, John
638:affidavit (1884).
273:celestial kingdom
164:Stewart Van Vliet
27:, was serving as
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25:Brigham Young
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1531:Remembrances
1511:War hysteria
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1367:Deseret News
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1342:the original
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1090:
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1053:the original
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1002:the original
976:(1): 43–81,
973:
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940:
936:Lee, John D.
925:, retrieved
921:the original
911:
889:
873:, New York:
868:
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850:the original
822:
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462:
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444:
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429:, p. 15
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145:Joseph Smith
90:
18:
1392:The Mormons
1382:The Mormons
1282:Archaeology
660:Brooks 1950
553:BYU Studies
536:Bagley 2002
524:Brooks 1950
491:Bagley 2002
476:Bagley 2002
423:Denton 2003
419:Brooks 1950
415:Bagley 2002
391:Bagley 2002
368:Shirts 1994
229:John D. Lee
175:Iron County
1665:Categories
1442:Precursors
1338:Valley Tan
1264:Valley Tan
1209:2009-03-31
1059:2013-10-30
1040:0874804256
1011:2009-03-31
927:2009-03-31
856:2007-07-08
757:References
716:Young 1877
624:Young 1875
592:2009-03-31
233:Young 1875
122:Cedar City
110:California
106:millennial
85:See also:
79:theocratic
45:Cedar City
1196:254444678
998:254387152
576:"Review:
572:See also
290:wiped out
277:scapegoat
177:Brigade,
98:theocracy
29:President
1464:Utah War
1348:June 10,
1268:archived
1220:(1859),
1188:45062984
1141:June 15,
1088:(1860),
1049:30473917
990:45227155
846:45321868
795:(1950),
767:(2002),
747:Lee 1877
688:Archived
601:cite web
93:Arkansas
58:Buchanan
50:Utah War
1390:; also
1077:9320141
149:apostle
118:Parowan
100:led by
1650:(2007)
1641:(2004)
1632:(2001)
1613:(2008)
1605:(2003)
1597:(2002)
1589:(1950)
1581:(1877)
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353:10 May
326:10 May
1622:Films
1571:Books
1203:(PDF)
1192:S2CID
1184:JSTOR
1164:(PDF)
1005:(PDF)
994:S2CID
986:JSTOR
964:(PDF)
297:Notes
1350:2021
1143:2019
1073:OCLC
1045:OCLC
1035:ISBN
946:ISBN
897:and
879:ISBN
842:OCLC
832:ISBN
807:ISBN
779:ISBN
607:link
560:2022
355:2010
328:2010
131:and
120:and
112:and
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