438:. The channel shoreline alternates between resistant and erosional cliff features, interspersed with depositional beaches backed by coastal sand dunes; in the Severn Estuary, a low-lying shoreline is fronted by extensive intertidal mudflats. The Severn Estuary and most of the embayments around the channel are less than 30 ft (9 m) deep. Within the channel, however, there is an east–west valley 65–100 ft (20–30 m) deep, which is thought to have been formed by fluvial run-off during Pleistocene phases of lower sea level. Along the margins of the Bristol Channel are extensive linear tidal sandbanks, which are dredged for aggregates. In the outer Bristol Channel, off the Welsh coast, are the OBel Sands, an extensive area of
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36:
1085:, a 21-year-old woman from Penarth who swam to Weston-super-Mare on 5 September 1927. She completed the swim, nominally 11 miles but equivalent to 22 miles because of tidal flows, in 7 hours 20 minutes. In 2007 the achievement was marked by a plaque on the seafront at Penarth. There is also a plaque at Anchor Head in Weston-super-Mare.
1323:, in J.A Percy, A.J. Evans, P.G. Wells, and S.J. Rolston (Editors) 2005: The Changing Bay of Fundy-Beyond 400 years, Proceedings of the 6th Bay of Fundy Workshop, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, Sept. 29, 2004 to October 2, 2004. Environment Canada-Atlantic Region, Occasional Report no. 23. Dartmouth, NS and Sackville, NB.
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could go to church. For the next three months Ashley voluntarily ministered to the population of the island. From there he recognised the needs of the seafarers on the four hundred sailing vessels in the
Bristol Channel and created the Bristol Channel Mission. He raised funds and in 1839 a specially
889:
technologies, including barrages, lagoons and others. The study will look at the costs, benefits and impacts of a Severn tidal power scheme and will help
Government decide whether it could or could not support such a scheme. Some of the options being looked at may include a road crossing downstream
1133:
is Gary
Carpenter, who in August 2007 at the age of 17, completed the crossing in 5 hours 35 minutes. He held the record for the fastest swim across the Bristol Channel until 2020. Carpenter's coach, Steve Price, was the first person to swim from Penarth to Clevedon, in 1990. In 2020 Joanne Jones
880:
The
Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary have the potential to generate more renewable electricity than any other in the UK. It has been stated that it would contribute significantly to UK climate change goals and European Union renewable energy targets. Earlier studies of a possible Severn Barrage
785:
There are no road or rail crossings of the
Bristol Channel so direct crossings are necessarily made by sea or air, or less directly by the road and rail crossings of the Severn estuary. The Channel can be a hazardous area of water because of its strong tides and the rarity of havens on the north
1007:
of the Vale of
Glamorgan, Bideford Bay and Gower are, along with the Atlantic coasts of Pembrokeshire and Cornwall, the key areas for surfing in the whole of Britain. Although slightly overshadowed by the Atlantic coasts of North Cornwall and West Pembrokeshire, both Gower and Bideford Bay
540:, which are mostly uninhabited and protected as nature reserves, and are home to some unique wild flower species. In 1971 a proposal was made by the Lundy Field Society to establish a marine reserve. Provision for the establishment of statutory Marine Nature Reserves was included in the
135:
1150:
The sixteenth-century geographer, Roger Barlow, defined the 'see called severne' as all those waters east of the Scilly Isles 'betwene the principlitie of wales and englande': E. G. R. Taylor (ed.), A Brief Summe of
Geographie, by Roger Barlow (Abingdon, 2016), p.
600:
in the "Great
Hangman", a 1,043 ft (318 m) 'hog-backed' hill with a cliff-face of 820 ft (250 m); its sister cliff the "Little Hangman" has a cliff-face of 716 ft (218 m). On the Gower Peninsula, at its western extremity is the
1002:
Much of the coastline at the western end of the
Bristol Channel faces west towards the Atlantic Ocean meaning that a combination of an off-shore (east) wind and a generous Atlantic swell produces excellent surf along the beaches. The
548:
announced the designation of a statutory reserve at Lundy. There is an outstanding variety of marine habitats and wildlife, and a large number of rare and unusual species in the waters around Lundy, including some species of
849:
Area Rescue Boat (BARB) uses a hovercraft to rescue people from the treacherous mud flats on that part of the coast. A hovercraft was recently tested to determine the feasibility of setting up a similar rescue service in
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was the most badly affected town. There remain plaques up to 8 ft (2.4 m) above sea level to show how high the waters rose on the sides of the surviving churches. It was commemorated in a contemporary pamphlet
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525:, also in Canada. Development schemes have been proposed along the channel, including an airport and a tidal barrier for electricity generation, but conservation issues have so far managed to block such schemes.
