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uptakes. The main intake ventilators were likewise closed along with sea water connections for condensers and boiler feed. It was considered that with their 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) of speed the submarines could turn and outrun almost any threat if they were attacked on the surface, dispensing with a need for a rapid dive. This perhaps just excused the fact that the fast 'crash dives' of conventional submarines were unattainable.
927:
106:
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controls had not yet been developed. This was made worse by the estimated maximum diving depth of 200 feet (61 m) being much less than their overall length. Even a 10-degree angle on the 339-foot-long hull would cause a 59-foot (18 m) difference in depth of the bow and stern, and 30 degrees
768:
causing diving vents to open. The boat flooded through open hatches as it submerged. Prior to this in May of that year the boat had survived taking water into her funnel uptakes which had doused the furnaces and caused her to sink stern first to the bottom. In that case quick action on part of her
640:
was added, which also incorporated a 'quick blowing' ballast tank to improve handling. Nevertheless, there were still problems with seaworthiness, such as that in a heavy storm, sea water could enter the boat through the short twin funnels and put the boiler fires out. The boats suffered numerous
821:
Morale was a frequent problem. Submariners were 'Volunteers Only,' and the class reputation as being designated 'K' for
Kalamity (or Killer) did little to endear them to their crews, or provide a steady stream of volunteers. Sailors serving aboard the boats blackly dubbed themselves the "Suicide
610:
was the first of the class to be completed in May 1916, and trials revealed numerous problems, such as the aforementioned swivel tubes, and that their low freeboard and great length made them awkward to handle either surfaced or submerged. An early criticism of the class questioned the wisdom of
839:
was completed slowly, being commissioned in 1923. She had six 21-inch (530 mm) bow torpedo tubes but retained the 18-inch beam tubes. Her higher casing almost cured the problems of seawater entering the boiler room, and improved ballast tank arrangements cut the diving time to 3 minutes 12
631:
fires were first extinguished to prevent submerged buildup of fumes; a complicated series of hydraulics and mechanical rods and levers lowered the twin funnels away from each other to a horizontal position in wells in the superstructure as well as simultaneously closing hatches over the funnel
622:
A dive from steam-powered surface operation normally required 30 minutes. Minimum time needed to secure the main engines, shift to battery motors and dive under emergency conditions was nearly 5 minutes, which, though better than the 15 minutes of the
412:, they gained notoriety and the nickname of "Kalamity class" for being involved in many accidents. Of the 18 built, none were lost through enemy action, but six sank, with significant loss of life, in accidents. Only one ever engaged an enemy vessel,
635:
The high temperatures in the boiler room were problematical; this was to some extent alleviated by installing bigger fans. Steaming at speed tended to push the bow into the water, making the already poor sea-keeping worse. To fix this a bulbous
466:
In 1913, a design outline was prepared for a new class of submarine which could operate with the surface fleet, sweeping ahead of it in a fleet action. It was intended that the submarines would get around the back of the
593:
would produce 170 feet (52 m), which meant that while the stern would almost be on the surface, the bow would almost be at its maximum safe depth. The submarines were made more dangerous because the eight internal
515:
The K-class design was resurrected and 21 boats ordered in August at a cost of £340,000 each. Only 17 were constructed, the orders for the last four being cancelled and replaced by orders for the equally large
572:
and another pair in a swivel mounting on the superstructure for night use. The swivel pair were later removed because they were prone to damage in rough seas. The K-class submarines were fitted with a proper
744:
on 20 January 1921. Nothing further was heard of her following a signal that she was diving, but wreckage was recovered later that day. It was concluded that she exceeded her safe maximum depth.
899:
were cancelled. Although the concept of a submarine fast enough to operate with a battle fleet eventually fell out of favour, it was still an important consideration in the design of the
597:
were designed and tested during development to stand a pressure equivalent to only 70 feet (21 m), risking their collapse if the hull was compromised at a depth below this figure.
