1292:
801:
1000:(CSDIC) – it was notorious for its alleged mistreatment of detainees, allegedly involving torture using buckets of cold water, beatings, and burns with lit cigarettes. A public scandal ensued, with the centre eventually being closed down. Other smaller trials continued, but by 1948 these became few and far between as the political situation with the Soviet Union deteriorated. By this time also, the British government wanted the rebuilding of the German economy to take precedence over the imprisonment of Nazi criminals. By 1948 WCIT had brought around 350 cases to trial involving over 1,000 accused Nazis. Of these, 667 were imprisoned and 230 sentenced to death. In October 1945, in order to constitute a working legal system, and given that 90% of German lawyers had been members of the Nazi Party, the British decided that 50% of the German Legal Civil Service could be staffed by "nominal" Nazis. Similar pressures caused them to relax the restriction even further in April 1946. The following year the British handed over all their denazification panels to the Germans.
2139:
2120:
286:
1414:
90:
1368:. There was a concern that rebuilding a former enemy's industrial powerhouse would eventually prove a danger to British security and compete with the weakened British economy. In January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production capacity. The British had argued for a less-limited reduction of twelve million tons of steel per year, but had to submit to the will of the US, France, and the Soviet Union (which had argued for a 3 million ton limit). Steel plants thus made redundant were to be dismantled by the allies - the resources being sent back to the respective country.
1276:
809:
units were broken up. The
Germans were given the choice of either joining the GCLO or being sent to a prisoner-of-war camp until they were released into civilian life. By late 1947, over 50,000 Germans were employed and organized in units that were attached to parts of the British Army or the RAF as labourers, drivers, mechanics and in many other roles. They had a staff of between 220 and 475 men. Although the GCLO was considered a civil organisation, its members wore a kind of uniform and were incorporated into a structure that conformed to military principles. After numerous former members of the
75:
1521:
1291:
893:
1072:
562:
261:
2093:
1343:
756:
1631:
2228:
610:
61:
912:
1880:
781:. German POWs from abroad also arrived by sea in their thousands, thus making the accommodation shortage even worse and also caused a reduction in the food ration in early 1946. Over the next year, however, many refugees obtained accommodation and work as the economy recovered – the vast majority were granted German citizenship. In addition to this the British had to deal with tens of thousands of
2063:. The British ran a system, flying southeast from several airports in the Hamburg area through their second corridor into RAF Gatow and then also returning out on the center corridor, turning for home or landing at Hanover. They ran some round-trips, using their southeast corridor. To save time many flights didn't land in Berlin, instead air dropping material, such as coal, onto the airfields.
2108:
1322:. They went to Germany just after the war had ended to capture the documents, technology and personnel of the various German signal intelligence organizations before these precious secrets could be destroyed, looted, or captured by the Soviets. The biggest discovery was the "Russian FISH", a set of German wide-band receivers used to intercept Soviet high-level radio
1220:(FIAT). FIAT was authorized to "coordinate, integrate, and direct the activities of the various missions and agencies" interested in scientific and technical intelligence but prohibited from collecting and exploiting such information on its own responsibility. As a result, the British set up a number of new post-war operations within their zone: the
1908:
ideal opportunity for the gathering of military intelligence through reconnaissance and surveillance and the occasional theft of military matériel, from which both sides took an opportunity. The
British Mission comprised members of the British Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Air Force who conducted uniformed liaison activities in marked cars and in two
2278:(RAFG). British troops however still manned the Inner German Border; the British Frontier Service played a front-line role in managing tensions there. Its officers were called to the scene of border incidents or unusual activity to defuse disputes and provide an independent British view of situations. This continued until
773:
logistical nightmare. The
British had no choice but to renegotiate with the Americans on their split. The British reported that they did not have places to keep them or men to guard them on the continent. In addition it was thought that moving them to England would arouse public resentment and adversely affect morale.
1260:
in order to demonstrate the weapon. The handling and launch procedures were operated by German personnel (many of whom were "lent" by the
Americans), as they were the only ones who knew the procedures. The British treatment of the German soldiers, who included enlisted men, technicians, and officers,
772:
by the
British. According to Allied agreements, these were supposed to be split between Britain and the United States. The British in their zone were in possession of just over 2,000,000 German POWs, but were unable to handle this many – feeding, housing and looking after them became a
708:
In March 1946 the
British zonal advisory board (Zonenbeirat) was established, with representatives of the states, the central offices, political parties, trade unions, and consumer organisations. As indicated by its name, the zonal advisory board had no legislative power, but was merely advisory. The
2042:
had 36 days' worth of food, and 45 days' worth of coal. Militarily, the
Americans and British were greatly outnumbered because of the postwar scaling back of their armies - the British forces numbered around 7,606. During the ensuing blockade the British with help from pilots from Canada, Australia,
1907:
complex which housed the military government of the
British Sector of Berlin. These liaison staff were issued passes allowing freedom of travel and circulation, with the exception of certain restricted areas, within each other's zone. Although never openly stated, this liaison role also presented an
1891:
and the Soviet equivalent in the
British Zone, 'SOXMIS'. The idea was "to maintain Liaison between the Staff of the two Commanders-in-Chief and their Military Governments in the Zones". Subsequent agreements in 1947 led to the exchange of similar missions between the Soviet zone and those controlled
1409:
The destroyed German transportation infrastructure created additional logistical difficulties, with rail lines, bridges, canals and terminals left in ruins. The turnaround time for rail wagons was five times higher than the pre-war average. Only 1,000 of the 13,000 kilometres of track in the
British
1405:
during the autumn of 1945; where 30,000 former soldiers were released to work in the coal mines. Nevertheless this was far fewer than were needed to restore output to pre-war production levels. Severe shortages of labour and raw materials meant that production remained at very low levels throughout
597:
serving as Director of Military Government. BAOR was made responsible for the occupation and administration of the British Zone. They requisitioned German buildings for military administration and accommodation. Some 800,000 soldiers from BAOR were in Germany by the end of 1945, and new barracks had
1240:
was also created: a list of 1,500 German scientists and technicians was drawn up, with the goal of forcibly removing them from Germany to lessen the risk of their falling into Soviet hands. The German scientists and technicians were, in general, very co-operative with the British interviewers, with
1046:
over the morality and political desirability of British war crimes trials. This resulted in a decision to call a halt to all other outstanding war crimes proceedings by 1 September 1948. Brauchitsch died that October and Rundstedt and Strauss were released on medical grounds in March 1949. Manstein
1458:
within the factory from which he was able to present at headquarters. Hirst recognized that economical vehicle production would help in remedying the transport bottlenecks of the British Army. On 22 August he received an order to produce a vast number of Volkswagen Beetles for the British military
1371:
Coal production in the Ruhr accounted for 93% for all zones combined. The French in particular wanted to place the area under international control. The British however refused and had begun to pursue an anti-Soviet foreign policy which strongly influenced its occupational policy. The British thus
817:
In January 1945, the basic German ration was 1,625 calories/day, and that was further reduced to 1,100 calories by the end of the war in the British zone. This remained at that level into the summer, with levels varying from 840 calories/day in the Ruhr to 1,340 calories/day in Hamburg. The German
808:
Many German POWs were formed into Civilian Labour units – they still had the status of Surrendered Enemy Personnel but they were used where help was needed such as unloading supplies. The German Civil Labour Organisation (GCLO) was set up on 1 August 1947, after the Labour Service
605:
A number of departments were set up for various purposes. The Property Control Department took over Nazi-controlled buildings and properties including looted works of art and other valuables. These objects were held for safekeeping until returned in due course to their rightful owners, most from
569:
As soon as the surrender of Germany had been announced British forces executed "Operation Eclipse": the disarmament of the German armed forces and the occupation, rehabilitation and de-nazification of Germany. Britain was responsible for north-west Germany, the Ruhr, the Netherlands and Denmark.
1463:
until 1946, when the factory produced about 1,000 cars a month. With the start of civilian series production by 27 December 1945, the Wolfsburg plant became the first automotive factory in Germany to resume production after the war. Aside from some remaining military production, civilian output
907:
Shortly after the German surrender, the Allied armies were on the hunt for notorious German war criminals, generals and high-ranking members of the Nazi Party. The British had already prepared a plan from 1942 onwards, assigning a number of civil servants to head the administration of liberated
601:
The Canadians had a temporary occupation force (CAOF) peaking at 853 officers and 16,983 other ranks. The Canadian government only made them available during the period of adjustment and disarmament following the occupation of Germany. By mid July 1946 most of the Canadians had left for home.
