2018:
31:
247:
were looking at a slightly larger version of the Super
Caravelle and the two companies had a specification for agreement to build an aircraft jointly. Throughout 1962 they and their respective governments negotiated the formation of a consortium to share development and production costs, estimated at
191:
to investigate the creation of a supersonic transport. Its first report, in 1959, recommended two designs. One was an M-wing Mach 1.2 medium range airliner and the other a straight wing, Mach 1.8 design with six wingtip engines. Soon after, however, studies at the
147:, as elsewhere in the 1950s, the aero industry had been producing a series of supersonic test aircraft and had extensively studied the problems of sustained high-speed flight. By the mid-1950s, two designs had been shown to have a
109:
studied a number of models as part of a large
British inter-company effort funded by the government. These models eventually culminated in the Type 223, a transatlantic transport for about 100 passengers at a speed around
2042:
163:
suitable for a wide range of speeds. Higher speeds up to Mach 3 had been considered and found to be possible, but it appeared that a practical upper limit was Mach 2.2; above this speed the
424:
167:
used for most aircraft construction would start to soften due to the heat of friction, and some new material would have to be used instead. Stainless steel was considered, but the
223:
The thin wing design of the Type 213 was preferred by the STC and a 1961 contract encouraged a detailed series of studies of a 130-seat, Mach 2.2 aircraft powered by six
231:
label. Aware of the great expense of the project, STAC required
Bristol to share the cost with an overseas partner. In 1961, Sud Aviation revealed their plans for the
1732:
2052:
584:
239:, a smaller aircraft than the Type 198. Bristol proposed a design which came between the Super Caravelle and the Type 198 which they called the
443:
2072:
1937:
1947:
1725:
437:
2057:
645:
2062:
2022:
1893:
577:
550:
334:
630:
1718:
1855:
232:
193:
123:
2000:
1762:
1942:
1830:
1418:
961:
1444:
640:
593:
570:
106:
66:
1526:
1521:
670:
665:
1962:
1875:
1679:
1459:
1379:
1313:
976:
956:
936:
926:
635:
1898:
1505:
620:
61:
30:
517:
471:
253:
1845:
1741:
916:
901:
522:
476:
102:
46:
1865:
1757:
1689:
1464:
1423:
1353:
1303:
1130:
1125:
1006:
786:
766:
761:
756:
751:
741:
379:
156:
1820:
1602:
1495:
1490:
1469:
1374:
1170:
1155:
1150:
1145:
946:
931:
911:
248:£15m-£170m. On 29 November 1962 an agreement was jointly signed by the UK Minister for Aviation,
148:
2067:
2047:
1699:
1654:
1500:
1402:
1328:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1205:
1180:
1036:
1011:
996:
896:
891:
625:
546:
433:
213:
1649:
1644:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1546:
1397:
1389:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1245:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1140:
1135:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1066:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1016:
981:
152:
1970:
1840:
1628:
1607:
1572:
1541:
1439:
1384:
1323:
1318:
1288:
1283:
1165:
1160:
1056:
1026:
1021:
1001:
991:
986:
906:
861:
856:
841:
831:
806:
801:
796:
781:
771:
610:
396:
224:
205:
201:
1684:
1903:
1860:
1785:
1752:
1674:
1582:
1556:
1531:
1485:
1369:
1308:
1100:
1076:
1061:
971:
966:
951:
886:
881:
871:
836:
821:
816:
811:
791:
713:
615:
401:
374:
236:
144:
2036:
1932:
1850:
1536:
1454:
1449:
1293:
1278:
921:
866:
851:
846:
746:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
660:
655:
650:
188:
208:
and Mach 2.7 stainless steel structures. Bristol's Mach 2.7 design was labelled the
1825:
1694:
1623:
876:
826:
723:
718:
249:
115:
216:, was influenced by the constructional problems and expense encountered with the
2005:
1975:
1810:
1551:
1298:
1220:
941:
776:
736:
731:
391:
217:
168:
111:
1888:
1883:
495:
160:
1995:
164:
1780:
127:
89:
1952:
1710:
1215:
1835:
244:
119:
179:
By 1956 there was enough official interest in this research for the
562:
204:
and
Bristol in late 1959. Both were asked to look at both Mach 2.2
126:
design, and in
November 1962 the efforts were merged to create the
197:
1714:
566:
2043:
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United
Kingdom
496:"Sir Archibald Russell (1904-1995) Aircraft Engineer"
1988:
1961:
1925:
1916:
1874:
1803:
1794:
1773:
1667:
1637:
1616:
1565:
1514:
1478:
1432:
1411:
1362:
1271:
1264:
679:
601:
386:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
85:
80:
72:
60:
52:
42:
37:
23:
545:. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 380–1, 383.
200:and design contracts using this planform went to
159:for slightly supersonic flight and very slender
151:suitable for supersonic cruise, a sharply swept
352:1,450 mph (2,330 km/h, 1,260 kn)
16:Early British design for a supersonic transport
1726:
578:
358:3,300 mi (5,300 km, 2,900 nmi)
220:and favoured the lower speed alloy aircraft.