1238:
508:, which would need to be matched to accompany the fleet. It was judged that the only way to give submarines sufficient surface speed to keep up with the fleet was to power them by
458:
Submarines and their use at the time were still in its infancy. Submarines, which later acted only by stealth, are no longer expected to be within a surface warship formation.
1286:
662:
sank on 19 January 1917 during sea trials when an intake failed to close whilst diving and her engine room flooded. She was eventually salvaged and recommissioned as
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The boats were to be 339 feet (103 m) long and displace 1,700 tons on the surface. It was decided not to proceed until results from trials of two prototypes,
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159:
1210:
1578:
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452:
164:
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By the middle of 1915 it was clear that the J class would not meet expectations; the triple-screw diesel configuration could only enable them to make 19
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619:—unique on a submarine. One critic said the K-class had "too many holes"; water would pour through these holes if they were not closed tightly.
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combining such a large hull with so great a surface speed, producing a vessel with the pace of a destroyer and the turning circle of a
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This pushed the displacement up to 1,980 tons on the surface, 2,566 tons submerged. They were equipped with four 18-inch (460 mm)
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the luxury of being able to walk around the superstructure to ensure that the funnels were securely folded. The last, improved, boat,
31:
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1910:
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455:, who on the class' suggestion in 1913 had responded 'The most fatal error imaginable would be to put steam engines in submarines.'
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The great size of the boats (compared to their predecessors) led to control and depth-keeping problems, particularly as efficient
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collided although both survived. In just 75 minutes, two submarines had been sunk, three badly damaged and 105 crew killed.
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2012:
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survived until 1931, then being broken up because her displacement exceeded the limits for submarine displacement in the
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of 32.5 per cent. Although powered on the surface by oil-fired steam turbines, they were also equipped with an 800
800:
held the unofficial record for maximum diving depth (266 feet ) following an uncontrolled descent to the bottom of the
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1952:
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seconds to get to 80 feet (24 m). She also had an increased maximum diving depth of 250 feet (76 m).
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644:
279:
Twin 10,500 shp (7,800 kW) oil-fired Yarrow boilers each powering a Brown-Curtis or
Parsons geared
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accidents, largely caused by their poor manoeuvrability when operating with the surface fleet, including:
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2110:
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2005:
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to charge the batteries and provide limited propulsive power in the event of problems with the boilers.
301:
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With a dive time of around 5 minutes (with the record being 3 minutes 25 seconds which was claimed by
804:. The ship managed to surface without further difficulty despite spending an unrecorded period below '
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2180:
2145:
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1970:
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684:
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481:
1556:
501:(35 km/h; 22 mph) on the surface, less than the 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph) of
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2124:
2117:
2069:
1977:
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1619:
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designed in 1913. Intended as large, fast vessels with the endurance and speed to operate with the
154:
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2723:
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1931:
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in that after several hours submerged they managed to claw their way back to the surface.
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12,500 nmi (23,200 km; 14,400 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)
149:
139:
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Submerged: 8 nmi (15 km; 9.2 mi) at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph)
17:
926:
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1924:
801:
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561:
447:, Commander-in-Chief Battlecruiser Squadrons. An opponent of the class was Admiral
105:
2557:
1715:
1612:
761:
498:
440:
432:
409:
753:
565:
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405:
189:
1264:
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2313:
785:
589:
574:
401:
228:
1016:"From the K-class to the party boat, submarines have a history of disaster"
680:
off the Danish coast on 18 November 1917 and was scuttled to avoid capture.
381:
1772:
765:
546:
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Surface: 800 nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi) at maximum speed
1261:
Detailed account of the K-class submarines and their disastrous history.
2585:
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1383:
1376:
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747:
727:
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529:
494:(1200 tons) was designed with a conventional diesel propulsion system.
421:
294:
110:
1362:
1355:
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826:
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713:
707:
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675:
669:
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and ambush it as it retreated from the superior
British Grand Fleet.