2085:
On 4 May 1949 the Soviets lifted the blockade, as they were unable to shoot down aircraft coming in as this would have led to war. Out of a total of 2,326,406 tons of supplies and food delivered the British contribution came to 541,937 tons. The cost was moderate: eight aircraft were lost in
1546:, depicting the shattered state of Germany after the war. The film was one of the first to show the consequences of the war for ordinary German civilians and showed what needed to be done – both by the British zone and the German people themselves to build a better Germany from the ruins.
1083:
The Royal Air Force disarmament wing blew up tons of ordnance and scrapped hundreds of German aircraft. In addition captured tanks, arms, vehicles were all scrapped unless they were of any use for evaluation. The British army took control of many factories; one of these was the
1059:
was held in Hamburg from 23 August to 19 December 1949 – the last trial the British would make against Nazis during the occupation. Manstein was found guilty and sentenced to eighteen years prison, however this was reduced to twelve years on medical grounds.
813:
had left the GCLO over time, new members were hired by the British and it used its right to forcibly recruit staff if necessary. Most German captives were released by the end of 1948. The GCLO was transferred to the German Service Organisation (GSO) on 21 October 1950.
2239:
In 1955 the Federal Republic became a fully sovereign state, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by ambassadors. The four allied powers nevertheless still had special rights and responsibilities in Germany until the
633:
as well as military personnel. It took over aspects of local government, housing, transport and (through its new Special Police Corps, also known as the British Civil Police or the Public Safety Branch) policing. The CCG/BE re-established the city of Hamburg as a
431:
between 4 and 11 February 1945 to discuss Germany's post-war occupation, which included coming to a final determination of the inter-zonal borders. The three powers divided "Germany as a whole" into four occupation zones for administrative purposes under the three
1871:. The redeployment was accomplished on 26 November, the respective occupational forces withdrew two days later to their new zonal territory. The British occupational forces provided evacuation to all the inhabitants of villages to be ceded to the Soviet zone.
1975:
The creation of the Bizone was the most significant factor in the creation of two blocs in Europe and therefore in the configuration of the Cold War international order. With the addition of the French occupation zone on 1 August 1948 the entity became the
1401:. From there they organised the output and distribution from all the Ruhr coal fields. The Royal Engineers restored much of the transport infrastructure but labour shortage was a huge problem. In an effort to find more labour the British launched Operation
800:
2138:
1505:. The Authority would "supervise the production, organization, trade and ownership policies of the Ruhr industries and distribute their products so that all countries cooperating for the common economic good will have adequate access to them".
2947:
US Archives and Records Service. (1) SHAEF, CofS, to distribution, sub: Establishment of FIAT, 31 May 45, in OPD, 336, sec. V, Class 104-. (2) Memo, Hqs, US Gp CC, for Distribution, sub: Establishment of FIAT, US Gp CC, 14 Jul 45, in USFET SGS
1019:
were complicit in war crimes. The Soviets also requested their extradition of Manstein and Runstedt early the following year. This led, in early July, to a Cabinet agreement on bringing these officers to trial, and all were transferred from
1920:
Cooperation between the Western Allies and the Soviets ultimately broke down because of disagreements over Germany's political and economic future. On 1 January 1947 the British and Americans unified their zones to become known as the
2289:
defence review in the early 1990s. This meant that the British Armed Forces in Germany were reduced in strength by almost 30,000; with just one division (1st Armoured) remaining by the late 1990s. After this UK forces became known as
1190:
fell within the British zone and had contained a large U-Boat base. On 18 April 1947, in an attempt to destroy the base and remove it as a fleet base location for Germany, the Royal Navy detonated 6,700 tonnes of explosives. Known as
763:
By 22 June 1945, of the 7,614,914 prisoners (of all designations) held in British and American camps, 4,209,000 were soldiers captured before the German capitulation and who were therefore considered "POWs". The rest were classed as
919:
During the early months of occupation, the British were at the forefront of bringing to justice anyone, both soldiers and civilians, who had committed war crimes against POWs or captured Allied aircrew. One of the most infamous was
1892:
by French and US forces, although the British–Soviet arrangement was significantly larger than either of the others. This liaison was undertaken by 31 members – 11 officers and no more than 20 others – appointed to each mission.
1453:
revived the factory soon after, which had been badly damaged by allied air attacks. Hirst had the drains fixed, and bomb craters filled in; land in front of the factory was given over to food production. He discovered an intact
1613:
winning the final. Eventually an attempt to stage a German championship paid off from all four zones. A championship was staged with the best two clubs from the British zone championship who qualified for the tournament. In
1275:
606:
outside of Germany. There was also the Public Safety Department, who seized all kinds of rifles and revolvers from German troops and civilians. A law was passed forbidding German civilians possessing arms of any kind.
776:
Another problem the British faced was that they had the largest population of the four allied powers. This was exacerbated by the great number of German refugees who had come by sea fleeing the Soviets, as well as
1318:. This was an Anglo-American project with the aim to seek out and capture the cryptologic secrets of Germany. The concept was for six teams of cryptologic experts, mainly drawn from the code-breaking center at
3443:
2119:
1297:
A still taken from the 'Destruction of Heligoland Defenses' on 18 April 1947 - an Admiralty documentary film processed for scientific purposes. This was one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
621:
were set up for RAF personnel in towns and villages across the zone. Two years later however, the BAFO had shrunk to ten squadrons at three airfields, all directly under control of the Air Headquarters at
1123:: the Royal Navy towed the submarines to three areas about 100 miles (160 km) north-west of Ireland to sink them. A number of Germany's capital ships were seized: on 27 May 1945, the German cruiser
826:, negotiated a deal with the Americans whereby 675,000 long tons (686,000 t) of grain was shipped to Germany in return for a reduction of 200,000 long tons (200,000 t) in shipments to Britain.
1353:
Over 300,000 Germans (non-Nazi officers and men) were released from captivity by the British between June and September 1945 to work on the land and bring in the harvest, in a project named Operation
1003:
Controversy came to a head when in the summer of 1947 American war crimes prosecutors presented the British government with 'overwhelming' evidence that four German officers held in British custody,
1887:
In order to exchange military missions between the British and Soviet zones an agreement was further made on 16 September 1946 with the Robertson-Malinin Agreement. This led to the creation of the
4208:
2241:
216:
1261:
was generous. Four rockets were launched including one on 17 October 1945 that reached an altitude of about 80 kilometres (50 mi). On 23 December 1946, a study group of the
1196:
1479:
and the Huth-Apparatebau radio factory in Hanover. The latter employed locals to make radio sets manufactured primarily from components salvaged from German military equipment.
2166:
was drawn up by American, British and French representatives. This specified the roles and responsibilities of the newly created government of the Federal Republic of Germany (
908:
territory with extensive powers to remove from their post, in both public and private domains, anyone suspected, usually on behavioural grounds, of harbouring Nazi sympathies.
4203:
1936:
On 20 April 1947, the first Landtag elections were held in the British sector (except Hamburg, which had already held its city election on 13 October 1946). In Lower Saxony,
793:, using these displaced persons as drivers, clerks, mechanics and guards. Another organisation was needed to control the flow of refugees and prevent smuggling. In 1946 the
2358:
578:
778:
2051:. The RAF would be relied on to increase its numbers quickly. It could fly additional aircraft in from Britain in a single hop, bringing the RAF fleet to about 150
997:
2170:) which gave them conditional sovereignty. Nevertheless, the allies retained the right to keep occupational forces and enact administrative duties in the country.
74:
1736:
4238:
1606:
3025:
1983:
In March 1948, the Soviets withdrew from the Allied Control Council after learning of Allied proposals to create a new West German state and the seeds of the
1068:
British forces had to dispose of numerous German war material: many aircraft, tanks, ships, and submarines and a huge amount of ordnance had to be destroyed.
978:. Between December 1948 and October 1949 he executed 226 people, often over ten over a day, and on several occasions groups of up to seventeen over two days.
400:
By the end of 1942, Britain was already thinking about post-war strategy, and in particular the occupation of Germany. This became more of a reality when the
2438:
1108:. In 1946/1947 the Linden plant was dismantled, and its dismantled parts sent back to the UK, while the Laatzen plant was in use by the British until 1957.
2047:
was modernised with a 2,000 yards (1,800 m) long concrete runway, using 794 German workers. The airfield was key during the 'airlift' and also served the
985:
also took place, this being an 'International Military Tribunal' in the American zone of occupation but with all four allied powers being involved. Judge
613:
Copy of the Ordinance No. 55, with which on 22 November 1946 the British military government founded the state of Lower Saxony retroactively to 1 November
4233:
4218:
1464:
reached almost 9,000 units in 1947, and for 1948 total production increased to 19,244 cars. Hirst also managed to establish a network for exports to the
1253:
1052:
2662:
1925:
so as to better co-operate politically and economically. On 29 May 1947, the American and British military governments signed an agreement creating an
1446:
1434:
1105:
412:
on 6 June 1944. Having fought all the way through Northern France and the Low Countries, they had reached the German borders by the end of the year.