830:, the last seagoing paddle steamer in the world, built in 1947. The steamer provides pleasure trips between the Welsh and English coasts and to the islands of the channel. Trips are also offered on the
434:
By the official limits, the
Bristol Channel is about 75 mi (121 km) from west to east. The Bristol Channel–Severn Estuary system extends eastward inland to the limit of tidal influence, at
786:
Devon and Somerset coasts that can be entered in all states of the tide. Because of the treacherous waters, pilotage is an essential service for shipping. A specialised style of sailing boat, the
1692:
1722:
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on Gower—and surfing in Gower and Bideford Bay is enhanced by the golden beaches, clean blue waters, excellent water quality and good facilities close by to the main surf breaks.
1669:
1185:
James, J. W. C.; Mackie, A. S. Y;, Rees, E. I. S.; Darbyshire, T., 2012. Ch. 12: "Sand Wave Field: The OBel Sands, Bristol Channel, U.K.", in Harris, P. T., Baker, E. K. (eds.),
753:
are sited on estuaries opening onto Bideford Bay, at the westernmost end of the Bristol Channel. Just upstream of the official eastern limit of the Bristol Channel, within the
881:
included estimates of bed load transport of sand and gravel by tidal ebb and flood that would be interrupted if a solid dam were built across the Channel. More recently, the
1458:
1203:
1494:
Haslett, Simon K.; Edward A. Bryant (2004). "The AD 1607 coastal flood in the bristol channel and severn estuary: historical records from Devon and Cornwall (UK)".
1291:
1261:
1134:
swam from Penarth to Clevedon in a time of 5 hours, 27 minutes. Joanne was the first woman to swim this route, and holds the current record for fastest time.
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1097:, a 16-year-old schoolgirl, emulated Kathleen Thomas's swim from Penarth to Weston-super-Mare in 10 hours 15 minutes. Edith later became the first wife of
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The high quality of the landscape of much of both coasts of the Bristol Channel means that they are popular destinations for walkers. Sections of two
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designed mission cutter was built with a main cabin which could be converted into a chapel for 100 people; this later became first initiative of the
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1448:
Harris, P.T., Collins, M.B., 1988. Estimation of annual bedload flux in a macrotidal estuary, Bristol Channel, U. K. Marine Geology 83, 237–252.
1036:). The coastguard has stated that windsurf crossings of the channel are dangerous and should not be attempted without appropriate preparations.
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in the Channel. Although some evidence from the time describes events similar to a tsunami, there are also similarities to descriptions of the
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The cause of the flood is uncertain and disputed. It had long been believed that the floods were caused by a combination of
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made the same magazine's Top 12 best beaches in the world list, and was also selected as Britain's best beach for 2007.
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in April 2006, apparently accidentally. Other windsurfers have reported making the crossing as a training exercise (
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The first known crossing of the Bristol Channel (from Swansea to Woody Bay, near Lynton, Devon) by a windsurfer was
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extends eastwards from the South West Coast Path to the mouth of the River Parrett. A continuous coastal path, the
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The Bristol Channel has some extensive and popular beaches and spectacular scenery, particularly on the coasts of
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thousands of people were drowned, houses and villages swept away, farmland inundated and flocks destroyed when a
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Horsburgh, K.J. and M. Horritt (2006) The Bristol Channel floods of 1607 – reconstruction and analysis.
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is the largest settlement on the Welsh coast of the Bristol Channel. Other major built-up areas include
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are outside the defined limits of the Bristol Channel, and are considered part of the seaboard of the
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2012:
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964:. It has been shown that the tide and weather at the time were capable of generating such a surge.
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up to 62 ft (19 m) high, covering more than 400 sq mi (1,036 km)).