417:
424:
failed to explode with what has been described as typical "K" luck;
925:
842:
643:
380:
1560:
1268:
361:(beam), four 18-inch (450-mm) bow tubes, plus 8 spare torpedoes
919:
A modern nuclear submarine has a reserve of around 13 per cent
760:
expanding in the hot weather and contracting overnight as the
36:
740:
was lost due to unknown reasons during a mock battle in the
718:
before she finally sank with all her crew. At the same time
373:
Twin 18-inch deck tubes originally fitted but later removed.
818:
in
January 1917 and remained stranded there for some time.
435:, then Inspector Captain of Submarines, and with admirals
1123:
The Grand Fleet, Warship Design and
Development 1906–1922
1246:"The calamity k-class submarines of the First World War"
1142:
Observer's
Directory of Royal Naval Submarines 1901–1982
950:
Observer's
Directory of Royal Naval Submarines 1901–1982
615:. Steam power required air intakes, smoke exhausts and
283:, Twin 3 blade 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) screws
581:, which gave the crew much better protection than the
847:
Depth charge thrower originally fitted to the K class
30:
For other types of submarine called the K class, see
712:
which almost cut her in half and was then struck by
2769:
2697:
2607:
2584:
2556:
2487:
2439:
2312:
2253:
2191:
2087:
2043:
2023:
1961:
1894:
1818:
1714:
1592:
1066:"The Unlucky K 13 - Shipping Wonders of the World"
585:screens fitted in previous Royal Navy submarines.
1587:British naval ship classes of the First World War
1158:K Boats: Steam-Powered Submarines in World War I
694:collided with the head of a line of submarines,
683:Two boats were lost in an incident known as the
627:prototype, was considered barely adequate. The
428:escaped retaliation by steaming away at speed.
319:8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) submerged
1572:
1280:
851:Most were scrapped between 1921 and 1926 but
486:, had taken place. Following the trials with
316:24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) surfaced
8:
769:captain and crew had prevented loss of life.
1546:List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy
1579:
1565:
1557:
1287:
1273:
1265:
1040:Frick, Willis G. (1984). "Sink the Navy".
972:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
948:Cocker, M. P.; Warne, Frederick (1982).
788:; their crews were luckier than that of
50:This article includes a list of general
940:
912:
528:were ordered in October 1917, but only
1211:"Submarine losses 1904 to present day"
965:
431:The class found favour with Commodore
100:
7:
1541:List of submarines of the Royal Navy
990:British Submarines at War: 1914–1918
756:on 25 June 1921. This was caused by
366:BL 4-inch (101.6 mm) Mk XI guns
2805:One or more completed after the war
993:. Pen and Sword. pp. 220–221.
784:were both trapped on the bottom of
764:dropped and the consequent loss of
359:18-inch (460 mm) torpedo tubes
286:Four 1,440 hp (1,070 kW)
269:20 ft 11 in (6.38 m)
261:26 ft 6 in (8.08 m)
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
32:K class submarine (disambiguation)
25:
1090:Weintz, Steve (6 November 2015).
1070:www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com
1092:"His Majesty's Scary Steam Subs"
687:on 31 January 1918. The cruiser
534:was completed by the end of the
400:were a class of steam-propelled
182:
104:
41:
652:window from a K-class submarine
987:Edwyn Gray (31 January 2016).
930:A model of a K-class submarine
370:1 × 3 in (76 mm) gun
347:59 (6 officers and 53 ratings)
293:One 800 hp (600 kW)
1:
1244:Jan Meecham (17 April 2017).
1052:United States Naval Institute
439:, Commander-in-Chief British
1014:Ian Jack (4 November 2017).
577:, built over and around the
2811:Grouping of several classes
2799:All completed after the war
1820:Pre-dreadnought battleships
1188:. Conway's Maritime Press.
2879:
2858:British K-class submarines
2255:Destroyer flotilla leaders
1296:British K-class submarines
1152:, Frederick Warne, London.
29:
27:British class of submarine
2792:
1536:
1513:
1493:
1302:
520:. Six improved versions,
219:
120:
103:
18:British K class submarine
2863:Surface-underwater ships
1184:Preston, Antony (2002).
1179:. London: George Harrap.