1549:
A radio station was set up in Hamburg as the sole broadcasting station by British authorities to provide information to the population of the area.
789:
nations occupied by the Soviets, and as such many refused to go back. The British initially used them as watchman and labour units, but set up the
498:
4213:
1655:. They controlled a 200 kilometres (120 mi)-strip from the Belgian-German border at the south of the British zone, and covered the cities of
444:. Stalin agreed that France would have a fourth occupation zone in Germany and this was formed from parts of the American and the British zones.
3322:
2960:
2914:
2873:
2197:
during 1951–1952, which terminated the occupation and prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany. This came into force on 5 May 1955.
1524:
Airmen and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) in the canteen of the Royal Air Force's Malcolm Club in the former Hotel Stadt Hamburg in the town
4228:
4223:
4097:
3974:
3951:
3883:
3701:
3577:
3136:
2190:
1945:
835:. Violence however failed to mobilize a spirit of popular national resistance, largely due to war-weariness of the populace, and as a result
479:
2092:
3222:
1509:
89:
388:
was established. Out of all the four zones, the British had the largest population and contained within it the heavy industry region, the
2125:
1217:
986:
377:
1569:
3995:
2983:
1909:
1727:) from 1945 to 1947. Polish units within the British Army were demobilised in June 1947 the last elements leaving the following year.
1413:
924: – he was arrested at a British checkpoint in disguise and was taken to the headquarters of the Second British Army in
448:
650:, asking prospective Hamburg inhabitants to resume office in the administration. The British also created three new German states in
4176:
4154:
4135:
4116:
4076:
4049:
3929:
3902:
3864:
3845:
3826:
3807:
3785:
3766:
3747:
3728:
3676:
3403:
3371:
2706:
2590:
1700:
1615:
1249:
993:
381:
373:
60:
2177:
was created - as it was in the British zone the city was not under British or any other allied control - instead it was led by the
1380:
941:
933:
3444:
Agreement concerning the participation of a Danish contingent in the occupation of Germany. Signed at Copenhagen, April 22, 1947
1953:
1573:
1225:
639:
2003:, this despite being deep inside the Soviet occupation area. The British sector (165.5 km), consisted of the boroughs of
1372:
feared Soviet influence in the Ruhr and were prepared to snub the French. Once this internationalisation had receded, British
818:
population was existing on rations that would not sustain life in the long term. In order to avert starvation in Germany, the
3291:
1775:
and United Kingdom. A Danish Occupation Force was formally established on 7 October 1949. The headquarter was in the town of
1696:
1584:
in English), which had first been published in November 1946. Challoner worked with recently released German prisoner of war
1262:
679:
665:
483:
178:
1811:. So, at 12 noon that day, Dutch troops moved to occupy an area of 69 km (17,000 acres), the most relevants parts were
1346:
Demobbed German soldiers at Eutin barracks being taken to various locations to undertake agricultural work during Operation
1224:
was set up to exploit German aeronautics and deny German technical skills to the Soviet Union. The mission was sent by the
1199:. The blow shook the main island several miles down to its base, changing its shape; and as a result an area known as the '
2271:
1525:
1520:
1241:
some wishing to emigrate to the U.S. or Canada. Of the scientists relocated from 1946-1947, 100 chose to work for the UK.
1176:
1152:
963:
819:
96:
British occupation zone (green) - Bremen and Bremerhaven consists of the two grey American exclaves in the British sector.
1840:
1602:
2930:
1135:—the only major German naval vessels to survive the war in serviceable condition—were escorted by the British cruisers
617:
The RAF were also part of the occupation and were renamed British Air Forces of Occupation (BAFO) on 15 July 1945. The
3693:
2099:
2082:
river next to Gatow, their corrosion-resistant hulls were able to deliver baking powder and other salt into the city.
1968:(CDU) formed a coalition with CDU, SPD, KPD and DZP (excluding FDP), and in Schleswig-Holstein SPD won a majority, so
1800:
1502:
1491:
1056:
769:
2194:
502:
3029:
1071:
892:
4147:
Die Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes (VVN) in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und in Berlin 1945 bis 1948
2182:
1558:
1442:
1266:
1208:
As well as disarmament there was much to find in the way of war booty and intelligence. With the completion of the
1130:
1124:
1085:
790:
561:
2340:
1644:
1498:
as a confederation of twelve unions. By 30 June 1949 the DGB within the British zone had some 2,885,036 members.
950:
586:
455:
wheeled left and liberated the northern part of the Netherlands and captured adjoining areas of Germany, and the
928:
on 23 May 1945 for interrogation. Whilst being examined by a doctor, Himmler committed suicide with a concealed
3395:
2396:
Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Multilateral, 1931-1945
1926:
1904:
1760:
1445:
in June 1945. This was put under the overall direction of Colonel Michael McEvoy at Rhine Army Headquarters. A
794:
3985:
2633:
2247:
From November 1951, the Canadian forces also deployed a contingent of 10,000 soldiers in several bases around
1460:
1459:
administration. Cars were put together with old-stock and whatever could be found, many using parts from the
2773:
2658:
2363:
2275:
2216:
2020:
1999:
The British along with the three other allied powers also had a separate occupation zone within the capital
1852:
1483:
1482:
A solution by the British for the Germans to become self sustaining industry was to build up a strong, free
1364:
Much of Germany's industrial plant fell within the British zone, especially the industrial power house, the
1342:
1016:
1008:
755:
675:
436:: the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. This division was ratified at the August 1945
401:
353:
44:
3469:
1557:
was sent to create a public service broadcasting in their Zone. On 22 September 1945, Radio Hamburg became
1501:
To solve the issue with the Ruhr, an Authority was set out in the communiqué issued 7 June 1948, after the
3363:
Journalists between Hitler and Adenauer: From Inner Emigration to the Moral Reconstruction of West Germany
2291:
2178:
2028:
1961:
1164:
744:
738:
701:
689:
582:
550:
441:
365:
192:
149:
2769:
1410:
zone were operable. Urban centres often had to be supplied with horse-drawn carriages and wheeled carts.
1216:
missions which had gathered intelligence and booty in the fighting, all these were turned over to the US
2536:
2348:'s novel, depicts events in the British occupation zone in and around Hamburg during the winter of 1946.
1856:
1630:
1565:
1307:
1034:
765:
440:. This set aside an earlier division into three zones (excluding France) proposed by the September 1944
420:
2810:
2107:
1643:
Army units from other countries were stationed within the British occupation zone. The largest was the
936:
also known as WCIT. Trials took place within the British occupation zone, the most notorious being the
1160:
4041:
2324:
2295:
2279:
1937:
1598:
1550:
1315:
1170:
662:
526:
409:
361:
325:
3317:
2957:
2227:
1676:
609:
4164:
2004:
1969:
1949:
1848:
1724:
1684:
1652:
1142:
1120:
1079:
in dry dock at Kiel, severely damaged by RAF Bomber command; it was later raised and then scrapped.
970:
quarter of Hamburg, lasting two years. Executions relating to these trials were carried out on the
693:
643:
546:
456:
452:
3585:
3203:
2193:. Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility, particularly with respect to the negotiation of the
911:
804:
Supplementary food card for industry workers in the British zone of occupation district of Hanover
598:
to be built due to the intense damage done to German cities during the war, particularly Hamburg.
480:
unconditional surrender of the German forces in the Netherlands, in north west Germany and Denmark
3227:
3000:
2497:
2368:
2286:
2163:
1791:. It remained stationed at Itzehoe, under the name of The Danish Command in Germany, until 1958.
1712:
1386:
agreed that the Ruhr's industries should be distributed to help the economy of war weary Europe.
1383:
1192:
1156:
1048:
1012:
1004:
975:
732:
658:
574:
475:
460:
437:
137:
3638:
2263:
797:
was set up, which was a civilian frontier force administered by the British Control Commission.
709:
Control Commission for Germany – British Element made all decisions with its legislative power.
4018:
2394:
4182:
4172:
4150:
4131:
4112:
4093:
4072:
4045:
4024:
3991:
3970:
3947:
3925:
3898:
3879:
3860:
3841:
3822:
3803:
3781:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3697:
3672:
3399:
3367:
3287:
3279:
2910:
2702:
2586:
2210:
2186:
1930:
1816:
1808:
1648:
1619:
1543:
1534:
1469:
1455:
1418:
1373:
1237:
782:
712:
In 1947, the American Zone of Occupation, being landlocked, had no port facilities – thus the
635:
416:
3838:
The Race for Hitler's X-Planes: Britain's 1945 Mission To Capture Secret Luftwaffe Technology
3419:
4038:
Camp 020: MI5 and the Nazi Spies: the Official History of MI5's Wartime Interrogation Centre
2992:
2129:
2064:
1764:
1708:
1163:
and subsequently broken up for scrap between 1948 and 1952. Other severely damaged cruisers
982:
921:
915:
Former female Nazi camp commandants, including Irma Grese (number 9) during the Belsen Trial
823:
786:
759:
Aerial view of the prisoner of war compound at Hamburg packed with surrendered German troops
683:
651:
565:
German policemen are disarmed shortly after the entry of British forces into Hanover in 1945
428:
3254:
900:
enter the cinema to watch a film showing scenes from the concentration camps at Belsen and
3473:
3326:
3141:
2964:
2549:
2267:
2035:
1991:
would be introduced, but the Soviets refused to permit its use as legal tender in Berlin.