8:
337:, 28,000 lbf (120 kN) thrust each
171:proved this to be difficult and expensive.
1922:
1800:
1733:
1719:
1711:
1268:
585:
571:
563:
20:
466:
464:
105:. In the late 1950s and early 1960s the
415:
256:and the Concorde project was underway.
181:Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee
432:. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 790.
7:
1938:Next Generation Supersonic Transport
297:176 ft 6 in (53.80 m)
1948:Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport
309:35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)
303:70 ft 0 in (21.34 m)
2053:Bristol Aeroplane Company aircraft
315:3,700 sq ft (340 m)
14:
327:251,700 lb (114,169 kg)
2017:
2016:
321:104,000 lb (47,174 kg)
29:
646:Bristol Gordon England biplanes
1894:SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport
364:60,000 ft (18,000 m)
1:
530:(2804): 984. 6 December 1962.
2073:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
1856:Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle
641:Bristol Coanda monoplanes
335:Bristol-Siddeley Olympus 593
194:Royal Aircraft Establishment
2001:Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST
543:Bristol Aircraft since 1910
269:Bristol Aircraft since 1910
252:and the French ambassador,
122:was developing the similar
2089:
1943:Reaction Engines LAPCAT A2
1831:High Speed Civil Transport
484:(2921): 318. 4 March 1965.
423:Anderson, John D. (2011).
227:engines under the generic
101:was an early design for a
2014:
1781:Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde
1748:
1445:Bristol Coanda Monoplanes
187:, to be formed under Sir
114:. At about the same time
107:Bristol Aeroplane Company
67:Bristol Aeroplane Company
28:
636:Bristol Prier monoplanes
2058:1960s British airliners
1680:George Henry Challenger
276:General characteristics
1899:Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21
621:Bristol Racing Biplane
426:Introduction to Flight
2063:Supersonic transports
1989:Experimental programs
1846:North American NAC-60
541:Barnes, C.H. (1970).
518:"Supersonic Decision"
1742:Supersonic transport
1465:Bolingbroke IVT/IVTT
1363:Passenger Transports
196:began to favour the
103:supersonic transport
47:Supersonic transport
1866:HyperMach SonicStar
1758:Supersonic aircraft
1690:Eric Gordon England
380:Handley Page HP.115
254:Geoffrey de Courcel
157:Armstrong-Whitworth
38:General information
1821:Convair Model 58-9
1774:Historic airliners
212:. Their designer,
149:lift-to-drag ratio
2030:
2029:
1984:
1983:
1912:
1911:
1708:
1707:
1700:Archibald Russell
1663:
1662:
626:Bristol Monoplane
214:Archibald Russell
95:
94:
2080:
2020:
2019:
1923:
1816:Bristol Type 223
1801:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1269:
587:
580:
573:
564:
557:
556:
538:
532:
531:
514:
508:
507:
505:
503:
498:. Engineers Walk
492:
486:
485:
468:
459:
458:
456:
454:
448:
442:. Archived from
431:
420:
362:Service ceiling:
345:
278:
99:Bristol Type 223
33:
21:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2010:
1980:
1971:Gulfstream X-54
1957:
1953:Hermeus Halcyon
1918:
1908:
1870:
1841:Lockheed L-2000
1796:
1790:
1769:
1744:
1739:
1709:
1704:
1659:
1633:
1612:
1561:
1510:
1474:
1460:Primary Trainer
1440:Bristol Boxkite
1428:
1407:
1358:
1314:Jupiter Fighter
1260:
681:
675:
603:
597:
591:
561:
560:
553:
540:
539:
535:
516:
515:
511:
501:
499:
494:
493:
489:
470:
469:
462:
452:
450:
449:on 5 April 2016
446:
440:
429:
422:
421:
417:
412:
397:Lockheed L-2000
371:
341:
274:
262:
233:Super-Caravelle
225:Bristol Olympus
206:aluminium alloy
202:Hawker Siddeley
177:
141:
136:
124:Super-Caravelle
53:National origin
17:
12:
11:
5:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1904:Tupolev Tu-444
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1861:Tupolev Tu-244
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1786:Tupolev Tu-144
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1753:Civil aviation
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Frank Barnwell
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:Superfreighter
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1412:Reconnaissance
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
685:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
605:
602:Pre-numbering
599:
598:
592:
590:
589:
582:
575:
567:
559:
558:
551:
533:
509:
487:
472:"The Concorde"
460:
439:978-0073380247
438:
414:
413:
411:
408:
405:
404:
402:Tupolev Tu-144
399:
394:
383:
382:
377:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:
353:
350:Maximum speed:
339:
338:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
261:
260:Specifications
258:
237:Paris Air Show
176:
173:
140:
137:
135:
132:
93:
92:
87:
86:Developed into
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
56:United Kingdom
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:Business jets
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Boom Overture
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1876:Business jets
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Rockwell X-30
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:Britain First
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:M.1 Monoplane
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
600:
595:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
568:
565:
554:
548:
544:
537:
534:
529:
525:
524:
519:
513:
510:
497:
491:
488:
483:
479:
478:
473:
467:
465:
461:
445:
441:
435:
428:
427:
419:
416:
409:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
387:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
347:
346:
344:
336:
332:
329:
326:
325:Gross weight:
323:
320:
319:Empty weight:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
279:
277:
272:
270:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:Morien Morgan
186:
182:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:pioneered at
154:
150:
146:
138:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
91:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2021:
1826:Douglas 2229
1815:
1695:Leslie Frise
1685:Henri Coandă
1515:Experimental
1391:
1294:Bristol S.2A
1255:
1250:
1240:
682:designations
680:Manufacturer
542:
536:
527:
521:
512:
500:. Retrieved
490:
481:
475:
451:. Retrieved
444:the original
425:
418:
406:
385:
384:
361:
355:
349:
342:
340:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
275:
273:
268:
267:Barnes C.H.