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The nearshore limit of the Bristol Channel is between Sand Point, North Somerset (north of
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1693:"Swansea doctor becomes first woman to complete 24 mile swim from Ilfracombe to Swansea"
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was Gethin Jones, who achieved the record on 13 September 2009, taking nearly 22 hours.
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God's warning to the people of England by the great overflowing of the waters or floods
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1987:
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Western Daily Press, 27 August 2008 – Surprise at pier for Channel swimmer Gary
1064:, was opened in May 2012 along the entire Welsh shore under the auspices of the
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621:, win awards for their water quality and setting, as well as being renowned for
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Collins, M. B., 1987. "Sediment Transport in the Bristol Channel: A Review".
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The first person to swim the 30.5 nmi (56.5 km; 35.1 mi) from
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defines the offshore western limit of the Bristol Channel as "a line joining
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hit the shores of the Channel. The devastation was particularly bad on the
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adjoin the Severn estuary, but lie upstream of the Bristol Channel itself.
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which is approachable on foot at low tide only. The beaches of Gower (at
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1572:"2006: Medical student's Olympic dream – News – University of Bristol"
862:, in-shore rescue is provided by two independent lifeboat trusts, the
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of 43 ft (13 m), frequently stated to be second only to the
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1009:
614:
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The Bristol Channel is an important area for wildlife, in particular
244:
1734:"Joanne Jones – Bristol Channel | Marathon Swimmers Federation"
1239:
Extreme Depositional Environments: Mega End Members in Geologic Time
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809:, from the mid-19th century to the late 1970s, together with the
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949:
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Long stretches of both sides of the coastline are designated as
1781:
29:
885:
was launched in 2008 by the British Government to assess all
588:
on the Glamorgan coast. The western stretch of Exmoor boasts
858:
lifeboats stationed along both sides of the Channel. In the
952:, but research published in 2002 showed some evidence of a
1312:
Charles T. O'Reilly, Ron Solvason, and Christian Solomon.
1191:
Atlas of Seafloor Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats
27:
Large inlet to the river Severn in southwest Great Britain
639:
as one of the twelve best beaches in the world. In 2007,
1160:
Steers, J. A., 1964. 'The Coastline of England and Wales
1081:
The first person to swim across the Bristol Channel was
805:, was the main operator of pleasure craft, particularly
866:(SARA) and the Portishead and Bristol Lifeboat Trust.
2103:
2047:
2026:
1970:
1889:
1816:
813:. These served harbours along both coasts, such as
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1089:Youngest person to swim across the Bristol Channel
1236:Chan, Marjorie A.; Archer, Allen William (2003).
1032:) or as part of a windsurf around Britain (e.g.
1008:nevertheless have several superb breaks—notably
172:, literal translation: "Severn Sea") is a major
1629:
1627:
1077:First person to swim across the Bristol Channel
824:This tradition is continued each summer by the
528:The largest islands in the Bristol Channel are
419:. Western and northern Pembrokeshire and north
1793:
980:with his son who asked him how the people on
8:
1187:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat:
1162:. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 750 pp.
1101:the Welsh journalist and newspaper editor.
1800:
1786:
1778:
1530:. London: Christopher Johnson. p. 49.
890:of the existing crossings of the estuary.
765:but now with larger commercial deep water
1174:Proceedings of the Geological Association
725:On the English side, the resort towns of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
613:, for example) and North Devon, such as
290:, and it is still known as this in both
133:
1143:
761:, originally established inland on the
655:The Bristol Channel looking south from
316:International Hydrographic Organization
1744:from the original on 26 September 2021
1539:
1537:
546:Secretary of State for the Environment
1366:. Lundy Field Society. Archived from
1314:"Resolving the World's largest tides"
837:, also owned by Waverley Excursions.
773:, which is one of the most important
489:, and has protected areas, including
286:the Bristol Channel was known as the
7:
2169:Longest rivers of the United Kingdom
1703:from the original on 30 January 2022
1672:from the original on 17 October 2014
1612:from the original on 3 February 2017
1582:from the original on 17 October 2018
1551:from the original on 17 October 2018
1475:from the original on 6 November 2015
1334:"Lundy Island Marine Nature Reserve"
1264:from the original on 7 November 2021
883:Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study
745:are located on the Bristol Channel.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2333:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean
2070:Herefordshire & Gloucestershire
1193:. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 227–240.