1585:
1539:
1331:
1327:
1233:
405:
66:
3072:
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society Volume 50 By British Interplanetary Society
2904:
2285:
The BAOR and the RAFG were disbanded in 1994, following the end of the Cold War and the
4087:
3488:
Insights 4 - History and stories along the inner German border in Northwest Mecklenburg
3044:
2332:
2320:
2248:
2145:
2052:
2048:
2024:
2008:
1879:
1780:
1716:
1664:
1398:
1361:
was successful, and as a result more prisoners were released for transport and mining.
1358:
1221:
1043:
887:
713:
697:
594:
590:
510:
468:
104:
17:
3611:
2043:
New Zealand and South Africa, conducted their airlift known as "Operation Plainfare".
1987:
began. On 18 June the United States, Britain and France announced that on 21 June the
4197:
4065:
4060:
3963:
3918:
3913:
3795:
3717:
3712:
3687:
3004:
2410:
2345:
1988:
1744:
1740:
1281:
Two members of a Royal Air Force Disarmament Wing check an aircraft wreckage dump at
1213:
1148:
1136:
1093:
945:
897:
647:
630:
464:
424:
1843:
the CCG had to cede some areas of occupation to the Soviet Union – specifically the
3939:
2698:
Documents on British Policy Overseas: German rearmament, September to December 1950
2328:
2316:
2256:
2167:
2071:
2031:
to house the Nazi war criminals sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials.
1610:
1376:
1229:
1101:
955:
937:
671:
618:
433:
385:
372:. By 1945, the Allies had divided the country into four occupation zones: British,
369:
357:
315:
279:
266:
4128:
The Power to Manage?: Employers and Industrial Relations in Comparative Historical
2979:"Operation Surgeon and Britain's post-war exploitation of Nazi German aeronautics"
2463:
2251:. In 1970, this however was reduced to fewer than 3,000 men and was then moved to
1895:
BRIXMIS maintained a permanent presence in its nominal home, the Mission House in
1111:
The Royal Navy seized the majority of the harboured German naval fleet: mainly in
3361:
3070:
2996:
2696:
2580:
2524:
321:
b. Reunited Germany by joining the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.
3284:
The Development of Human Resource Management Across Nations: Unity and Diversity
2434:
2067:
2039:
2012:
1965:
1900:
1864:
1844:
1804:
1680:
1590:
1465:
1097:
1021:
925:
717:
494:
2978:
3341:
2312:
2149:
1889:
British Commanders'-in-Chief Mission to the Soviet Forces in Germany (BRIXMIS)
1768:
1450:
1430:
1426:
1311:
1245:
1183:
1039:
967:
959:
901:
839:
attacks were low and relatively few reprisals took place in the British zone.
623:
3689:
Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946
3669:
The Cultural Legacy of the British Occupation in Germany The London Symposium
2874:"The manufacture of tracked vehicles at M.N.H. in Hannover from 1939 to 1945"
1393:
the British set up its headquarters for the North German Coal Control at the
629:
The Control Commission for Germany (CCG/BE) was set up consisting of British
4186:
4028:
3346:
2308:
2232:
2056:
2044:
1828:
1748:
1495:
1282:
1187:
810:
542:
3454:
1823:. Many other small border corrections were done, mostly in the vicinity of
1609:
saw the best teams in the regional leagues compete against each other with
1572:, a unit rebuilding the German media industry under the supervision of the
3800:
Brixmis: The Untold Exploits of Britain's Most Daring Cold War Spy Mission
966: – several in all that were held at the Curio house in the
459:
swept into and occupied much of north-west Germany. The liberation of the
4169:
A Most Diplomatic General: The Life of General Lord Robertson of Oakridge
1984:
1868:
1860:
1820:
1739:
had 4,000 soldiers based in Hanover. It would later have headquarters in
1476:
1323:
1025:
522:
2060:
2016:
1977:
1896:
1888:
1784:
1772:
1704:
1660:
1422:
1326:
signals. These were sent back to England, reconstructed, and tested at
1257:
1209:
1089:
971:
929:
831:
538:
530:
332:
304:
94:
Post-Nazi German occupation borders and territories from 1945 to 1949.
2582:
The Second World War A Guide to Documents in the Public Record Office
2000:
1922:
1824:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1116:
638:
but with borders that had been drawn by the Nazi government in 1937.
506:
829:
The British also had to deal with active resistance groups known as
4001:
2231:
British Frontier Service patrol on the inner German border between
2034:
On 24 June, following increased tension and agitation, the Soviets
2226:
2079:
1878:
1812:
1807:
some less far-reaching border modifications, after the failure of
1776:
1629:
1519:
1412:
1394:
1390:
1341:
1303:
1070:
1029:
954:. Eleven were sentenced to death and hanged, including Commandant
910:
891:
842:
At the end of October 1946, the British Zone had a population of:
799:
754:
608:
560:
534:
518:
514:
490:
467:
moved the strategy of post-war Germany into a new direction; thus
4017:
Stacy, William E (1984). "British Border Operations in Germany".
1475:
Other German businesses were assisted by the Army, including the
896:
British Military and German civilian police watch inhabitants of
581:
as Chief of Staff and Montgomery's deputy. Both were also on the
3876:
A Very English Hangman: The Life and Times of Albert Pierrepoint
3466:
2252:
2174:
2075:
1647:
allocated on 1 April 1946 to three Belgian infantry brigades of
1365:
1319:
1112:
577:
was made military governor of the British occupation zone, with
471:
was put at the forefront of British post-war policy in Germany.
389:
4089:
Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany
3914:"German Histiography, the War Losses, and the Prisoners of War"
3819:
The Third Reich is Listening Inside German Codebreaking 1939–45
3554:. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. p. 33.
2027:
was also located in the British sector but was operated by the
1957:
1941:
1554:
1429:
was revived under the direction of British army officer Major
3965:
The Ultra Americans: The U.S. Role in Breaking the Nazi Codes
1899:, but its actual headquarters and operational centre were in
1441:
One of the many factories the British had taken over was the
589:(BAOR) was formed on 25 August 1945 with the headquarters in
3895:
A strange enemy people: Germans under the British, 1945-1950
3778:
Spoils of War: the fate of enemy fleets after two World Wars
2784:
2782:
1306:(TICOM) which was a secret project to find and seize German
1197:
one of the biggest single non-nuclear detonations in history
3476:
as given by the Archive of the Duchy of Lauenburg District.
3223:"Ivan Hirst, British Officer Who Revived VW, is Dead at 84"
2152:, after maintenance in April 1949 during the Berlin airlift
1883:
Flash worn on the upper arm by uniformed BRIXMIS personnel
529:, and territories on the left bank of the Rhine as far as
4036:
Stephens, Lt. Col. R. G. W. (2000). Hoare, Oliver (ed.).
2185:(GDR), under communist rule. In June the following year,
1406:
1945 and 46, nevertheless the economy started to revive.
118:
3120:
3118:
2270:. The RAF in Germany was renamed with its original name
2206:
21 September 1949 - 24 June 1950: Brian Hubert Robertson
1512:(IAR) was signed and came into effect on 28 April 1949.
392:, as well as the naval ports and Germany's coast lines.
3857:
Saints, Sinners, and Soldiers Canada's Second World War
1763:
of 4000 men, under British command, was sent to occupy
1244:
The British had enough material to conduct launches of
2906:
The Royal Navy and German naval disarmament, 1942–1947
1104:
that were built under British supervision, namely the
1038:
to await trial. Tensions had also mounted between the
3671:. Verlag H.-D. Heinz, Akademischer Verlag Stuttgart.
1767:
in the summer of 1947, after an agreement, signed at
2411:"Second World War Military Situation Maps 1944-1945"
2331:
from British soldiers garrisoned in the city around
1903:. These were located in London Block, a part of the
2319:was invented in Berlin in 1949, after she obtained
2262:In 1954 the British Army headquarters was moved to
2023:became the headquarters for the British occupiers.