253:339 ft (103 m)
1716:Dreadnought battleships
752:sank at her mooring in
490:, the slightly smaller
220:General characteristics
71:more precise citations.
1186:World's Worst Warships
1160:. Airlife Publishing.
952:. London. p. 42.
931:
848:
653:
469:German High Seas Fleet
462:Design and development
420:amidships, though the
393:
140:HM Dockyard Portsmouth
1175:Everitt, Don (1963).
1156:Everitt, Don (1999).
1140:Cocker, M.P. (1982).
929:
846:
647:
545:design had a reserve
384:
145:HM Dockyard Devonport
2827:Single ship of class
1120:Brown, D.K. (2003).
722:(the recommissioned
685:Battle of May Island
1250:Roger (Jan) Meecham
1239:'K' for Katastrophe
1221:on 6 September 2014
1215:RN Submarine museum
1126:. Caxton Editions.
1096:www.WarIsBoring.com
903:in the late 1920s.
857:London Naval Treaty
240:1,980 tons surfaced
155:Armstrong Whitworth
2089:Protected cruisers
932:
873:M-class submarines
849:
654:
398:K-class submarines
394:
2853:Submarine classes
2840:
2839:
2000:Duke of Edinburgh
1963:Armoured cruisers
1598:Seaplane carriers
1554:
1553:
1000:978-1-4738-5348-5
831:) it allowed the
437:Sir John Jellicoe
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1234:Steam Submarines
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1217:. Archived from
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555:diesel generator
445:Sir David Beatty
298:diesel generator
243:2,566 tons dived
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1295:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1225:16 September
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1214:
1185:
1176:
1157:
1141:
1124:
1121:
1114:Bibliography
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1020:The Guardian
1019:
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449:Jacky Fisher
430:
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413:
410:battle fleet
397:
395:
386:
235:Displacement
112:
98:
83:
74:
55:
2833:Conversions
2505:Abercrombie
2498:Marshal Ney
2377:Admiralty M
2293:Shakespeare
1885:Lord Nelson
1732:Bellerophon
1725:Dreadnought
1177:The K Boats
1101:13 November
1043:Proceedings
901:River class
806:crush depth
762:temperature
541:The double
505:Dreadnought
441:Grand Fleet
433:Roger Keyes
389:aground on
69:introducing
2847:Categories
2819:Courageous
2609:Submarines
2566:Racecourse
2512:Lord Clive
2382:Hawthorn M
2314:Destroyers
2216:Pathfinder
2175:Challenger
1993:Devonshire
1947:Courageous
1926:Queen Mary
1905:Invincible
1850:Formidable
1739:St Vincent
1705:Vindictive
1255:4 November
1150:0723229643
1025:4 November
959:0723229643
935:References
754:Portsmouth
416:hitting a
406:Royal Navy
402:submarines
344:Complement
274:Propulsion
190:Royal Navy
52:references
2753:Aubrietia
2683:Swordfish
2202:Adventure
2168:Highflyer
1878:Swiftsure
1788:Iron Duke
1781:Agincourt
1628:Ark Royal
1529:Cancelled
1075:13 August
968:cite book
859:of 1930.
689:HMS
625:Swordfish
595:bulkheads
590:telemotor
575:deckhouse
503:HMS
483:Swordfish
302:batteries
229:Submarine
212:Completed
199:1917–1931
178:Operators
170:Beardmore
160:Fairfield
111:HMS
2586:Gunboats
2489:Monitors
2425:Talisman
2392:Yarrow M
2278:Marksman
2271:Faulknor
2230:Boadicea
2223:Sentinel
2154:Arrogant
2140:Powerful
2059:Arethusa
2014:Minotaur
1986:Monmouth
1836:Majestic
1753:Colossus
1649:Raven II
1642:Campania
1621:Engadine
1594:Aircraft
786:Gareloch
766:pressure
691:Fearless
638:swan bow
547:buoyancy
488:Nautilus
477:Nautilus
451:, later
352:Armament
134:Builders
77:May 2017
2746:Anchusa
2478:Cricket
2431:V and W
2209:Forward
2161:Pelorus
2112:Eclipse
2105:Astraea
2078:Emerald
2034:Hawkins
2007:Warrior
1953:Admiral
1843:Canopus
1809:Revenge
1746:Neptune
1691:Nairana
1684:Pegasus
1677:Furious
1670:Manxman
1614:Riviera
1607:Empress
1522:M class
1505:L class
1499:J class
833:captain
822:Club."