264:
263:
250:Julian Amery
240:
228:
222:
209:
198:gothic delta
184:
180:
178:
142:
116:Sud Aviation
98:
96:
73:Number built
62:Manufacturer
18:
2006:Quiet Spike
1976:Spike S-512
1811:Boeing 2707
1638:Helicopters
1424:Bolingbroke
1354:Beaufighter
1344:Blenheim IF
1304:F.2 Fighter
392:Boeing 2707
343:Performance
331:Powerplant:
218:Bristol 188
169:Bristol 188
161:delta wings
134:Development
2037:Categories
1889:Aerion SBJ
1884:Aerion AS2
1603:Buckingham
1496:Buckingham
1479:Transports
1470:Buckmaster
1419:Bloodhound
1375:Ten-Seater
552:0370000153
502:16 January
453:16 January
410:References
313:Wing area:
139:Background
1996:Boom XB-1
1926:Airliners
1804:Airliners
1668:Designers
1655:Belvedere
1501:Freighter
1403:Britannia
1390:Type 142
1380:Taxiplane
1329:Bullfinch
1279:Scout A-D
301:Wingspan:
289:Capacity:
265:Data from
165:duralumin
130:project.
2068:Quadjets
2048:Concorde
2023:Category
1919:projects
1797:projects
1795:Historic
1650:Type 173
1645:Sycamore
1617:Sporting
1598:Beaufort
1588:Blenheim
1578:Berkeley
1557:Type 221
1552:Type 188
1547:Type 138
1398:Brabazon
1349:Type 146
1339:Type 133
1334:Type 123
1272:Fighters
596:aircraft
369:See also
241:Type 223
229:Type 198
210:Type 213
128:Concorde
90:Concorde
24:Type 223
1917:Current
1629:Brownie
1608:Brigand
1573:Braemar
1566:Bombers
1542:Type 92
1491:Brandon
1433:Trainer
1385:Pullman
1324:Bulldog
1319:Bagshot
1289:Scout F
1284:Scout E
1265:By role
611:Boxkite
594:Bristol
375:BAC 221
307:Height:
295:Length:
235:at the
143:In the
81:History
1836:LAPCAT
1593:Bisley
1583:Bombay
1532:Bullet
1486:Bombay
1370:Tourer
1309:Badger
631:Type T
616:Glider
604:scheme
549:
523:Flight
477:Flight
436:
356:Range:
245:French
243:; the
153:M-wing
120:France
112:Mach 2
1537:Racer
1455:P.B.8
1450:T.B.8
661:P.B.8
656:T.B.8
651:B.R.7
447:(PDF)
430:(PDF)
283:Crew:
271:p.383
183:, or
1763:list
1624:Babe
1091:142M
1037:110A
547:ISBN
504:2016
455:2016
434:ISBN
333:4 ×
185:STAC
175:STAC
97:The
43:Type
1527:X.3
1522:X.2
1256:223
1251:213
1246:200
1241:198
1236:193
1231:192
1226:191
1221:188
1216:182
1211:176
1206:175
1201:174
1196:173
1191:172
1186:171
1181:170
1176:167
1171:166
1166:165
1161:164
1156:163
1151:162
1146:161
1141:160
1136:159
1131:158
1126:156
1121:152
1116:149
1111:148
1106:146
1101:144
1096:143
1087:142
1082:138
1077:137
1072:135
1067:133
1062:130
1057:124
1052:123
1047:120
1042:118
1032:109
1027:107
1022:105
1017:101
671:X.3
666:X.2
285:six
118:in
2039::
1012:99
1007:96
1002:95
997:93
992:92
987:91
982:90
977:89
972:88
967:86
962:84
957:83
952:81
947:79
942:77
937:76
932:75
927:73
922:72
917:71
912:62
907:57
902:55
897:53
892:52
887:48
882:47
877:46
872:45
867:44
862:43
857:42
852:37
847:36
842:33
837:32
832:31
827:30
822:29
817:28
812:27
807:26
802:25
797:24
792:23
787:22
782:21
777:20
772:18
767:17
762:16
757:15
752:14
747:13
742:12
737:11
732:10
528:82
526:.
520:.
482:87
480:.
474:.
463:^
291:90
145:UK
1734:e
1727:t
1720:v
1089:/
728:9
724:8
719:7
714:6
709:5
704:4
699:3
694:2
689:1
586:e
579:t
572:v
555:.
506:.
457:.
76:0
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