2055:Staffordshire & Worcestershire
1545:"Windsurfer's accidental crossing"
1430:from the original on 19 April 2018
505:large parts of the channel become
25:
2156:All crossings of the River Severn
1691:Peregrine, Chris (25 July 2016).
1496:Archaeology in the Severn Estuary
1390:"Burnham-On-Sea Area Rescue Boat"
1294:from the original on 7 March 2013
1125:The youngest person to swim from
592:, the highest cliffs in mainland
542:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1766:
1364:"Lundy Marine Conservation Zone"
34:
698:. Smaller resort towns include
208:). It extends from the smaller
45:needs additional citations for
2146:Aust Severn Powerline Crossing
1424:www.portishead-lifeboat.org.uk
1020:Windsurfing across the channel
864:Severn Area Rescue Association
544:, and on 21 November 1986 the
1:
1420:"RNLI Portishead : Home"
1248:Geological Society of America
1210:. 31 May 2006. Archived from
1066:Countryside Council for Wales
1056:follow these shores, and the
465:The Bristol Channel coast at
228:. It takes its name from the
2328:Inlets of the United Kingdom
1774:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1602:"windsurfroundbritain.co.uk"
900:Bristol Channel floods, 1607
788:Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter
415:). East of this line is the
1559:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
674:view of the Bristol Channel
631:"Travel" magazine selected
2364:
2085:Gloucester & Sharpness
2060:Worcester & Birmingham
1606:windsurfroundbritain.co.uk
958:1953 floods in East Anglia
897:
873:
757:, is the city and port of
521:but smaller than those at
2164:
1466:Welsh Assembly Government
960:, which were caused by a
790:, developed in the area.
454:The channel as seen from
1697:South Wales Evening Post
1640:. Simon & Schuster.
1634:Catherine Jones (2012).
1570:Bristol, University of.
1284:"Coast: Bristol Channel"
1204:"Severn Estuary Barrage"
1058:West Somerset Coast Path
1054:Pembrokeshire Coast Path
647:Coastal cities and towns
491:national nature reserves
946:meteorological extremes
932:on the English border.
607:Carboniferous Limestone
473:, looking west towards
2136:Prince of Wales Bridge
2090:Stroudwater Navigation
1526:Farr, Grahame (1954).
1319:27 August 2016 at the
841:Marine rescue services
675:
664:
663:on the Glamorgan coast
482:
458:
303:
295:
221:
169:
157:
138:
2318:Landforms of Somerset
1851:South Gloucestershire
1208:UK Environment Agency
1105:Ilfracombe to Swansea
1050:South West Coast Path
811:Barry Railway Company
670:
654:
464:
453:
144:
137:
2323:England–Wales border
1738:marathonswimmers.org
1459:"Severn Tidal Power"
1344:on 12 September 2007
1217:on 30 September 2007
1012:in Bideford Bay and
987:Mission to Seafarers
976:was on the shore at
497:at the mouth of the
226:North Atlantic Ocean
145:Sunrise viewed from
54:improve this article
2303:Channels of England
2270: /
2075:Thames & Severn
1400:on 10 February 2007
1121:Penarth to Clevedon
904:On 30 January 1607
596:, culminating near
427:, specifically the
380: /
341: /
273:South Pembrokeshire
2343:South West England
2313:Landforms of Devon
1516:, 61(10), 272–277.
799:P & A Campbell
676:
665:
483:
459:
194:South West England
158:
139:
2308:Channels of Wales
2253:
2252:
2003:Warwickshire Avon
1971:Major tributaries
1881:Vale of Glamorgan
1576:www.bristol.ac.uk
1547:. 13 April 2006.
1528:Somerset Harbours
1244:Boulder, Colorado
1030:Hugh Sim Williams
911:
854:. There are also
852:Weston-super-Mare
819:Weston-super-Mare
727:Weston-super-Mare
582:Vale of Glamorgan
555:branching sponges
413:Vale of Glamorgan
401:Weston-super-Mare
232:city and port of
190:Vale of Glamorgan
176:in the island of
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Bristol Channel"
16:(Redirected from
2355:
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2274:51.350°N 3.700°W
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1650:. Archived from
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1396:. Archived from
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1340:. Archived from
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1176:98, pp. 367–383.