617:funnels
601:Service
564:at the
518:M class
492:J class
422:torpedo
404:of the
295:Vickers
266:Draught
204:Planned
129:K class
65:improve
2784:Mersey
2779:Castle
2739:Arabis
2732:Azalea
2725:Acacia
2719:Flower
2713:Cadmus
2699:Sloops
2599:Insect
2547:Erebus
2526:Gorgon
2519:Humber
2471:TB 114
2464:TB 109
2285:Parker
2244:Active
2237:Blonde
2182:Topaze
2147:Diadem
2098:Apollo
1972:Cressy
1940:Renown
1864:Duncan
1857:London
1795:Canada
1663:Vindex
1192:
1164:
1148:
1130:
1054:: 173.
997:
956:
726:) and
650:bridge
629:boiler
583:canvas
443:, and
418:U-boat
250:Length
187:
165:Scotts
54:, but
2821:class
2576:Dance
2457:TB 98
2450:TB 81
2402:Medea
2302:Scott
2264:Swift
2133:Edgar
2126:Pearl
2119:Blake
2071:Danae
1979:Drake
1933:Tiger
1760:Orion
1698:Argus
1050:(3).
907:Notes
499:knots
326:Range
311:Speed
2571:Hunt
2408:Arno
2053:Town
1919:Lion
1774:Erin
1656:Anne
1257:2017
1227:2014
1190:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1103:2015
1077:2020
1027:2017
995:ISBN
974:link
954:ISBN
895:and
867:and
778:and
570:beam
543:hull
480:and
396:The
385:HMS
364:2 ×
357:4 ×
258:Beam
225:Type
126:Name
2594:Fly
2540:M29
2533:M15
1485:K28
1480:K27
1474:K26
1468:K25
1463:K24
1458:K23
1453:K21
1447:K20
1440:K19
1433:K18
1426:K17
1419:K16
1412:K15
1405:K14
1398:K22
1392:K13
1385:K12
1378:K11
1371:K10
1048:110
897:K28
893:K27
889:K25
885:K24
881:K23
877:K21
869:K20
865:K19
861:K18
853:K26
837:K26
808:.'
790:K13
781:K12
775:K16
749:K15
729:K14
724:K13
720:K22
697:K17
664:K22
659:K13
566:bow
531:K26
526:K28
524:to
522:K22
426:K-7
414:K-7
113:K15
2849::
2761:24
1395:/
1364:K9
1357:K8
1350:K7
1343:K6
1336:K5
1329:K4
1322:K3
1315:K2
1308:K1
1248:.
1213:.
1144:,
1094:.
1068:.
1046:.
1018:.
970:}}
966:{{
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:.
863:,
828:K8
812:K4
797:K3
737:K5
715:K7
709:K6
703:K4
677:K4
671:K1
648:A
607:K3
551:hp
538:.
512:.
387:K4
215:17
207:21
2830:V
2824:S
2814:M
2808:G
2802:C
2796:A
2707:P
2689:V
2677:R
2672:M
2667:L
2662:K
2657:J
2652:H
2647:G
2642:F
2637:E
2632:D
2627:C
2622:B
2617:A
2419:S
2414:R
2372:L
2367:K
2362:I
2357:H
2352:G
2347:F
2342:E
2337:D
2332:C
2327:B
2322:A
2304:)
2295:)
2065:C
1596:/
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1526:X
1517:M
1288:e
1281:t
1274:v
1259:.
1229:.
1198:.
1170:.
1136:.
1105:.
1079:.
1029:.
1003:.
976:)
962:.
290:.
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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