1799:The London conference of 23 April 1949, during the
300:
213:
203:
188:
175:
163:
143:
131:
117:
110:
100:
34:
4064:
3962:
3917:
3716:
3639:"A Favorite Dish Laden With Fat and Contradiction"
1488:Gewerkschaftsbund in der britischen Besatzungszone
1486:. In early 1947 several unions joined to form the
1159:and then scuttled in port was raised and towed to
1047:did have prominent British support such as author
3740:The Berlin Airlift - Breaking the Soviet Blockade
3045:"Operation Backfire tests at Altenwalde/Cuxhaven"
2701:. H.M. Stationery Office. 1986. pp. 143–44.
2359:List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany
2181:. In October, the Soviet zone was proclaimed the
1783:. However, it was decided to move the brigade to
1570:Public Relations and Information Services Control
4063:. In Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen (eds.).
4061:"Food Shortages in Germany and Europe 1945-1948"
3916:. In Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen (eds.).
3715:. In Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen (eds.).
43:Military occupation zone of the British part of
3190:
3178:
3154:
2721:
2617:
1831:, which also were part of this small sub-zone.
1472:was appointed director of the factory in 1949.
1334:; they soon encountered Russian radio traffic.
998:Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre
4071:. New York: Louisiana State University Press.
3924:. New York: Louisiana State University Press.
3723:. New York: Louisiana State University Press.
1859:, and exchanged some villages between British
1265:submitted a redesign of the V-2 rocket to the
1096:. Here, a group of tanks including incomplete
384:lasting until 1949, whence the new country of
4209:States and territories disestablished in 1949
3486:Piehl, Ramona; Stutz, Horst; Parschau, Jens.
2274:on 1 September 1951 and was then formed into
1607:British occupation zone football championship
1594:which was first published on 4 January 1947.
1357:. The project, masterminded by Major General
944:in April 1945. Taken to trial were 45 former
27:Zone of British occupation in postwar Germany
8:
4126:Tolliday, Steven; Zeitlin, Jonathan (2005).
3536:J. Robert Wegs & Robert Ladrech (1996).
1715:. The administrative centre was the city of
1200:
981:Between November 1945 and October 1946, the
646:identified with the city and worked through
489:To form the French zone the Americans ceded
3711:Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen (1992).
2757:
1601:in Germany. An attempt was made to stage a
4204:States and territories established in 1945
2890:
2788:
2745:
2450:
1703:, in the northern area of the district of
1561:(NWDR) which was run as part by the REME.
316:Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
88:
31:
3987:TICOM: the Hunt for Hitler's Codebreakers
3612:"From occupiers and protectors to guests"
3455:The Danish Brigade in Germany 1947 – 1958
2439:Purnell's History of the Second World War
1944:) formed an all-parties government (SPD,
1447:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
1435:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
1106:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
720:became exclaves within the British Zone.
3524:
3512:
3500:
3109:
2835:
2634:"The Army and the occupation of Germany"
2605:
2086:accidents and 40 personnel were killed.
1651:under the command of Lieutenant General
994:interrogation was set up at Bad Nenndorf
962:on 13 December 1945. There was also the
932:pill. The British established their own
844:
3360:Berghahn, Volker R (20 November 2018).
3124:
3097:
3085:
2385:
2088:
1271:
573:At the end of July 1945, Field Marshal
549:: the boundary between the Western and
109:
99:
3759:The rise of Western Germany, 1945-1972
3564:
3166:
3028:. rocketservices.co.uk. Archived from
2859:
2847:
2628:
2626:
2585:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 61.
2545:
2534:
2484:
1468:. He carried on the supervision until
1195:" or "British Bang", this resulted in
1175:met the same fate, while the capsized
974:at Hamelin prison by renowned hangman
4109:Britain's War: A New World, 1942-1947
3946:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3637:Slackman, Michael (26 January 2011).
2823:
2683:
2235:and Wolfsburg in the early seventies.
2191:British High Commissioner for Germany
1310:assets, particularly in the field of
989:was President of the Judicial group.
743:1 November 1947 – 21 September 1949:
360:. The United Kingdom, along with the
350:Britische Besatzungszone Deutschlands
233:
229:
212:
202:
187:
174:
170:
142:
130:
126:
116:
37:Britische Besatzungszone Deutschlands
7:
4020:US Army Border Operations in Germany
3776:Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020).
3552:The World That Came in from the Cold
3538:Europe since 1945: a concise history
3241:
3026:"Sounding Rocket Launches 1944-1949"
2733:
1510:International Authority for the Ruhr
1269:but the proposal was never adopted.
779:forced expulsion from Eastern Europe
751:Displaced persons, refugees and POWs
4023:. US Army Military History Office.
3944:Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General
3578:"The Nations: Agreement on Germany"
3286:, p. 170. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1605:in 1947 but this failed. The 1947
1588:and the magazine was later renamed
1218:Field Information Agency, Technical
1179:was partially broken up for scrap.
1155:which had been severely damaged by
1024:(also known as Special Camp 11) in
696:with the Prussian provinces of the
3100:, I Introduction: Origin of TICOM.
2984:Intelligence and National Security
2665:from the original on 16 March 2009
2209:24 June 1950 - 29 September 1953:
1787:in October 1949, naming itself as
1737:Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany
1532:In 1946 a short documentary film,
499:Free People's State of WĂĽrttemberg
346:British occupation zone in Germany
335:and the western sectors of Berlin.
35:British occupation zone in Germany
25:
4234:World War II occupied territories
4219:1949 disestablishments in Germany
3255:"Germany Under Allied Occupation"
2909:. Psychology Press. p. 206.
2498:"Germany Under Allied Occupation"
2128:Mobile Canteen No.750 beside the
1851:and some exclaves and fringes of
1616:1948 German football championship
4239:Germany–United Kingdom relations
3420:"Norwegian Army Command Germany"
2523:BrasseY, Thomas Allnutt (1953).
2215:29 September 1953 - 5 May 1955:
2137:
2118:
2106:
2091:
1576:helped set up a magazine titled
1423:Amsterdam International Autoshow
1290:
1274:
1252:. The operation was carried out
942:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
284:
259:
73:
59:
3584:. 18 April 1949. Archived from
3307:. 29 December 1948. p. 20.
3280:"The History of HRM in Germany"
3075:. The Society. pp. 173–75.
1927:Economic Council for the Bizone
1574:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1484:trade union movement in Germany
1226:Ministry of Aircraft Production
333:western Allied zones of Germany
4214:1945 establishments in Germany
4067:Eisenhower and the German POWs
3920:Eisenhower and the German POWs
3719:Eisenhower and the German POWs
3366:. Princeton University Press.
3221:Patton, Phil (22 March 2000).
2562:
2294:, and in 2020 became known as
2255:, a town in the region of the
1675:. Corps headquarters moved to
1634:Belgian Sub-Zone of occupation
1263:British Interplanetary Society
1088:in Hanover with two plants at
934:War Crimes Investigation Teams
737:1 May 1946 – 31 October 1947:
666:Province of Schleswig-Holstein
484:German Instrument of Surrender
1:
2977:Uttley, Matthew (June 2010).
2272:RAF Second Tactical Air Force
1964:), in North Rhine-Westphalia
1597:The British helped to revive
1443:Volkswagen plant at Wolfsburg
1304:Target Intelligence Committee
1177:German cruiser Admiral Scheer
1153:German cruiser Admiral Hipper
1086:Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen
820:Lord President of the Council
731:22 May 1945 – 30 April 1946:
714:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
474:On 4 May 1945, Field Marshal
364:, was one of the three major
328:took place on 3 October 1990.
4229:Allied occupation of Germany
4224:British military occupations
3817:Jennings, Christian (2019).
3467:translation of the agreement
2997:10.1080/02684520412331306470
2148:is towed out of a hangar at
1841:Barber-Lyashchenko Agreement
1723:(after divisional commander
1695:Polish units which included
1603:German football championship
940:following the liberation of
661:– emerging in 1946 from the
404:, consisting largely of the
4111:. Oxford University Press.
3990:. Independently published.
3969:. New York: Stein and Day.
3694:University of Toronto Press
3686:Biddiscombe, Perry (1998).
3598:
3331:Retrieved 28 September 2010
3191:Bischoff & Ambrose 1992
3179:Bischoff & Ambrose 1992
3155:Tolliday & Zeitlin 2005
2958:Description of AVIA 54/1403
2770:"I. Gebiet und Bevölkerung"
2722:Bischoff & Ambrose 1992
2618:Bischoff & Ambrose 1992
2464:"British Army of the Rhine"
1503:London Six-Power Conference
1492:Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund
770:Surrendered Enemy Personnel
674:– the merger of Brunswick,
482:. This was followed by the
4255:
4149:(in German). GRIN Verlag.
4086:Taylor, Frederick (2011).