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1072:Swimming records
1062:Wales Coast Path
905:
870:Renewable energy
714:. The cities of
605:, a headland of
436:Gloucester Docks
395:
394:
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391:
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384:51.600°N 4.917°W
381:
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359:St. Govan's Head
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345:51.017°N 4.533°W
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243:. These include
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38:
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2298:Bristol Channel
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2121:The Iron Bridge
2104:Major crossings
2099:
2043:
2039:Bristol Channel
2022:
1966:
1885:
1841:Gloucestershire
1818:
1812:
1811:, Great Britain
1806:
1772:Bristol Channel
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1758:
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1716:
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1690:
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1659:
1654:on 6 June 2013.
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1321:Wayback Machine
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586:Gower Peninsula
481:in the distance
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1761:External links
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1666:"Getty Images"
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1647:978-1849838825
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1381:
1370:on 29 May 2014
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898:Main article:
895:
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876:Severn Barrage
874:Main article:
871:
868:
860:Severn Estuary
847:Burnham-on-Sea
842:
839:
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792:
782:
779:
771:Severn Estuary
755:Severn Estuary
731:Burnham-on-Sea
657:Llantwit Major
648:
645:
633:Barafundle Bay
590:Hangman cliffs
519:Eastern Canada
495:Bridgwater Bay
447:
444:
425:Atlantic Ocean
417:Severn Estuary
389:51.600; -4.917
350:51.017; -4.533
320:Hartland Point
311:
308:
253:Hartland Point
241:Heritage Coast
210:Severn Estuary
206:North Somerset
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2348:West Country
2338:River Severn
2255:
2126:Mythe Bridge
2111:Welsh Bridge
2038:
2013:Bristol Avon
1978:River Vyrnwy
1809:River Severn
1748:26 September
1746:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1676:19 September
1674:. Retrieved
1660:
1652:the original
1637:Wonder Girls
1636:
1614:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1527:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1337:
1328:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1238:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1207:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1124:
1108:
1099:Hugh Cudlipp
1092:
1080:
1043:
1034:Jono Dunnett
1023:
1014:Langland Bay
1001:
971:
943:
938:
903:
879:
844:
833:
825:
823:
797:
784:
777:in Britain.
724:
708:Saundersfoot
688:Barry Island
678:The city of
677:
626:
598:Combe Martin
574:Bideford Bay
567:
527:
515:Bay of Fundy
484:
456:Barry, Wales
433:
398:
313:
287:
281:
257:Lundy Island
249:Bideford Bay
238:
214:River Severn
161:
159:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2277: /
2131:Over Bridge
2095:Coombe Hill
1993:River Stour
1988:Cound Brook
1890:Settlements
1707:19 November
1479:19 November
1348:5 September
1268:25 November
1221:3 September
1026:Adam Cowles
974:John Ashley
962:storm surge
950:tidal peaks
920:side, from
887:tidal range
827:PS Waverley
801:, based in
692:Port Talbot
686:(including
625:. In 2004,
578:North Devon
511:tidal range
509:due to the
471:North Devon
387: /
348: /
284:Tudor times
255:peninsula,
222:Afon Hafren
182:South Wales
2292:Categories
2191:Great Ouse
2027:Flows into
1998:River Teme
1983:River Tern
1947:Gloucester
1942:Tewkesbury
1922:Bridgnorth
1917:Ironbridge
1912:Shrewsbury
1897:Llanidloes
1831:Shropshire
1555:16 October
1404:13 October
1138:References
1111:Ilfracombe
993:Recreation
894:1607 flood
815:Ilfracombe
781:Navigation
763:River Avon
747:Barnstaple
743:Ilfracombe
641:Oxwich Bay
619:Woolacombe
603:Worms Head
563:cup corals
534:Steep Holm
523:Ungava Bay
467:Ilfracombe
440:sand waves
429:Celtic Sea
407:(south of
304:Mor Havren
296:Môr Hafren
288:Severn Sea
170:Môr Hafren
155:Brean Down
151:Steep Holm
149:, showing
110:April 2023
80:newspapers
2065:Droitwich
2018:River Usk
2008:River Wye
1962:Avonmouth
1937:Worcester
1932:Stourport
1907:Welshpool
1338:Lundy.org
1298:27 August
1093:In 1929,
982:Flat Holm
928:to above
922:Laugharne
908:New style
700:Porthcawl
672:Satellite
628:The Times
538:Flat Holm
507:mud flats
501:. At low
411:, in the
310:Geography
261:Glamorgan
224:) to the
2080:Coalport
1957:Chepstow
1952:Berkeley
1866:Somerset
1742:Archived
1701:Archived
1670:Archived
1610:Archived
1580:Archived
1549:Archived
1502:: 81–89.
1470:Archived
1428:Archived
1374:5 August
1317:Archived
1292:Archived
1262:Archived
1131:Clevedon
1052:and the
978:Clevedon
972:In 1835
968:Religion
930:Chepstow
834:Balmoral
832:MV
751:Bideford
739:Minehead
696:Llanelli
611:Rhossili
580:and the
559:sea fans
493:such as
421:Cornwall
202:Somerset
147:Minehead
2262:51°21′N
1927:Bewdley
1902:Newtown
1876:Cardiff
1871:Newport
1856:Bristol
1514:Weather
1127:Penarth
1115:Swansea
1040:Walking
998:Surfing
954:tsunami
934:Cardiff
803:Bristol
769:on the
759:Bristol
735:Watchet
720:Newport
716:Cardiff
704:Mumbles
680:Swansea
623:surfing
594:Britain
551:seaweed
477:, with
475:Lee Bay
446:Ecology
409:Penarth
403:), and
372:51°36′N
333:51°01′N
300:Cornish
234:Bristol
230:English
212:of the
188:to the
94:scholar
2265:3°42′W
2181:Thames
2176:Severn
1644:
1434:19 May
1254:
1189:GEOHAB
1048:; the
1010:Croyde
615:Croyde
570:Exmoor
487:waders
375:4°55′W
336:4°32′W
282:Until
251:, the
245:Exmoor
196:(from
192:) and
184:(from
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2225:Tweed
2220:Clyde
2186:Trent
1826:Powys
1819:areas
1616:2 May
1586:2 May
1473:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
918:Welsh
914:flood
775:ports
767:docks
712:Tenby
684:Barry
661:Barry
659:near
530:Lundy
479:Lundy
357:) to
324:Devon
292:Welsh
218:Welsh
198:Devon
174:inlet
166:Welsh
101:JSTOR
87:books
2240:Eden
2235:Nene
2230:Avon
2215:Spey
2205:Ouse
1750:2021
1709:2016
1678:2012
1642:ISBN
1618:2017
1588:2017
1557:2018
1481:2016
1436:2009
1406:2021
1376:2017
1350:2007
1300:2007
1270:2020
1252:ISBN
1223:2007
948:and
856:RNLI
845:The
817:and
749:and
741:and
718:and
710:and
694:and
617:and
584:and
572:and
561:and
536:and
503:tide
396:)".
314:The
298:and
275:and
160:The
153:and
73:news
2245:Dee
2210:Tay
2201:Ure
2196:Wye
1288:BBC
1151:32.
1129:to
1113:to
941:."
924:in
690:),
635:in
576:in
517:in
361:in
322:in
204:to
56:by
2294::
1740:.
1736:.
1699:.
1695:.
1668:.
1626:^
1608:.
1604:.
1578:.
1574:.
1536:^
1500:15
1498:.
1468:.
1464:.
1426:.
1422:.
1392:.
1336:.
1290:.
1286:.
1260:.
1246::
1242:.
1206:.
1068:.
989:.
821:.
737:,
733:,
729:,
706:,
702:,
565:.
557:,
553:,
532:,
469:,
431:.
306:.
302::
294::
279:.
271:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
247:,
236:.
220::
200:,
168::
2203:/
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1752:.
1711:.
1680:.
1620:.
1590:.
1483:.
1438:.
1408:.
1378:.
1352:.
1302:.
1272:.
1225:.
937:"
910:)
906:(
365:(
326:(
216:(
164:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