3912:Overmans, Rudiger (1992).
3855:Keshen, Jeffrey A (2013).
3836:John, Christopher (2012).
3278:Rosenburger, Ruth (2014).
2531:. Praeger Publishers: 364.
2183:German Democratic Republic
1559:Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk
1267:British Ministry of Supply
1232:about German aircraft and
964:Hamburg RavensbrĂĽck Trials
885:
791:Mixed Service Organisation
785:. Many of these were from
4145:Wierskalla, Sven (2007).
3893:Meehan, Patricia (2001).
3802:. London: HarperCollins.
3398:. 1990. pp. 248–49.
3350:, 21 February 1987, p. 14
2800:Taylor (2011), pp. 293–5.
2579:Cantwell, John D (1993).
2565:, "Britische Besatzung",
1761:Danish Brigade in Germany
1553:, on secondment from the
587:British Army of the Rhine
310:
238:
234:
230:
226:
171:
159:
155:
133:• 1945–1946 (first)
127:
87:
55:
50:
42:
3961:Parrish, Thomas (1986).
3738:Burgan, Michael (2008).
3550:Partos, Gabriel (1993).
3325:22 December 2010 at the
2862:, pp. 460–463, 467.
2266:, where it was known as
2100:British sector of Berlin
1568:who was assigned to the
1338:Agriculture and Industry
1119:were disposed of during
795:Frontier Control Service
640:George Ayscough Armytage
545:). Also created was the
521:. The British ceded the
503:WĂĽrttemberg-Hohenzollern
145:• 1947–1949 (last)
4107:Todman, Daniel (2017).
3984:Rezabek, Randy (2017).
3878:. London: Corvo Books.
3874:Klein, Leonora (2006).
3757:Crawley, Aidan (1973).
3742:. Compass Point Books.
2774:Statistisches Bundesamt
2393:States, United (1968).
2364:Allied-occupied Austria
2315:which is attributed to
2276:Royal Air Force Germany
2173:In July the Enclave of
2049:Berlin Infantry Brigade
1972:opted to govern alone.
1771:in April 1947, between
1256:from a launch pad near
1009:Walther von Brauchitsch
644:Governor Henry V. Berry
551:Soviet occupation zones
402:British Liberation Army
45:Allied-occupied Germany
18:British Occupation Zone
4059:Tent, James F (1992).
3897:. London: Peter Owen.
3780:. Barnsley: Seaforth.
3303:"The Ruhr Agreement".
2991:(2). Routledge: 1–26.
2903:Madsen, Chris (1998).
2891:Dodson & Cant 2020
2758:& Biddiscombe 1998
2544:Cite journal requires
2399:. Department of State.
2292:British Forces Germany
2236:
2217:Frederick Hoyer-Millar
2195:Bonn–Paris conventions
2179:Allied High Commission
2162:On 10 April 1949, the
2029:Four-Power Authorities
1995:Berlin and the airlift
1884:
1699:were stationed in the
1635:
1529:
1438:
1350:
1201:
1129:and the light cruiser
1080:
1051:and Labour politician
916:
904:
848:North Rhine-Westphalia
805:
760:
745:Brian Hubert Robertson
739:William Sholto Douglas
690:North Rhine-Westphalia
614:
593:and Field Marshal Sir
583:Allied Control Council
566:
513:, and four regions in
205:• Disestablished
193:Allied Control Council
150:Brian Hubert Robertson
4171:. London: Brassey's.
3840:. The History Press.
2963:15 April 2007 at the
2504:. Imperial War museum
2230:
2158:End of the occupation
2055:and 40 of the larger
1882:
1857:County of Blankenburg
1697:1st Armoured Division
1633:
1566:John Seymour Chaloner
1523:
1494:, DGB was founded in
1490:. On 23–25 April the
1449:(REME) officer Major
1416:
1345:
1182:The German island of
1074:
914:
895:
886:Further information:
803:
768:by the Americans and
766:Disarmed Enemy Forces
758:
612:
564:
421:Franklin D. Roosevelt
368:powers that defeated
354:Allied-occupied areas
4092:. Bloomsbury Press.
4042:Public Record Office
3667:Bance, Alan (1997).
3472:19 July 2011 at the
3388:Kicker-Almanach 1990
3210:. UK. 18 March 2000.
3069:Barth, Hans (1997).
3032:on 7 September 2004.
2967:by National Archives
2638:National Army Museum
2563:Helmut Stubbe-da Luz
2325:Worcestershire sauce
2296:British Army Germany
2280:German reunification
2113:Allied airlift bases
2078:near Hamburg to the
1938:Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf
1801:Six-Power Conference
1622:becoming champions.
1599:association football
1551:Hugh Carleton Greene
1508:The Statute for the
1316:signals intelligence
1228:to gather technical
700:(northern part) and
497:, land south of the
326:German reunification
3588:on 31 January 2011.
3394:] (in German).
3392:Kicker Almanac 1990
3259:Imperial War Museum
2811:"List of Sentences"
1685:Lindenthal, Cologne
1653:Jean-Baptiste Piron
1302:There was also the
1254:during October 1945
1121:Operation Deadlight
547:Inner German Border
461:concentration camps
457:British Second Army
453:First Canadian Army
3821:. Bloomsbury USA.
3643:The New York Times
3567:, pp. 70, 80.
3305:The New York Times
3228:The New York Times
3204:"Ivan Hirst, News"
2937:. 17 October 2015.
2931:"Helgoland Island"
2916:978-0-7-1464-823-1
2525:"Brassey's Annual"
2369:Interzonal traffic
2287:Options for Change
2237:
2201:High commissioners
2164:Occupation statute
1885:
1855:, for example the
1636:
1564:In Hanover, Major
1530:
1439:
1384:George C. Marshall
1381:Secretary of State
1351:
1250:Operation Backfire
1193:Operation Big Bang
1157:RAF Bomber Command
1081:
1049:B. H. Liddell Hart
1013:Gerd von Rundstedt
1005:Erich von Manstein
976:Albert Pierrepoint
917:
905:
864:Schleswig-Holstein
851:11.7 million
806:
761:
733:Bernard Montgomery
724:Military governors
659:Schleswig-Holstein
615:
575:Bernard Montgomery
567:
486:three days later.
476:Bernard Montgomery
438:Potsdam Conference
410:landed in Normandy
318:on 1 January 1957.
138:Bernard Montgomery
4165:Williamson, David
4099:978-1-60819-503-9
3976:978-0-8128-3072-9
3953:978-0-297-84561-4
3885:978-0-9543255-6-5
3703:978-0-8020-0862-6
3490:. pp. 28–32.
3342:"Sir Hugh Greene"
3319:A Defeated People
3244:, pp. 202–3.
2935:Mahler Foundation
2826:, pp. 78–80.
2748:, pp. 87–98.
2502:Wikimedia Commons
2453:, pp. 85–88.
2211:Ivone Kirkpatrick
2187:Ivone Kirkpatrick
1931:Frankfurt am Main
1929:, to be based in
1916:Bizone to Trizone
1817:Emmerich am Rhein
1809:Bakker-Schut Plan
1789:Tysklandsbrigaden
1618:was created with
1544:Humphrey Jennings
1535:A Defeated People
1477:KWS Grain Factory
1456:Volkswagen Beetle
1419:Volkswagen Beetle
1374:Foreign Secretary
1238:Operation Surgeon
987:Geoffrey Lawrence
879:
878:
875:1.4 million
867:2.6 million
859:6.2 million
783:displaced persons
704:– during 1946–47.
417:Winston Churchill
415:The "Big Three" (
356:in Germany after
352:) was one of the
342:
341:
296:
295:
292:
291:
272:
271:
222:12 September 1990
119:Military governor
16:(Redirected from
4246:
4190:
4160:
4141:
4122:
4103:
4082:
4070:
4055:
4032:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4000:. Archived from
3980:
3968:
3957:
3935:
3923:
3908:
3889:
3870:
3851:
3832:
3813:
3791:
3772:
3753:
3734:
3722:
3707:
3682:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3357:
3351:
3339:
3333:
3329:Moving History.
3315:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3137:"Cost of Defeat"
3134:
3128:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2974:
2968:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2466:. BAOR Locations
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2242:Final Settlement
2141:
2130:Brandenburg Gate
2122:
2110:
2095:
2065:Short Sunderland
2036:blockaded Berlin
1970:Hermann LĂĽdemann
1912:light aircraft.
1725:Stanisław Maczek
1719:and was renamed
1542:and directed by
1294:
1278:
1204:
1161:Heikendorfer Bay
1057:Manstein's trial
983:Nuremberg trials
922:Heinrich Himmler
845:
824:Herbert Morrison
787:Eastern European
692:– the merger of
684:state of Hanover
680:Schaumburg-Lippe
652:Ordinance No. 46
429:Yalta Conference
288:
287:
276:
275:
263:
262:
256:
255:
240:
239:
217:Final Settlement
195:
179:German surrender
92:
77:
63:
32:
21:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4194:
4193:
4179:
4163:
4157:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4119:
4106:
4100:
4085:
4079:
4058:
4052:
4035:
4016:
4007:
4005:
3998:
3983:
3977:
3960:
3954:
3938:
3932:
3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3854:
3848:
3835:
3829:
3816:
3810:
3794:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3756:
3750:
3737:
3731:
3710:
3704:
3685:
3679:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3474:Wayback Machine
3464:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3340:
3336:
3327:Wayback Machine
3316:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3145:, 8 April 1946.
3135:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2965:Wayback Machine
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2872:Köhler, Frank.
2871:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2789:Wierskalla 2007
2787:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2746:Williamson 1996
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2567:Hamburg Lexikon
2561:
2557:
2543:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2451:Williamson 1996
2449:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2355:
2304:
2302:Cultural legacy
2268:JHQ Rheindahlen
2264:Mönchengladbach
2225:
2160:
2153:
2142:
2133:
2123:
2114:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2053:Douglas Dakotas
2038:. At the time,
1997:
1918:
1905:Olympic Stadium
1877:
1837:
1797:
1757:
1733:
1693:
1641:
1628:
1586:Rudolf Augstein
1540:Crown Film Unit
1518:
1516:Media and sport
1340:
1332:Buckinghamshire
1328:Steeple Claydon
1298:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1205:' was created.
1066:
948:men, women and
890:
884:
753:
579:Brian Robertson
559:
449:final offensive
442:London Protocol
406:21st Army Group
398:
338:
285:
260:
219:
206:
196:
191:
181:
146:
134:
95:
93:
83:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
64:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4177:
4161:
4155:
4142:
4136:
4123:
4117:
4104:
4098:
4083:
4077:
4056:
4050:
4033:
4014:
4004:on 26 May 2022
3997:978-1521969021
3996:
3981:
3975:
3958:
3952:
3936:
3930:
3909:
3903:
3890:
3884:
3871:
3865:
3852:
3846:
3833:
3827:
3814:
3808:
3796:Geraghty, Tony
3792:
3786:
3773:
3767:
3754:
3748:
3735:
3729:
3713:"Introduction"
3708:
3702:
3683:
3677:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3629:
3618:. 20 July 2004
3603:
3591:
3569:
3557:
3542:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3478:
3458:
3447:
3436:
3411:
3404:
3379:
3372:
3352:
3334:
3310:
3295:
3271:
3246:
3234:
3213:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3169:, p. 119.
3159:
3157:, p. 157.
3147:
3129:
3114:
3112:, p. 307.
3102:
3090:
3088:, p. 276.
3078:
3061:
3035:
3017:
2969:
2950:
2940:
2922:
2915:
2895:
2893:, p. 165.
2883:
2864:
2852:
2850:, p. 265.
2840:
2828:
2816:
2802:
2793:
2791:, p. 103.
2778:
2762:
2760:, p. 257.
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2707:
2688:
2676:
2650:
2622:
2610:
2608:, p. 147.
2598:
2591:
2571:
2555:
2546:|journal=
2515:
2489:
2487:, p. 255.
2477:
2455:
2443:
2423:
2402:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2338:The 2019 film
2336:
2333:Charlottenburg
2321:tomato ketchup
2303:
2300:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2146:Douglas Dakota
2143:
2136:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2059:with a 10-ton
2025:Spandau Prison
2021:Olympiastadion
2009:Charlottenburg
1996:
1993:
1917:
1914:
1876:
1873:
1836:
1833:
1796:
1793:
1781:East Friesland
1756:
1753:
1732:
1729:
1692:
1689:
1677:Haelen Caserne
1645:Belgian Sector
1640:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1620:1. FC NĂĽrnberg
1538:, made by the
1517:
1514:
1470:Heinz Nordhoff
1359:Gerald Templer
1339:
1336:
1320:Bletchley Park
1300:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1222:Fedden Mission
1092:and the other
1077:Admiral Hipper
1065:
1062:
1053:Reginald Paget
1044:Foreign Office
888:Denazification
883:
882:Denazification
880:
877:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
752:
749:
748:
747:
741:
735:
728:
727:
725:
706:
705:
687:
669:
631:civil servants
595:Gerald Templer
591:Bad Oeynhausen
558:
555:
511:Lake Constance
501:(which became
469:denazification
434:Western Allies
397:
394:
340:
339:
337:
336:
329:
322:
319:
314:a. Joined the
311:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
282:
273:
270:
269:
264:
252:
251:
246:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
210:
209:7 October 1949
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
189:
186:
185:
182:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Historical era
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
112:
108:
107:
105:Bad Oeynhausen
102:
98:
97:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
65:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
40:
39:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4178:1-85753-180-9
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4156:9783638716963
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4137:9781134973255
4133:
4130:. Routledge.
4129:
4124:
4120:
4118:9780190658489
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4078:0-8071-1758-7
4074:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4051:1-903365-08-2
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:Melvin, Mungo
3937:
3933:
3931:0-8071-1758-7
3927:
3922:
3921:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3904:9780720611151
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3866:9780774850827
3862:
3859:. UBC Press.
3858:
3853:
3849:
3847:9780752477114
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3828:9781472829542
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3809:0-00-638673-3
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3787:9781526741981
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3768:9780002117289
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3749:9780756534868
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3730:0-8071-1758-7
3726:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3678:9780854571864
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:Shears (1970)
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3527:, p. 89.
3526:
3525:Geraghty 1996
3521:
3518:
3515:, p. 17.
3514:
3513:Geraghty 1996
3509:
3506:
3503:, p. 10.
3502:
3501:Geraghty 1996
3497:
3494:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3405:3-7679-0297-4
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3373:9780691185071
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3127:, p. 71.
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:Jennings 2019
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3062:
3050:
3049:V2 Rocket.com
3046:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2838:, p. 22.
2837:
2836:Stephens 2000
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2736:, p. 199
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2708:9780115916946
2704:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2606:Overmans 1992
2602:
2599:
2594:
2592:9780114402549
2588:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:The Surrender
2427:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2346:Rhidian Brook
2343:
2342:
2341:The Aftermath
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1989:Deutsche Mark
1986:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Oerlinghausen
1738:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:, as well as
1706:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Wilhelmshaven
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:Panther Tanks
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:Adolf Strauss
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
909:
903:
899:
898:Burgsteinfurt
894:
889:
881:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
846:
843:
840:
838:
834:
833:
827:
825:
821:
815:
812:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
767:
757:
750:
746:
742:
740:
736:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
722:
721:
719:
715:
710:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
649:
648:indirect rule
645:
641:
637:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:Malcolm Clubs
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
478:accepted the
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:Bergen Belsen
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
427:) met at the
426:
425:Joseph Stalin
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
334:
330:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
301:Today part of
299:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
268:
265:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
237:
225:
221:
218:
208:
198:
194:
183:
180:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
148:
139:
136:
122:
120:
113:
106:
103:
91:
86:
76:
68:
62:
54:
49:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4168:
4146:
4127:
4108:
4088:
4066:
4037:
4019:
4006:. Retrieved
4002:the original
3986:
3964:
3943:
3919:
3894:
3875:
3856:
3837:
3818:
3799:
3777:
3758:
3739:
3718:
3688:
3668:
3661:Bibliography
3646:. Retrieved
3642:
3632:
3620:. Retrieved
3615:
3606:
3594:
3586:the original
3581:
3572:
3560:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3461:
3450:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:
3414:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3362:
3355:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3318:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3283:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3237:
3226:
3216:
3208:The Guardian
3207:
3198:
3193:, p. 11
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3140:
3132:
3125:Crawley 1973
3105:
3098:Rezabek 2017
3093:
3086:Parrish 1986
3081:
3071:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:
3038:
3030:the original
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2988:
2982:
2972:
2953:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2905:
2898:
2886:
2877:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2805:
2796:
2776:. Wiesbaden.
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2724:, p. 12
2717:
2697:
2691:
2684:Stacy (1984)
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2637:
2613:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2537:cite journal
2528:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2458:
2446:
2430:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2405:
2395:
2388:
2339:
2329:curry powder
2317:Herta Heuwer
2284:
2261:
2257:Black Forest
2246:
2238:
2172:
2168:West Germany
2161:
2132:16 July 1945
2084:
2072:Finkenwerder
2070:flying from
2068:flying boats
2033:
1998:
1982:
1974:
1935:
1919:
1894:
1886:
1838:
1798:
1788:
1758:
1734:
1720:
1694:
1642:
1611:Hamburger SV
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1531:
1507:
1500:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1440:
1421:at the 1948
1408:
1403:Coal Scuttle
1402:
1388:
1377:Ernest Bevin
1370:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1308:intelligence
1301:
1243:
1234:aero-engines
1230:intelligence
1207:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1075:The cruiser
1067:
1035:Munsterlager
1033:
1002:
991:
980:
956:Josef Kramer
949:
938:Belsen trial
918:
906:
856:Lower Saxony
841:
836:
830:
828:
816:
807:
775:
762:
711:
707:
686:in 1946; and
672:Lower Saxony
636:German state
628:
616:
604:
600:
572:
568:
517:east of the
488:
473:
446:
414:
399:
386:West Germany
370:Nazi Germany
362:Commonwealth
358:World War II
349:
345:
343:
280:West Germany
267:Nazi Germany
249:Succeeded by
248:
243:
80:Coat of arms
29:
3761:. Collins.
3622:11 February
3565:Burgan 2008
3540:. New York.
3264:28 December
3181:, p. 7
3167:Meehan 2001
3043:Dungan, T.
2860:Melvin 2010
2848:Taylor 2011
2620:, p. 6
2569:, pp. 85–86
2485:Keshen 2013
2435:John Keegan
2344:based upon
2307:The German
2189:became the
2040:West Berlin
2013:Wilmersdorf
1966:Karl Arnold
1901:West Berlin
1867:'s capital
1865:Mecklenburg
1863:and Soviet
1845:Amt Neuhaus
1805:Netherlands
1803:, gave the
1795:Netherlands
1687:, in 1948.
1681:Junkersdorf
1591:Der Spiegel
1578:Diese Woche
1466:Netherlands
1399:Villa HĂĽgel
1397:Mansion at
1248:and set up
1246:V-2 rockets
1126:Prinz Eugen
1098:Jagdpanther
1064:Disarmament
1022:Island Farm
718:Bremerhaven
533:(including
495:Baden-Baden
244:Preceded by
199:5 July 1945
4198:Categories
3648:24 October
3292:0857932993
2824:Klein 2006
2643:17 October
2470:1 November
2375:References
2313:currywurst
2150:RAF Lubeck
2057:Avro Yorks
2005:Tiergarten
1839:Under the
1769:Copenhagen
1745:NeumĂĽnster
1461:KĂĽbelwagen
1451:Ivan Hirst
1431:Ivan Hirst
1427:Volkswagen
1355:Barleycorn
1348:Barleycorn
1312:cryptology
1202:Mittelland
1184:Heligoland
1151:. In July
1144:Devonshire
1040:War Office
968:Rotherbaum
960:Irma Grese
902:Buchenwald
702:Westphalia
624:Bad Eilsen
557:Occupation
527:Palatinate
509:region on
396:Background
184:8 May 1945
111:Government
67:Union Flag
3429:1 January
3424:Hyperleap
3347:The Times
3242:John 2012
3054:2 January
3005:154801839
2734:Tent 1992
2380:citations
2309:fast food
2282:in 1991.
2244:of 1990.
2233:Helmstedt
2223:Aftermath
2045:RAF Gatow
1853:Brunswick
1829:Dinxperlo
1765:Oldenburg
1749:Rendsburg
1709:Oldenburg
1626:Sub-zones
1582:This Week
1580:(meaning
1526:Schleswig
1496:Bielefeld
1283:Flensburg
1188:North Sea
811:Wehrmacht
698:Rhineland
682:with the
676:Oldenburg
543:Montabaur
493:south of
348:(German:
51:1945–1949
4187:36423582
4167:(1996).
4029:53275935
4008:27 March
3942:(2010).
3798:(1996).
3616:BBC News
3601:, p. 36.
3470:Archived
3465:Cf. the
3323:Archived
2961:Archived
2686:, p. 261
2669:3 August
2663:Archived
2508:11 March
2353:See also
1985:Cold War
1910:Chipmunk
1869:Schwerin
1861:Holstein
1835:Cold War
1821:Selfkant
1528:in 1946.
1324:Teletype
1285:airfield
1212:and the
1132:NĂĽrnberg
1026:Bridgend
926:LĂĽneburg
832:Werwolfs
663:Prussian
523:Saarland
463:such as
378:American
167:Cold War
3010:6 March
2659:"DANGO"
2144:An RAF
2074:on the
2061:payload
2017:Spandau
1978:Trizone
1897:Potsdam
1875:BRIXMIS
1849:Hanover
1785:Itzehoe
1773:Denmark
1755:Denmark
1721:MaczkĂłw
1705:Emsland
1661:Cologne
1649:I Corps
1639:Belgium
1433:of the
1379:and US
1258:Arensch
1210:T-Force
1186:in the
1166:Leipzig
1117:U-Boats
1090:Laatzen
996:by the
972:gallows
930:cyanide
872:Hamburg
837:Werwolf
539:Koblenz
531:Remagen
505:), the
447:In the
305:Germany
215:•
190:•
177:•
101:Capital
4185:
4175:
4153:
4134:
4115:
4096:
4075:
4048:
4027:
3994:
3973:
3950:
3928:
3901:
3882:
3863:
3844:
3825:
3806:
3784:
3765:
3746:
3727:
3700:
3675:
3402:
3396:Kicker
3370:
3290:
3003:
2913:
2705:
2589:
2441:(1975)
2416:26 May
2019:. The
2001:Berlin
1923:Bizone
1825:Arnhem
1819:) and
1815:(near
1731:Norway
1691:Poland
1673:Kassel
1669:Siegen
1657:Aachen
1437:(REME)
1115:. The
1094:Linden
678:, and
585:. The
541:, and
525:, the
507:Lindau
382:French
374:Soviet
366:Allied
331:d.The
123:
3390:[
3001:S2CID
2311:dish
2249:Soest
2126:NAAFI
2080:Havel
1813:Elten
1777:Jever
1717:Haren
1665:Soest
1395:Krupp
1391:Essen
1214:Alsos
1172:Emden
1032:, to
1030:Wales
951:kapos
694:Lippe
535:Trier
519:Rhine
515:Hesse
4183:OCLC
4173:ISBN
4151:ISBN
4132:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4094:ISBN
4073:ISBN
4046:ISBN
4025:OCLC
4010:2022
3992:ISBN
3971:ISBN
3948:ISBN
3926:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3842:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3782:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3744:ISBN
3725:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3673:ISBN
3650:2020
3624:2006
3582:Time
3431:2022
3400:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3266:2021
3142:Time
3056:2022
3012:2022
2948:322.
2911:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2671:2012
2645:2021
2587:ISBN
2550:help
2510:2023
2472:2015
2418:2013
2327:and
2253:Lahr
2175:Bonn
2098:The
2076:Elbe
2015:and
1827:and
1747:and
1735:The
1713:Leer
1711:and
1701:zone
1671:and
1366:Ruhr
1314:and
1169:and
1141:and
1138:Dido
1113:Kiel
1100:and
1042:and
1015:and
958:and
716:and
642:and
491:land
451:the
423:and
390:Ruhr
380:and
344:The
3282:in
2993:doi
2878:VFF
2437:at
2433:by
1962:DZP
1958:KPD
1954:FDP
1946:CDU
1942:SPD
1847:of
1779:in
1555:BBC
1389:In
1330:in
1147:to
992:An
324:c.
4200::
4181:.
4044:.
4040:.
3696:.
3692:.
3641:.
3614:.
3580:.
3422:.
3344:,
3257:.
3225:.
3206:.
3139:,
3117:^
3047:.
2999:.
2989:17
2987:.
2981:.
2933:.
2876:.
2781:^
2772:.
2661:.
2636:.
2625:^
2541::
2539:}}
2535:{{
2529:64
2527:.
2500:.
2323:,
2298:.
2259:.
2011:,
2007:,
1980:.
1960:,
1956:,
1952:,
1950:DP
1948:,
1933:.
1759:A
1751:.
1743:,
1683:,
1679:,
1667:,
1663:,
1659:,
1425:-
1417:A
1236:.
1055:.
1028:,
1011:,
1007:,
946:SS
822:,
654::
626:.
553:.
537:,
419:,
408:,
376:,
4189:.
4159:.
4140:.
4121:.
4102:.
4081:.
4054:.
4031:.
4012:.
3979:.
3956:.
3934:.
3907:.
3888:.
3869:.
3850:.
3831:.
3812:.
3790:.
3771:.
3752:.
3733:.
3706:.
3681:.
3652:.
3626:.
3433:.
3408:.
3376:.
3268:.
3231:.
3058:.
3014:.
2995::
2919:.
2880:.
2813:.
2711:.
2673:.
2647:.
2595:.
2552:)
2548:(
2512:.
2474:.
2420:.
2335:.
1940:(
1191:"
668:;
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
